Effect Of Different Plant Extracts Research Articles

Bioprotective effects of different Plant Extracts and Essential Oils against Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger causing Post Harvest decay in Grapes

The grapes (Vitis vinifera) are one of the largely consumed fruits in the world. Grape production in Pakistan has increased in the recent years. These are mainly consumed fresh or as dried raisins. Grapes are highly perishable, which makes them liable to rot during transport, storage, and marketing. The perishable nature of grapes leads to a considerable amount of post-harvest loss. The production and quality of grapes are adversely affected by several abiotic and biotic factors. Two different cities Pishin (Balochistan) and Faisalabad (Punjab) fruit market and stores were selected to collect rotten grapes. The fungal pathogens isolated were identified as A. niger and R. stolonifers. The pathogenicity of isolated pathogens was assessed at different temperatures (5, 20, and 30 °C) on the Thompson seedless grape variety. Infection and proliferation of fungi were found conducive at 30°C. As antifungal agents, three organic origin oils, neem, cinnamon, and clove oils with levels i.e., 500, 1000, 2000 ppm as well as marigold and neem extracts with diverse concentrations of like 12.5, 25, and 50% were employed. Among these organic compounds, cinnamon and clove oils at 2000 ppm exhibited 6.54% and 15.3% decay against A. niger, respectively. Meanwhile, against R. stolonifer, cinnamon and clove oils at 2000 ppm exhibited 12.22% and 6.74% decay, respectively. This study's findings focus on the effectiveness of both essential oils and plant extract in significantly delaying the decay process caused by fungal pathogens. The present study underscores the protective ability of the plant extracts and natural oils which could be a way forward for eco-safe management of post-harvest diseases of grapes before they reach the market.

Management of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) on Kiwifruit Seedlings using Different Plant Extracts, Biocontrol Agents, and Chemical Nematicides

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), (Meloidogyne spp.), are the major biotic factor responsible for the limiting production of Kiwifruit in Nepal including Kiwifruit orchard of Warm Temperate Horticulture Center, Nepal. Hence, there is a pressing demand for nematicides that are both easily accessible and cost-effective while being environmentally friendly. A screenhouse experiment was conducted in the Summer of 2023 with an objective to evaluate the effects of different plant extracts, bio-control agents, and chemical nematicides against RKN on Kiwifruit seedlings. The experiment was set up in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications and eight treatments which include the extracts of Allium sativum and Lantana camara, Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Cartap hydrochloride, Fosthiazate, Inoculated control and Uninoculated control. The results revealed that Trichoderma viride proved to be the most effective in reducing the nematode population, displaying a low root gall index of 3.11, a minimal reproductive factor of 0.24, and a high percentage of nematode control at 91.71%. It was also found to be efficient in promoting the growth parameters of Kiwifruit seedlings. Additionally, regression analysis exhibited a significantly positive interaction between root gall index and reproductive factor, while indicating a negative interaction between reproductive factor and growth parameters. Therefore, T. viride (@ 20 gm per 2000 cm3 of soil) should be soil drenched before the seedlings are transplanted into the main field for effective and sustainable management of RKN. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of T. viride in infested roots of Kiwifruit trees in field condition of Kiwifruit orchard.

Green synthesis of Eucalyptus globulus zinc nanoparticles and its use in antimicrobial insect repellent paint formulation in bulk industrial production

Mitigating climate change can be achieved by opting for sustainable, plant-based materials instead of relying on hazardous chemicals that come with various side effects. Various natural plant extracts find widespread application in synthesizing insect-repellent coatings, particularly in industries such as paint manufacturing. The increasing demand for these coatings has led us to find out the effects of different plant extracts for the efficient preparation of paints with more advanced impacts and low cost. For this purpose, zinc nanoparticles of Eucalyptus globulus L. and its extracts were used in this study due to their remarkable biocidal and antimicrobial activities. The extract was prepared by the process of oven-drying and heating followed by their filtration. Then, they were subjected to different phytochemical tests that were performed in which plant material did not contain flavonoids and glycol. The comparison of the size of nanoparticles was visible during the weighing which was found to be 4.451 mg. Advanced characterization techniques like FTIR, UV visible spectroscopy, and particle size analysis were adopted for the analysis of nanoparticles of plant extract. The FTIR analysis of the plant material was reported to lie in the range of 1000–1800 cm−1. On the other hand, the results of UV visible spectroscopy of nanoparticles of plant extract showed absorption peaks around 300 nm. The produced material was integrated into paint formulations to impart insect-repellent and antibacterial characteristics. Painted panels exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy, presenting an inhibition zone of 0.7 cm for Escherichia coli and 0.3 cm for Staphylococcus aureus when utilizing biocide. Plant nanoparticles yielded inhibition zones of 1 and 1.2, while aqueous extract resulted in zones of 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. A thorough evaluation of the paint's color attributes, including ΔL, Δa, Δb, and ΔE, indicated noteworthy differences. The CMC ΔE values from the trials exceeded 1, indicating a substantial change in shade. The batches of paints containing E. globulus extracts and nanoparticles were found to be lighter in color specifically green and yellow colors. Their antimicrobial and insect repellant activity was tested using the mosquitos of Aedes aegypti with an age of 4–5 weeks, revealing that formulations with plant extracts exhibited a 61 % effective period, greater than the 7 % observed in non-biocidal formulations. The paint responded best towards these mosquitoes in terms of repellency and the ultimate target of this study was achieved.

