Effects Of Different Processes Research Articles

Microstructural, mechanical and tribological characterization of Cu-Co-Ni-Be alloy processed via equal channel angular pressing

Effects of different processes including various combinations of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and aging on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the quadruple Cu-Co-Ni-Be alloy were investigated. ECAP process results in a significant grain refinement and brings about an ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure. Grain boundary strengthening and strain hardening mechanisms increase the strength and hardness of the ECAPed alloy significantly. Subsequent aging of the ECAPed sample results in a further increment in the hardness and strength due to the formation of precipitates besides the UFG structure. Wear resistance and operative wear mechanisms of the alloy depend on the applied processes strongly. ECAPed + aged sample with the highest hardness exhibit the highest wear resistance among all samples. Detailed investigations show that various wear mechanisms are operative in the Cu-Co-Ni-Be alloy samples. Adhesive wear is the mean wear mechanism in the initial and aged samples, and it is more prominent in the initial sample than the aged one due to the its quite softer and more ductile nature. Limited abrasive wear is also operative in these samples. delamination wear, on the other hand, is observed to be the main wear mechanism in the ECAPed and ECAPed + aged samples. Wear particles generated due to the delamination process cause three-body abrasive wear as an another wear mechanism in the UFG samples. Besides, oxidative wear is also operative in these samples and it is more prominent than that of the initial and aged ones. The achieved results show that UFG formation by any manner and subsequent aging processes are effective to improve wear resistance of the Cu-Co-Ni-Be alloys.

Tracking of enrofloxacin antibiotic in the making of common middle eastern cheeses

Our study aims to determine the effects of different processes (skimming, pasteurizing, curding, pressing, boiling and salting) on enrofloxacin during the making of commonly consumed Middle Eastern products (Baladi, Akkawi, Halloum, Double Cream), which have flow diagrams of production that are particular to them. This was done by spiking milk with the antibiotic, skimming, and then processing it to cheeses. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to measure enrofloxacin. Pasteurization (both holder and high temperature short time) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the concentration. A significant (p<0.05) increase by 3.5 folds was reported upon curding milk into Baladi, and by 1.9 folds upon acidifying/boiling the whey into Double Cream. Pressing Baladi to produce Akkawi did not have any significant effect, while boiling Akkawi to produce Halloum decreased enrofloxacin significantly by 5 folds. Salting Halloum did not have any significant effect. Our results will help the local authorities to set maximum residue levels of enrofloxacin in dairy products. They will also assist the dairy industries to decide on which product to process the raw milk to whenever they receive milk contaminated with enrofloxacin to ensure the safety of their products.

The effect of different processes of flour making on the proximate composition of taro (Colocasia esculenta (l.) flour and taro flour cookies

This research examined the effect of flour making method using chemicals on the soaking process of taro tubers. Method 1 was done by soaking taro tubers in 500 ppm sodium metabisulfite solution. Method 2 was done by soaking in warm water at 40 ° C for 3 hours followed by immersing in 10% NaCl solution for 1 hour, Method 3 was done by immersing in a brine solution (1 teaspoon in 5 liters of water) for 20 minutes followed by soaking it again in a sodium metabisulfite solution (1 gram per 1 liter of water) for 20 minutes. In related to the proximate composition in taro flour, the result showed that the flour making that uses sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) soaking method produces the best protein and crude fiber content of 3.158% and 4.080%, respectively. The taro cookie making that uses flour that is immersed in sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) produces the best protein, crude fiber and energy content of 2.091%, 2.820% and 588.897% respectively. This is because the first method only uses one immersion process that is using sodium metabisulfite, while the second and third methods go through two immersion processes. It can be concluded that the flour making method using a soaking process with 500 ppm sodium metabisulfite solution can increase the benefit of using taro flour.

