Effects Of Different Preparations Research Articles

Effects of Metoclopramide Orally Disintegrating Tablet in Optimizing Late Outpatient Endoscopy: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Aims: Metoclopramide has been used as a gastro-kinetic agent but the safety and effects of different preparations of metoclopramide on preparation for outpatient endoscopy are largely unknown. The study aimed to evaluate the (1) Safety of using ODT (orally disintegrating tablet) or TT (traditional tablet) metoclopramide pre-endoscopy in non-fasting patients compared with placebo (2) Impact of ODT or TT metoclopramide on sedation and recovery times compared with placebo. Methods: A double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial with 3 arms; Metoclopramide ODT (n = 43), Metoclopramide TT (n = 43) and Placebo (n = 43). Results: Metoclopramide ODT had fewer adverse events compared with TT or placebo. Recovery time was significantly shorter with use of either metoclopramide versus placebo (P < 0.001) & total sedation time was also significantly shorter in the metoclopramide groups versus placebo (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Metoclopramide ODT is safe and beneficial in endoscopic procedures requiring limited access to food and liquid.

Anti-inflammatory effects of different preparations of cat's claw

South America has two predominant species of Cat's Claw (Uña de Gato), Uncaria tomentosa and U. guianensis, which are both used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation. In this study, two commercial preparations of U. tomentosa and a hydroethanolic preparation of U. guianensis were evaluated and compared in various assays, including their effect on the production of the inflammatory mediators, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) by LPS-activated RAW 264.3 macrophages, serum levels of the same mediators in mice 1h after challenge with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and cellular levels of NF-KB, an important nuclear factor involved in the inflammatory response. All the extracts, as well as several of the fractions obtained by reverse phase HPLC, showed an inhibitory effect on NO production, particularly a U. guianensis subfraction (UgAIV) in vitro (85% at 30µg/ml) and one commercial U. tomentosa fraction B in vivo (73% at 5mg/Kg). The UgAIV subfraction also showed the greatest inhibitory effect on the TNF-α and IL-6 responses both in vitro and in vivo, as well as inhibiting NF-κB activation. Further subfractionation and biological evaluation of UgAIV are currently being carried out to determine the compound(s) responsible for these activities.

Antimicrobial effectiveness of different preparations of calcium hydroxide

Intracanal medicaments have an antibacterial effect on the root canal flora. The effectiveness of such vehicles has to be tested and substantiated against the normal bacterial flora. The various vehicles that were tested for their effectiveness were commercially prepared calcium hydroxide (Metapex), saline, glycerine, CMCP, and Rexidine-M gel. The bacterial cultures tested for sensitivity were aerobes (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus pyogens, Enterococcus faecalis), anaerobes (Lactobacillus, Bacteroides melaninogenicus) and a commonly found fungus (Candida albicans). One hundred and twenty-five samples were divided into five experimental groups consisting of 21 samples each and one control group of the same size. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the influence of four different vehicles on the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide against the commonly found aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in endodontic infections. The samples were taken and transported using standardized techniques and pure growth of each bacterium was isolated. Petri dishes were prepared for the various calcium hydroxide combinations for each bacterium and incubated. The inhibition zone was recorded at three intervals of 24, 96 and 168 hours. Results were tabulated and sent for statistical analysis. It was seen that calcium hydroxide and CMCP combination showed the maximum zone of inhibition, and maximum inhibitory effect was seen at 24 hours. The bacteria most susceptible was found to be S. aureus and the least susceptible was E. faecalis. Further clinical studies are required to substantiate these results.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on NMDA‐activated currents in acutely isolated hippocampal neurons of the rat

Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have long been used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating central nervous system diseases and peripheral vascular diseases, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, traditional GBE is in the form of microsomes and only dissolves in organic solvents; its clinical applications have been greatly limited. Therefore, in the present study, nanometer GBE (nGBE) was prepared utilizing supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) upon CO(2) -supercritical fluid extraction (CO(2) -SPF). Using whole-cell patch clamp techniques, the effects of different preparations of GBE on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-activated currents (I(NMDA) ) from acutely isolated rat hippocampal neurons were investigated and the difference in protective potency between nGBE and mGBE evaluated. The results showed that the inward current activated by NMDA could be depressed by mGBE and nGBE. The inhibitory rates were 40% ± 17% and 64% ± 15%, and the half-inhibition concentrations (IC(50) ) were 0.0210 ± 0.0055 and 0.0262 ± 0.0038 mg/mL, respectively. In comparison, the modulatory effect of nGBE (dissolved in extracellular solution) on NMDA-activated current was significantly greater than that of mGBE (dissolved in DMSO) (p < 0.05). This indicated that the modulatory effects of GBE on NMDA-activated current may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of GBE and the modulatory effect of nGBE on NMDA-activated current was greater than that of mGBE.