The insecticidal effects of different plant extracts on confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

This study was carried out to determine the insecticidal effects of different plant extracts on confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and time-varying LD50 and LD90 values. LD50 and LD90 of the formulations were determined by the probit analysis method. The studies were conducted under controlled conditions in a climate cabin and air conditioning room at 25 ± 2°C and 60% humidity 2019 to 2020 in Fırat University Bioengineering Department in Turkey. In this study, Grainpro AITC-ALPHA (Monoterpen, Allyisothiocyanate,Cocoate methyl esters), Grainpro AITC-GAMMA (Gamma terpene, Allyisothiocyanate, Cocoate methyl esters-Eugenol), Grainpro GAMMA-EUG (Gamma terpinene, Eugenol, Cocoate methyl esters), and Grainpro AITC-EUC (Eucalyptus oil, Allyisothiocyanate, Cocoate methyl esters) plant formulations were used in doses (In all doses, different µL drug doses prepared in 1 ml were mixed in 1 liter of water and applied by obtaining 0.2 µL, 0.4 µL, 0.6 µL, 0.8 µL, 1 µL doses for each formulation). The two upper and two lower doses of the most effective drug obtained were then tested and their effectiveness was determined. It was determined that the insecticidal efficacy of the pesticides increased as the pesticide dose increased and two lower and two upper doses of the most effective dose of 1 µL were subjected to efficacy trials. Among these formulations, 1 µL and 1.10 µL doses of Gainpro AITC-EUC formulation were the most effective on the pest.

Effect of Different Plant Extracts on Microbial Population in The Frozen African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Semen.

Fish sperm cryopreservation has been attempted on roughly freshwater and marine species since 1953. This study sought to assess the potential of various plant extracts to function as natural antimicrobial agents in the frozen semen of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Diluted sperm was packaged in 0.25ml straws and left for 10min equilibration at 4°C. Following equilibration, the straws were exposed to liquid nitrogen vapor for 10 min and plunged into the liquid nitrogen (-196°C) and then thawed in a water bath at 35°C for 20s. Sperm samples were put into sterile 1.5 ml tubes immediately after thawing and the microbial count was detected with classical microbiological culture method. In the results of microbiological analyses, these tree plant extracts especially Echinacea purpurea were found highly effective for decreasing bacterial contamination levels of African catfish (C. gariepinus) semen. These plant extracts may have the potential for antibacterial effect, and they can be useful for the dilution of semen.

Investigation of Antibacterial Effects of Different Plant Extracts and Essential Oils on Bacteria Isolated from Lakerda Products

Bu çalışmada turunç çiçeği, karanfil tanesi ve portakal kabuğu yağları ve etanolik ekstraktlarının; lakerda örneklerinden izole edilen bakteriler üzerinde in vitro koşullarda antibakteriyel etkileri araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre; esansiyel yağların etanolik ekstraktlara göre daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Turunç çiçeği ve karanfil tanesi esansiyel yağları; Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus equorum, Carnobacterium mobile, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Vibrio hibernica ve Vibrio rumoiensis bakterileri üzerinde güçlü etki göstermiştir. Esansiyel yağlar en yüksek inhibisyon etkisini, C. mobile üzerinde göstermiştir. Bu tür üzerinde turunç çiçeği %0,00977 ve karanfil tanesi %0,00488 konsantrasyon ile esansiyel yağlarının etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Turunç çiçeği esansiyel yağının Staphylococcus pasteuri üzerinde %0,3125 konsantrasyon ile daha güçlü bir inhibisyon sağlanmıştır. En az etki %1,25 konsantrasyon ile karanfil esans yağında S. pasteuri bakterisine karşı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada turunç çiçeği ve karanfil tanesi esansiyel yağlarının, test edilen bakteriler üzerinde güçlü inhibisyon etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bulgular gıda güvenliğini sağlamak için lakerdalarda; turunç çiçeği ve karanfil tanesi esansiyel yağlarının kullanılabilirliğini desteklemektedir.