Three-dimensional modelling of the circulation in False Bay, South Africa

False Bay is the largest coastal embayment along South Africa’s coastline. Despite notable contributions of various historical observational studies on the circulation within False Bay and the associated physical processes driving these flows, there remains significant uncertainty largely because the studies to date have been undertaken over short durations and on limited spatial scales. This article aims to expand upon the findings of these historical observational studies by providing a thorough evaluation of intra-annual hydrodynamics within False Bay, with particular emphasis on providing greater definition on current circulation. To evaluate the effects of different processes on coastal hydrodynamics, a 3D hydrodynamic model was developed which included the influence of spatially varying wind forcing and daily averaged temperature-depth profiles on the model boundaries and atmospheric heat exchange. The model results relating to current circulation are consistent with historical studies that described a cyclonic (clockwise) circulation within the bay under southeasterly wind conditions. The development of this cyclonic pattern is primarily caused by the spatially varying wind field. During warmer months, upwelling events were noted at Cape Hangklip. Interestingly, under northwesterly wind conditions, the model results deviated from historical findings by showing a spatially uniform current field across the bay. Under these conditions, strong bottom return currents are generated, which contribute significantly to cold-water intrusion events within the bay.

The effect of different processing, injection molding (IM) and fused deposition modeling (FDM), on the environmental stress cracking (ESC) behavior of filled and unfilled polycarbonate (PC)

The effect of different processing, injection molding (IM) and fused deposition modeling (FDM), on the environmental stress cracking (ESC) behavior of filled and unfilled polycarbonate (PC)

Effects of different processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of H65 brass

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is used to study the effect of rolling reductions and annealing temperatures on texture evolution and special boundaries (SBs) of H65 brass. The results indicate that the texture components of H65 brass after annealed is mainly {110} (<110>//ND), which is due to the existence of a large number of high-angle boundaries (HABs) with high mobility and a small amount of incoherent Σ3 boundaries around the {110} component. Besides, the number of Σ3 boundaries and the ability to produce its family boundaries such as Σ9 and Σ27 might be influenced by the reduction rate and annealing temperature. The textures of annealed specimens are mainly Brass{110}<112>, S{123}<634> and {011}<111>, and the formation of a large number of annealing twins decreases the intensity of Cube{100}<001>. As annealing temperature increases, {110} texture grows and twin density increases, resulting in a decrease in strength but an increase in conductivity and plasticity.

Recovery from air pollution and subsequent acidification masks the effects of climate change on a freshwater macroinvertebrate community

Freshwater ecosystems are dynamic, complex systems with a multitude of physical and ecological processes and stressors which drive fluctuations on the community-level. Disentangling the effects of different processes and stressors is challenging due to their interconnected nature. However, as protected areas (i.e. national parks) are less anthropogenically impacted, they are ideal for investigating single stressors. We focus on the Bavarian Forest National Park, a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in Germany, where the major stressors are climate warming, air pollution (i.e. acidification) and bark beetle infestations. We investigated the effects of these stressors on freshwater macroinvertebrates using comprehensive long-term (1983–2014) datasets comprising high-resolution macroinvertebrate and physico-chemical data from a near-natural stream. Macroinvertebrate communities have undergone substantial changes over the past 32 years, highlighted by increases in overall community abundance (+173%) and richness (+51.6%) as well as taxonomic restructuring driven by a disproportional increase of dipterans. Prior to the year 2000, regression analyses revealed a decline in sulphate deposition and subsequent recovery from historical acidification as potential drivers of the increases in abundance and richness rather than to increases in water temperature (1.5 °C overall increase). Post 2000, however, alterations to nutrient cycling caused by bark beetle infestations coupled with warming temperatures were correlated to taxonomic restructuring and disproportional increases of dipterans at the expense of sensitive taxa such as plecopterans and trichopterans. Our results highlight the challenges when investigating the effects of climate change within a multi-stressor context. Even in conservation areas, recovery from previous disturbance might mask the effects of ongoing disturbances like climate change. Overall, we observed strong community restructuring, demonstrating that stenothermal headwater communities face additional stress due to emerging competition with tolerant taxa. Conservation efforts should consider the temporal variability of communities and their recovery from disturbances to adequately identify species vulnerable to local or widespread extinction.