The Effect of Different Preparation and Etching Procedures on the Microleakage of Direct Composite Veneer Restorations

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the microleakage of direct composite veneer restorations prepared by a conventional dental bur or Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet) laser and etched with different procedures. Fifty maxillary incisor teeth prepared for direct veneers with gingival margins in dentin and incisal margins in enamel were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): group 1 (control), prepared with diamond bur and etched with phosphoric acid; group 2, prepared with diamond bur and etched with Er,Cr:YSGG laser (Waterlase MD/Biolase); group 3, prepared with laser and not etched; group 4, prepared with laser and etched with phosphoric acid; and group 5, prepared and etched with laser. After the application of the etch and rinse adhesive system (Prime & Bond NT/Dentsply), teeth were restored with the nano ceramic restorative material (Ceram X Duo/Dentsply), subjected to thermocycling and immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally and dye penetration was evaluated by a binocular stereomicroscope equipped with a measuring device. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. The level of significance was set at p = 0.05. Significant differences were observed in enamel of the five groups (p < 0.05). Minimal microleakage was observed in groups 1 and 3. The highest microleakage was evaluated in group 5 (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found among the five groups in dentin (p > 0.05). No differences were recorded between the microleakage values in enamel and dentin within each group and this was valid for all groups (p > 0.05). The results confirmed that enamel and dentin surfaces prepared with Er,Cr:YSGG laser for direct composite veneer restorations may provide comparable sealing.

Impact of pituitary FSH purification on in vitro early folliculogenesis in goats

Porcine pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH) is known to regulate the production of growth factors that have an essential role in early foliculogenesis. However, the effects of different preparations of pFSH on the survival and development of caprine follicles are not yet known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different pFSH (Stimufol and Folltropin) on the in vitro survival and growth of caprine preantral follicles. Pieces of caprine ovarian tissues were cultured for either one or seven days in a supplemented Minimum Essential Medium, alone or containing either Stimufol (50 ng/mL) or Folltropin (10, 50, 100 and 1000 ng/mL). Fresh control ovarian tissues as well as cultured tissued were processed for histological and ultrastructural studies. The results showed that after seven days, only Stimufol maintained follicular morphology similar to control. Moreover, follicular degeneration was higher in medium alone or with Folltropin at 50, 100 and 1000 ng/mL. However, at day seven, the percentage of growing follicles was higher in 100 ng/mL of Folltropin than Stimufol. In conclusion, FSH preparations affect differently the performance of in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles. Stimufol was better to preserve follicular morphology while Folltropin was more efficient to promote follicular growth.

Comparative studies on the functional properties of various protein concentrate preparations of peanut protein

The effect of different preparations on the functional properties of peanut protein concentrates was studied. Peanut protein concentrates were isolated from defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation, alcohol precipitation, isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation, alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation and their functional properties (protein solubility, water holding/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity and stability, foaming capacity and rheology) were evaluated. The results showed that the protein solubility, foaming capacity and stability of protein prepared by alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation were the best of all the peanut protein products. But the protein prepared by alcohol precipitation had better water holding/oil binding capacity, which was significantly different from other protein products. The emulsifying stability of protein concentrate prepared by different methods was significantly lower than that of defatted protein flour. The protein prepared by isoelectric precipitation and isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation had better gel properties which indicated that they were a potential food ingredient.

The effect of different preparations of hormone therapy on tumor necrosis factor-α levels in women with surgical menopause

The aim of the present prospective controlled study was to examine the influence of 17β-estradiol and tibolone on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in healthy women with surgical menopause. Forty-five surgically menopausal women were included in the study. Thirty women were randomized to receive tibolone 2.5 mg or 17β-estradiol 2 mg daily for 16 weeks. Fifteen surgically menopausal women who refused hormone therapy served as controls. Serum was collected from the subjects at baseline and at the end of the study for TNF-α assay. Neither tibolone nor 17β-estradiol showed a significant influence on TNF-α level at the end of 16 weeks in comparison with baseline. Although tibolone induced a trend toward decreased level of TNF-α (3.30 ± 0.42 vs. 2.56 ± 1.94 μg/dl), this was non-significant. The slight increase observed in TNF-α level in the control group was also insignificant (3.60 ± 1.20 vs. 4.10 ± 0.70 μg/dl). Overall, these results demonstrate no significant effects of either tibolone or 17β-estradiol on circulating TNF-α level in surgically menopausal women. However, the significant difference achieved between the tibolone and control group after treatment is promising and needs to be investigated in trials with longer treatment periods.