Dalbergia sissoo phytochemicals as EGFR inhibitors: an in vitro and in silico approach

The safest and most effective sources of medications are natural and traditional medicines derived from plants and herbs. In Western India, various parts of the Dalbergia sissoo plant, which belongs to the Fabaceae family, have been traditionally used to treat different types of cancer by the local tribes. However, this claim has not been scientifically proven yet. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity) and anticancer effects of different plant extracts from Dalbergia sissoo bark, root, and branch on six different cancer cell lines (K562, PC3, A431, A549, NCIH 460, and HEK 293 T) using in vitro cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. The study also involved in silico docking, MD simulation, and ADME studies of previously reported bioactive compounds from the same parts of the plant to confirm their bioactivity. The DPPH radical scavenging experiment findings showed that the methanol: water extract of the bark had a more significant antioxidant activity IC50 (45.63 ± 1.24 mg/mL). Furthermore, the extract prevented the growth of the A431, A549, and NCIH 460 cancer cell lines with the lowest IC50 values of 15.37, 29.09, and 17.02 g/mL, respectively, demonstrating remarkable anticancer potential. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies revealed that Prunetin, Tectorigenin, and Prunetin 4'-O-Galactoside show efficient binding to the EGFR binding domain. This study suggests that tested hits may have antioxidant and anticancer agents and can be considered for future applications in the pharma sector. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The effect of different plant extracts on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated anchovy oil

Abstract Lactose and sodium caseinate were used as wall materials in microencapsulation of fish oil by spray drying. Thyme, rosemary, and laurel extracts were utilized to enhance oxidative stability. Efficiency of antioxidant capacity of plant extracts was compared with BHT. Fish oil encapsulates with rosemary extract exhibited better protection against lipid oxidation (0.36 mmol MDA/kg) than the control group (2.92 mmol MDA/kg) at +4 °C. Hue angle properties of encapsulated fish oil with the laurel extract showed the highest change. The lowest peroxide value (PV) was detected in the 1500 ppm rosemary group (5.13 mEq O2/kg oil) and 250 ppm BHT group (5.90 mEq O2/kg oil) after the spray drying. Also, these groups had the lowest TBARs values during the storage. It was observed that the pAV of CG2 (BHT Control), RE1 (1000 ppm rosemary extract), RE2 (1500 ppm rosemary extract), and LE2 (1500 ppm laurel extract) groups remained below six during 8 months of storage. Volatile components of encapsulated fish oil were the highest in control, thyme and laurel extracts compared to the microcapsules with rosemary extracts in terms of total aldehyde generation. Sensory analysis showed that fresh fish odor was better preserved with rosemary extract compared to other plant extracts. It was concluded that microencapsulation of fish oil with sodium caseinate and lactose as wall material and rosemary and laurel extracts as antioxidants enhanced the oxidative stability of the microcapsules.

Effect of different plant extracts and their antimicrobial properties against Penicillium expansum and shelf life of apple

Effect of different plant extracts and their antimicrobial properties against Penicillium expansum and shelf life of apple

Anti-Quorum Sensing Effect of Salvadora Persica Against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)

Introduction: Quorum Sensing (QS) is a mechanism many bacteria use to manage their cooperative activities and physiological functions. The Fsr system in Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29,212) is an example of quorum sensing with a cell density-dependent two-component regulatory system mechanism. Several publications have shown that the Fsr system and proteases independently contribute to E. faecalis pathogenicity in various infection models. Objectives: There is currently no published research to determine the exact molecular ability of Salvadora persica on quorum-sensing genes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the plant extracts that inhibit the expression of the quorum-sensing gene (FsrC). Methods: Different fractions of Salvadora persica were obtained using different solvents, including standard hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethyl alcohol, and water which are expressed as fractions 1,2,3,4,5 and 6, respectively. Antibacterial activity assay of different plant extracts (S. persica) was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Finally, the relative expression of the quorum-sensing (QS) gene was evaluated using a One-step quantitative RT-PCR PrimeScript™ RT-PCR Kit. Results: All fractions of S. persica showed antimicrobial activity. However, ethyl acetate- S. persica inhibited the growth of E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212) at the lowest concentration, which was 20mg/ml and the highest concentration inhibited the growth of E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212) was 60mg/ml (chloroform- S. persica). Furthermore, the highest change fold value of (4.99) was recorded in treated E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212) with fraction 1 (hexane). Conclusion: Overall, S. persica showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212). However, more studies are required to investigate the effect of different plant extracts on quorum-sensing genes of Enterococcus faecalis.

Effect of Different Plant Extracts on Olfactory Response of Bactrocera zonata Saunder and Postharvest Quality of Banana (Musa acuminata Colla)

Effect of Different Plant Extracts on Olfactory Response of Bactrocera zonata Saunder and Postharvest Quality of Banana (Musa acuminata Colla)

Enhancement of Postharvest Life of Persimmon Fruit Through Botanical Extracts

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different plant extracts on the post-harvest of Persimmon fruit. The experiment was laid out in CRD (complete randomized design) with two factors keeping 12 fruits per treatment and replicated three times. Factor A was Plant Extracts i.e. (moringa, garlic, marigold and lemon grass) while factor B was storage durations i.e. (0,7,14,21 and 28) days. The data were recorded for Percent fruit weight loss, Fruit volume, Fruit firmness, Decaying percentage, Fruit juice contents, pH, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), Percent acidity, TSS/Acidity and Ascorbic acid contents.