2D simulation of solar/lamp two-chamber photoelectric converter with different sodium–noble gas mixtures

This work is devoted to the numerical analysis of the opportunity to obtain a steady generation of electromotive force (EMF) in a two-chamber gas cell exposed to concentrated solar/lamp radiation. For this purpose, we have carried out 2D simulations of the low-pressure photoplasma in the mixtures of sodium atom vapor and different noble gases and their pressures at different values of photoexcitation rate of resonance levels of Na. Herewith plasma chemistry and transfer of charges and radiation in the volume have been taken into account. It has been established that argon is a better candidate to be used as a buffer gas for photoplasma electric converter based on the obtained plasma parameters and commercial aspects. A parametric study has been carried out for the Na–Ar mixture to investigate the effect of increasing homogeneous photoexcitation rate in the small chamber on plasma parameters and obtained EMF. Another parametric study has been conducted to calculate the output current and electric power at a loaded chain. The results show that EMF could be obtained using the photovoltaic effect in photoplasma for the two-chamber cell. The present paper gives a key to the understanding of the effect of different processes (radiation, chemical, and electric) in the cell with these gas mixtures. The obtained results can be used in projecting a solar photoelectric converter based on a two-chamber device with a mixture of sodium and noble gases.

Effects of Pre-stretching and Aging Treatments on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Spray-Formed Al-Li Alloy 2195

In this study, different pre-stretching and aging processes were applied to spray-formed Al-Cu-Li alloy 2195. The effects of different processes on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and corrosion behaviors of the alloy were examined. The strengthening and corrosion mechanisms were investigated. The samples treated with pre-stretching and aging have higher strength than the only aged samples. However, the strength is not significantly improved with the increase in the amount of pre-stretching. The pre-stretching treatment can suppress the formations of grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) and precipitate-free zones (PFZ), and the intergranular corrosion (IGC) sensitivity of the alloy is therefore reduced. The increase in pre-stretching promotes massive precipitation of the T1 phase, which leads to the negative shift of open-circuit potential. The over-aging treatment after pre-stretching leads to the growth of the PFZ and GBPs as well as the coarsening of the T1 phase. These changes in microstructure cause a decrease in mechanical properties and the re-sensitivity to the IGC. Under the same pre-stretching deformation, the two-step aging treatment (110 °C/12 h + 160 °C/24 h) can result in more intensive precipitation of the T1 phase, which enhanced the strength to a higher level. Meanwhile, the two-step aged alloy was immune to the IGC. The evolution mechanism of IGC for the alloy with different pre-stretching and aging processes was proposed based on the TEM characterization and the observation of IGC morphology.

Effect of different processing on quality changes of barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ) caviar during chilled storage (4℃)

Barramundi caviars prepared from unfertilized barramundi eggs with different manufacturing techniques (A, B, and C) were investigated. Results suggested that pH, TVB-N, TVC, and psychrotrophic bacteria of A and B increased, while those of C were quite stable throughout 28 days of storage (4 ℃). TBA of B also increased, whereas A and C did not particularly rise. B and C gave similar salt content which was about 1.7 times higher than A. All products showed comparable level of Aw during storage. The shelf life of C could extend over 21 days, however, A and B last less than 7 days. Results showed that initial treatments of raw egg influenced chemical parameters of final products and pasteurization increased their shelf life. The utilization of barramundi eggs into caviars will give the added value into unfertilized barramundi egg as well as reduce the number of by-products and food loss in barramundi aquaculture. Practical applications This study provides information of three different techniques for producing barramundi caviar as the alternative caviar product from unfertilized barramundi egg. Based on experimental results obtained, initial treatments contributed significantly to the diffusion rate of salt on barramundi egg and pasteurization could improve the refrigerated shelf life of barramundi caviar. The idea and procedures presented in this study could contribute to elevate the economic value of barramundi egg by-products and to develop a new caviar product with the other sources of fish egg, especially fish by-products.