Gastric acid secretion and experimental ulceration in rats fed soybean diet preparations

Effects of different preparations of Soybean diet on histamine or carbachol-induced acid secretion and indomethacin ⠀ induced ulceration were studied in male albino Wister rats. The animals were divided into four dietary groups (groups I, II, III and IV) and fed normal rat diet, 75% soybean diet, 50% soybean diet and 25% soybean diet respectively. Rats in group I served as control. After six weeks of feeding, acid secretion studies using histamine (3mg/Kg) or carbachol (50μg/Kg) and ulcer studies were carried out. While histamine and carbachol produced 400% and 350% increases respectively in acid output in rats fed normal diet, the acid output in soybean diet fed rats were between 210% and 280%. Also, rats fed soybean diets had lower ulcer scores than rats fed normal diet. Indeed, the higher the concentration of soybean in the diet the lesser the ulcer scores. The results therefore seem to suggest that soybean has buffering effect on induced acid secretion and protect the stomach against ulcer formation. Keywords: soybean, acid secretion, ulcers, rats African Journal of Biomedical Research Vol. 8(3) 2005: 203-205

Tumour cell adhesion and integrin expression affected by Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a miraculous herb for health promotion, especially by cancer patients. It has been known that G. lucidum affects cancer cell activities. We examined the effect of different preparations of G. lucidum spores on malignant human breast carcinoma cell adhesion by treating monolayers of cells with G. lucidum. Our experiments indicated that G. lucidum inhibited cancer cell adhesion to different degrees, which were: sporoderm-broken spores (broken by an enzymatic method) > sporoderm-broken spores (broken by a physical method) > intact spores > buffer control. Similarly, polysaccharides from different G. lucidum sources were used to treat breast carcinoma cells, and its effect on cell adhesion was determined. Polysaccharides isolated from G. lucidum fruiting bodies grown on logs of wood exhibited the greatest inhibitory activity on cell adhesion, an effect that was concentration-dependent. Purified polysaccharides also inhibited cell adhesion to various matrix molecules. Experiments were also done where cells were inoculated on polysaccharide-coated Petri plates. This increased cell adhesion, as compared with BSA and PBS controls, suggests that the polysaccharide interacted with cell surface proteins. Western blot analysis indicated that β1-integrin expression was greatly reduced, while β-actin expression was not affected, suggesting a specific activity of G. lucidum products on β1-integrin.

Effect of different preparations of hormone therapy on sexual dysfunction in naturally postmenopausal women

Objective To compare the effect of different formulations of continuous combined hormone therapy on sexual performance in naturally postmenopausal women.Material and methods A total of 158 postmenopausal women were enrolled and prospectively randomized to the single-blind study. Fifty-four women received tibolone 2.5 mg, 53 received 2 mg estradiol and 2 mg dienogest (E2/dienogest), and 51 did not receive any menopausal therapy. The patients were monitored after 6 months. Attitudes of sexuality were evaluated by using the Rosen's female sexual function index.Results Compared with E2/dienogest and the control group, tibolone treatment was associated with more improvement of sexual performance, including sexual desire, sexual arousal and satisfaction. Both of the hormone therapies decreased frequencies of vaginal dryness and painful intercourse.Conclusions Tibolone has more positive effects on the sexual dysfunction of postmenopausal women and may be an alternative to the E2/dienogest preparation in postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction.