Emergent characteristics of rockfall inventories captured at a regional scale

AbstractHigh‐resolution rockfall inventories captured at a regional scale are scarce. This is partly owing to difficulties in measuring the range of possible rockfall volumes with sufficient accuracy and completeness, and at a scale exceeding the influence of localized controls. This paucity of data restricts our ability to abstract patterns of erosion, identify long‐term changes in behaviour and assess how rockfalls respond to changes in rock mass structural and environmental conditions. We have addressed this by developing a workflow that is tailored to monitoring rockfalls and the resulting cliff retreat continuously (in space), in three‐dimensional (3D) and over large spatial scales (&gt;104 m). We tested our approach by analysing rockfall activity along 20.5 km of coastal cliffs in North Yorkshire (UK), in what we understand to be the first multi‐temporal detection of rockfalls at a regional scale. We show that rockfall magnitude–frequency relationships, which often underpin predictive models of erosion, are highly sensitive to the spatial extent of monitoring. Variations in rockfall shape with volume also imply a systemic shift in the underlying mechanisms of detachment with scale, leading us to question the validity of applying a single probabilistic model to the full range of rockfalls observed here. Finally, our data emphasize the importance of cliff retreat as an episodic process. Going forwards, there will a pressing need to understand and model the erosional response of such coastlines to rising global sea levels as well as projected changes to winds, tides, wave climates, precipitation and storm events. The methodologies and data presented here are fundamental to achieving this, marking a step‐change in our ability to understand the competing effects of different processes in determining the magnitude and frequency of rockfall activity and ultimately meaning that we are better placed to investigate relationships between process and form/erosion at critical, regional scales. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd

Comparative analysis of various processing on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of flaxseed

Flaxseed, a minor oilseed possesses various biologically important components which makes it a potential food source. Along with its high nutritional quality, it has high antioxidant properties which protect human from various diseases. This study focused on analyzing and comparing the effect of different processes viz. soaking, roasting, mating, two-phase solvent extraction method, dehulling on the nutritional composition and biochemical properties (total phenolic content and antioxidant activity). Positive Pearson correlation was observed between crude protein & crude fiber (0.472) and negative correlation of crude fat with crude protein (0.56) & crude fiber (0.91). The TPC ranged from 354.82 to 748.3 GAE mg/100g while antioxidant activity ranged from 19.61% to 49.51%. Salt soaking methods slightly affected the TPC and AA while T4 significantly increased the both TPC and AA due to germination step. However, dehulling process exposed the flaxseed to damages from light and heat, thus significant reduction was observed.

Effects of Processing on Nutrient Compounds and Sensory Properties of Parascolopsis aspinosa and Parastromateus niger in Behbahan, Southern Iran

The effects of different processes on proximate composition and sensory indexes two fish species investigated. Used methods were AOAC for analysis of samples. Frying method decreased protein amount in Parascolopsis aspinosa (Rao & Rao, 1981), but roasting reduced the protein contents Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795). The highest fat amount in Parascolopsis aspinosa but the lowest fat amount found for Parastromateus niger . Parascolopsis aspinosa protein amount decreased by frying way. It can be concluded that some heat processing ways were affected on samples proximate compounds. The effects of frying and boiling on samples sensory properties found significantly different from that of roasting way.

Development of fabric smoothness tester

An instrument has been designed and developed to measure the smoothness behavior of finished cotton fabrics. The instrument is based on pendulum principle. The weight (hang on string) comprises a frictionless wheel movable along arc shaped platform. The platform acts as a sample holder. When the weight is subjected to push, it swings back and forth in the platform. The amplitude of the swing reduces due to friction of the fabric. The amplitude is inversely proportional to the friction or roughness of the fabric. Various types of finished cotton fabrics are tested on the developed instrument. The results are compared with Kawabata system to verify the working of instrument. These results are also compared with the bending length and crease recovery behavior of the particular fabric sample. It is found that the lesser the bending length the more will be the smoothness. If the crease recovery angle is high, the fabric will be smoother. One way analysis of variance has been applied to find out effect of different processes on fabric surface smoothness property.

Influence of pruning time and viral infection on stilbenoid levels in Pinot noir grape canes.

Grapevine canes represent a large source of waste derived from grape cultivation. In the present study, the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning times on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes was analyzed. Whether the alteration of the secondary metabolism accompanying leafroll symptom expressions could affect the stilbenoid accumulation in canes harvested at pruning time was also investigated. The maximum accumulation of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol was obtained in canes harvested in October and dried at 40 °C. Even in grape canes harvested in October, November, and December and stored for different times at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) a marked increase in trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol was evident, which reached a maximum at around 8 weeks of storage. A significant higher accumulation of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol was also found in canes harvested from symptomatic plants compared to those harvested from asymptomatic plants for all the pruning times. This study confirms that the biosynthetic enzyme activities and, particularly, those involved in the stilbene pathway, persist during Pinot noir cane storage at different harvest times, with different storage times and conditions, and different sanitary status. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Understanding the Atmospheric Temperature Adjustment to CO2 Perturbation at the Process Level

AbstractClimate model comparisons show that there is considerable uncertainty in the atmospheric temperature response to CO2 perturbation. The uncertainty results from both the rapid adjustment that occurs before SST changes and the slow feedbacks that occur after SST changes. The analysis in this paper focuses on the rapid adjustment. We use a novel method to decompose the temperature change in AMIP-type climate simulation in order to understand the adjustment at the process level. We isolate the effects of different processes, including radiation, convection, and large-scale circulation in the temperature adjustment, through a set of numerical experiments using a hierarchy of climate models. We find that radiative adjustment triggers and largely controls the zonal mean atmospheric temperature response pattern. This pattern is characterized by stratospheric cooling, lower-tropospheric warming, and a warming center near the tropical tropopause. In contrast to conventional views, the warming center near the tropopause is found to be critically dependent on the shortwave absorption of CO2. The dynamical processes largely counteract the effect of the radiative process that increases the vertical temperature gradient in the free troposphere. The effect of local convection is to move atmospheric energy vertically, which cools the lower troposphere and warms the upper troposphere. The adjustment due to large-scale circulation further redistributes energy along the isentropic surfaces across the latitudes, which cools the low-latitude lower troposphere and warms the midlatitude upper troposphere and stratosphere. Our results highlight the importance of the radiative adjustment in the overall adjustment and provide a potential method to understand the spread in the models.

Millet milk: A comparative study on the changes in nutritional quality of dairy and nondairy milks during processing and malting

AbstractThe effect of different processing like pasteurization, chilling, freezing, cooling and hardening on the protein and fat content of millet milk in comparison to that of dairy milk and plant milk such as coconut milk was studied. When compared to dairy milk, the millet milk showed higher energy (383 kcal) and comparable level of carbohydrates (78%). While the millet milk has higher crude fiber (0.9%) than dairy milk (0.73), it has lesser fiber content than coconut milk (2.26%). Owing to its mineral content, millet milk also exhibited high ash content (0.35%). The low temperature processes resulted in a very slight reduction of protein (8.5–7.8%) and fat content (0.74–0.6%) when compared to that of unprocessed millet milk (9.1%) yet it still stood much higher than that of dairy milk (2.4–1.8% protein and 1.2–1.1% fat) even after being processed. There was also an increase in TSS and a decrease in viscosity with lower temperatures. Malted milk showed an increase in protein and fiber content whereas an increase in ash content. The malting process proves beneficial since it results in a product with increased protein and decreased fat levels.Practical applicationsWhen considering a millet milk as a replacement for dairy milk, the replacement capability of the millet milk should be studied in order to know in which kind of products it can be applied. Toward the same purpose, it is essential to study the changes in nutritional quality through processing at different temperatures. Since nutritional as well as pH, TSS and viscosity play the major role right from flavor to texture in case of milk products, they were studied upon mainly in this case.