Effect of different preparations of hormone therapy on lipid and glucose metabolism, coagulation factors, and bone mineral density in overweight and obese postmenopausal women

To determine the effects of different preparations of hormone therapy (HT) on lipid and glucose metabolism, coagulation factors, and bone mineral density (BMD) in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. A randomized, nonblinded, controlled study. Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. A total of 352 overweight and obese (body mass index >25 kg/m2) postmenopausal women. Ninety women received 2.5 mg of tibolone; 84 received 2 mg of E2 plus 1 mg of norethisterone acetate (E2/NETA); 90 received 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE/MPA); and 88 did not receive any menopausal therapy (control). At baseline and after 6 months of treatment, we measured total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), insulin, glucose, factor VII, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, antithrombin III, protein S, protein C, fibrinogen, and BMD at the lumbar spine L1-L4. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for any variables at baseline. After 6 months of treatment, the three regimens decreased total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and fibrinogen; E2/NETA and CEE/MPA increased HDL, and tibolone decreased HDL; higher insulin concentrations were found in the control and tibolone groups. Body mass index, HDL, fibrinogen levels, and L1-L4 BMD were independent factors in the prediction of HT use. Body mass index, HDL, fibrinogen levels and L1-L4 BMD were independent factors in the prediction of HT use. Treatment with tibolone, E2/NETA, and CEE/MPA resulted in minimal improvement in lumbar spine BMD but had a beneficial effect on the procoagulation system, with minimal changes in glucose metabolism after 6 months of therapy.

Intracervical sodium nitroprusside versus vaginal misoprostol in first trimester surgical termination of pregnancy: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial

Results from small-scale randomized studies on the effectiveness of different preparations of nitric oxide donors in cervical priming before first trimester termination of pregnancies are not consistent. We compared sodium nitroprusside gel to misoprostol, the standard agent for cervical priming in this randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Two hundred pregnant patients between 8 to 12 weeks admitted for surgical termination of pregnancy were recruited. They were randomized into either 400 microg vaginal misoprostol and intracervical placebo gel, or 10 mg intracervical sodium nitroprusside gel and placebo tablets 3 h before the procedure. The baseline cervical dilatation and cumulative force required to dilate the cervix from 4 to 9 mm were measured with a tonometer. Blood pressure was measured and side effects were assessed. The cumulative force to dilate the cervix from 4 to 9 mm was significantly higher in the sodium nitroprusside group, and the difference remained when a sub-group analysis was performed according to parity. Baseline cervical dilatation, duration of operation and operative blood loss were all in favour of misoprostol. Transient drop in blood pressure was observed after sodium nitroprusside treatment. Intracervical sodium nitroprusside is not as effective as misoprostol in cervical priming.

Toxicological Effects of Mainstream Whole Smoke Solutions on Embryonic Movements of the Developing Embryo

Cigarette smoking is unrivaled among developmental toxicants in terms of total adverse impact on the human population. Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy adversely affects prenatal and postnatal growth and increases the risk of behavioral and developmental defects in children and adolescents. In the current study, the effects of different preparations of nicotine and mainstream whole smoke solutions (MSWSS) on embryonic movements during neonatal development were examined in vivo, using the chicken embryo model, recorded in real-time by a video camera. It was observed that low doses of nicotine induced hyperactivity and higher doses induced hypoactivity. Accordingly, a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in movements was observed by application of 10 µg of nicotine and different preparations of MSWSS. A dose-dependent decrease in embryonic movements was observed, which did not recover by the end of experiment. It was concluded that nicotine could alter embryonic movements, which are important during embryogenesis for differentiation and maturation of the body systems.

Review: all forms of nicotine replacement therapy are effective for smoking cessation

Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, et al . Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3):CD000146. Q What is the effectiveness of different preparations of nicotine...

Conservation of conjugated linoleic, trans‐vaccenic and long chain omega‐3 fatty acid content in raw and cooked lamb from two cross‐breeds

Available literature mainly describes the fatty acid (FA) content of raw meat, with only limited data explaining the effect of different preparation and cooking temperatures on health‐promoting FA such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), its metabolic precursor trans‐vaccenic acid (TVA), and long chain omega‐3 FA (LC omega‐3 FA). We collected m. longissimus thoracis (LT) from rib chops of Poll Dorset × East Friesian (EF) and Poll Dorset × Romney (R) lambs raised together. The FA composition of raw LT was compared with LT prepared with bone and all fat trimmed away or bone and fat left intact before cooking under a fan‐grill. The LT from EF lambs had less cooking loss, lower lipid and total fatty acid (TFA) contents, and a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SATFA) than the LT from R lambs. Raising cooking temperature from medium to well‐done increased cooking losses and dry matter (DM) yield but did not affect FA content or composition. Compared with raw LT, cooking of the trimmed LT resulted in more TFA and lipids in the DM, and these were greater still in the intact LT. Similar increases occurred in the DM content of most individual and groups of FA, except for CLA and LC omega‐3 FA which increased with cooking of trimmed LT without further significant increase with cooking intact LT. The proportions of SATFA and TVA in the TFA increased after cooking trimmed LT and increased further after cooking intact LT. In contrast, proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was reduced at each step, while the proportion of CLA was not affected by cooking. Thus, the FA content of raw lamb underestimates that of cooked meat, especially if the lamb is cooked with bone and fat left intact allowing infiltration of FA from the surrounding intermuscular and subcutaneous fat. This influx of lipids from the surrounding adipose tissue dilutes the proportions of PUFA and LC omega‐3 FA in the TFA.