Experimental and numerical analysis of damage and fracture mechanisms in metal sheets under non-proportional loading paths

New biaxial experiments and corresponding numerical simulations with specimens taken from metal sheets are discussed. Inelastic deformation behavior as well as damage and fracture mechanisms are examined in detail under different biaxial loading conditions with special focus on non-proportional loading paths. In this context, a continuum damage model is presented based on a yield condition and a damage criterion as well as evolution equations for plastic and damage strain rates. The damage criterion takes into account the effect of different processes on the micro-scale depending on the stress state. Experiments with biaxially loaded specimens with newly developed geometries have been performed using proportional and non-proportional loading histories. Strain fields are monitored by digital image correlation technique and fracture surfaces are analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Numerical simulations of the experiments have been performed and numerical results are compared with available experimental data. In addition, based on the numerical calculations stress distributions in critical specimen’s areas are detected allowing prediction of damage and fracture modes. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the new geometries of the specimens covering a wide range of stress states as well as the effect of the loading paths on damage and fracture behavior in ductile metal sheets.

Comparison of nanoscale zero-valent iron, fenton, and photo-fenton processes for degradation of pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous solution

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) products are highly applicable in groundwater, industrial water, and wastewater treatment due to the high reduction properties, the small size of particles in the range of nanometers, large surface area, and high reactivity on most toxic contaminants. The ultimate aim of this study is to evaluate the removal performance of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by nanoscaled ZVI particles. Synthesized nanoscale iron particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to SEM images of nZVI, the particle size was under 100 nm in diameter. The specific surface area was measured by the N2/BET method and determined as 44.7 ± 0.4 m2/g. The influences of nZVI dosage, initial pH and effects of different processes were examined by batch experiments. Results were compared with Fenton and photo-Fenton processes and they showed that under optimized conditions, degradation by nZVI is more effective than Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions and a promising candidate for 2,4-D remediation.

Reversible logic-based magnitude comparator (RMC) circuit using modified-GDI technique for motion detection applications in image processing

Reversible or information lossless gates have applications in nano-technology, digital signal processing (DSP), communication, computer graphics and cryptography. Gate-diffusion input (GDI) technique can provide the possibility of designing fundamental gates in ultra-low power and layout chip area with low number of transistors. A reversible logic-based single-bit magnitude comparator (RMC) circuit is presented by using the modified-GDI (m-GDI) method-based reversible gates for designing RMC in any arbitrary number of bit levels for processing at nano-scales.In this paper, several figure of merits (FOMs) like: energy consumption-propagation delay product (EDP) and worst delay-power consumption-chip area product (DPA) are evaluated and compared with other designs. The simulation results show the improvement of the evaluation parameters of the proposed RMC in compare with the other similar basic GDI-based comparators. Also, according to the simulation results, presented comparator is capable to work at extensive frequency ranges with higher maximum operating frequency (fmax.). The effects of different process, voltage and the temperature (PVT) variations are extensively evaluated by Monte-Carlo simulation. According to the results, the proposed circuit is robust against PVT variations and also noise-tolerable parameter.Moreover, the proposed RMC architecture is used in images applications. The results show that output images of the proposed inexact RMC have a very high quality and resemblance to the images generated by exact RMC, thus excellent values for the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and mean structural similarity index metric (MSSIM) indicate that the proposed inexact RMC circuit has a proper accuracy for applications such as: comparative analysis in medical images, motion detector, edge detection and segmentation in nano-technology. Therefore, using the proposed scheme can be improved in comparator circuit in chips for future generation of VLSI and ULSI blocks, like: nano-processors performance.