Influence of different preparation and dyeing processes on the physical strength of the Ingeo† fibre component in an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. Part 1; Scouring followed by dyeing with disperse and reactive dyes‡

A study has been conducted to examine the effect of different preparation and dyeing processes on the physical strength of the Ingeo fibre component of an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. An alkaline scouring process (for the cotton), followed by a two‐bath, two‐stage dyeing process in which the Ingeo fibre underwent a simulated dyeing with disperse dyes, followed by the cotton being dyed with reactive dyes, caused minimal deterioration to the strength of the Ingeo fibre. However, it is considered that problems might arise if the Ingeo fibre was subjected to prolonged dyeing times, particularly at neutral or alkaline pH, e.g. if an excessive number of shading additions needed to be carried out.

THE EFFECT OF GARLIC IN PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of different preparations of garlic with different methodologies on prevention and control of cardiovascular disorders. Almost 30 articles and abstracts from 1990-2003 were searched through Medline. Most of the studies between 1990-1993 showed the significant reduction of TC by garlic powder but a recent controlled study in 2000 found that consumption of 900 mg of dried garlic powder for 12 weeks by hypercholesterolemic subjects did not have any significant effect on TC, LDL-C and HDL-C. The evidences of some double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled or crossover interventions indicated that aged garlic extract (AGE) inhibits the oxidation of LDL, aggregation and adhesion of platelets in a dose-dependent manner. In one animal study using cultured rat hepatocyte it was found 44-87% inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by the water-extractable fraction (WEE) methanol-extractable fraction (MEF) and petroleum ether-extractable fraction of fresh garlic and liquid form of AGE. In recent study in 2003 AGE found to be an effective antioxidant as it scavenged superoxide ions and reduced lipid peroxides in cell free assays. Standard formulations such as AGE has a role in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease but more controlled studies are warranted.

Influence of different preparation and dyeing processes on the physical strength of the Ingeo† fibre component in an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. Part 2; Bleaching followed by dyeing with disperse and reactive dyes‡

A study has been conducted to examine the effect of a vigorous alkaline scour–bleaching preparation, followed by high temperature dyeing, reduction clearing and a reactive dyeing process on the physical strength of the Ingeo fibre component of an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. The results indicate that the physical strength will be retained at a technically‐ and commercially‐acceptable level provided that prolonged high temperature processing times are not employed.

Effect of preparation mode on Class II resin composite repair.

Complete removal of failed posterior resin composite fillings is time-expensive and involves the risk of removing sound tooth substance. In any case of failure within the composite material, intra-oral repair would be favourable. This in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of different preparation and bonding modes on integrity of repaired restorations. Forty-eight direct Class II resin composite restorations (Syntac Classic/Tetric Ceram) were placed in extracted human third molars. The specimens were stored for 365 days and then replaced partially by removing the central part of the proximal box with all margins located in composite. The partial repairs were placed with the same materials after pre-treatment with a silicon carbide bur and Syntac Classic (n = 8). Preparation modes have been (i) box-only parallel, (ii) box-only with undercuts, (iii) box with undercuts and additional occlusal retention. The repairs were performed either with (i) Tetric Ceram or with (ii) Tetric Flow as thin lining covered with Tetric Ceram. Before and after thermomechanical loading (100 000 cycles of 50 N and 2500 cycles between +5 and +55 degrees C in an artificial mouth), marginal quality between aged and freshly applied composite was evaluated by SEM at x200 magnification and microleakage was observed by light microscopy at x50 magnification. Box-only preparations exhibited a better fatigue resistance than preparations with additional occlusal retention. This observation was independent from the presence of undercuts (P < 0.05). An intermediary layer of flowable resin composite tended to result in better marginal quality, however, not being statistically significant.