Effects of different extracts on lipid oxidation and quality characteristics of spiced pork trotter

The effects of different plant extracts (lotus leaf, chrysanthemum, and lemon) on the quality, lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition, and volatile compounds in the fat layer of spiced pork trotters were studied. The obtained results showed that the lotus leaf presented the highest antioxidant activities of all different plant extracts. Changes in the pH, color, and sensory analysis showed that plant extracts had a positive effect on the quality of spiced pork trotters (p < .05). During the processing and storage of spiced pork trotters, the content of unsaturated fatty acids and the types of volatile compounds both presented an obvious increase (p < .05). Inversely, the pH value and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of pork trotters all showed a significant decreasing trend (p < .05). This study provided a theoretical basis for natural antioxidants to inhibit the oxidation of fatty meat products. Novelty impact statement The plant extracts can effectively inhibit the lipid oxidation of trotters. The addition of plant extracts increased the variety of volatile flavor substances in trotters. The addition of plant extracts increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids in trotters.

EFEK ESKTRAK TANAMAN YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP MORTALITAS LARVA INSTAR III Musca domestica

Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara plants can be used as natural insecticides to control fly populations. Not only flies as vectors must be controlled but also their larvae are important for depopulation. This study aimed to examine the effect of different plant extracts on the mortality of third instar larvae of Musca domestica. A total of 36 petri dishes were used in this study, each containing 20 third instar larvae. Each extract treatment was divided into concentration levels of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, and the control without extract was given. The extract was given using the feeding assay method. The larval mortality was observed for 24 hours after exposure to the extract. The results showed that concentrations of 15%, 30%, 45% C. odorata had higher mortality rates than L. camara, which was about 6.25,10.75, and 5. The average mortality of larvae by exposure to extracts of C. odorata and L. camara is almost the same value, namely 6,25, and 6 at the 60% concentration level. Both types of extracts studied had a mortality effect on larvae.

Antifungal Effect of Different Plant Extracts against Phytopathogenic Fungi Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum Isolated from Tomato Plant

The antifungal activity of 10 plant extracts was tested against the phytopathogenic fungi, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogens of early blight and wilt diseases of tomato. Plants tested related to different families. Three doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of plant extracts were assayed on A. alternata and F. oxysporum by measuring the inhibition zone of mycelial growth of fungi by disc-diffusion method on the Potato dextrose agar (PDA). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of plant extracts were determined. The inhibitory effect of plant extracts ranged from 10-29 and 12-31 mm against A. alternata and F. oxysporum, respectively. The extracts of Pulicaria crispa and Olea chrysophylla were the most effective antifungal followed by Citrullus colocynthis, Psiadia arabica and Otostegia fruticosa. These plant extracts contain biologically active major compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The remaining plant extracts did not emerge any inhibitive effect on tested fungi. The MIC and MFC of plant extracts ranged 6–38, 7-34 and 28-56, 22-50 mg/ml for A. alternata and F. oxysporum, respectively. Therefore, these plant extracts have biologically active compounds and have a potential to control fungal phytopathogens in agricultural crops.

Effect of Different Plant Extracts Added to Ice on Sensory Preference of Sliced Salmon

almon is usually sold in slices on ice in retail markets. Since ice is in direct contact with fish, it affects the sensory characteristics as well as the physicochemical properties. Improving the properties of ice can make positive contributions to fish flavor and consumer preference. In this study, sliced salmons were treated with ice containing one of either basil (B), rosemary (R), laurel (L), oregano (O) or fennel (F) extracts. Iced salmon without any plant extract was the control (C) group. Displaying sliced fish for sale on ice and placing back to cold room at the end of the day is a common practice. Samples were covered with ice, stored at 18±1°C during daytime and taken to the cold room (2±1°C) at night to simulate marketing conditions. Adding plant extracts to ice resulted in a remarkable change in fish flavor, and R, F, and L were the most popular treatments among all groups. In particular, rosemary-added ice significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the preference of consumption. Panelists emphasized that F samples can be consumed as appetizers. Dominant and pleasant aroma was also stated for L samples. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria count remained below 5 log CFU/g in all samples during 4 days. The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and pH values of all groups remained within the limits of acceptability. Using plant extract-added-ice provided a suitable quality sale of salmon for 4 days and offered an option to consumers by giving the product different flavors.&nbsp;

Sustainable management of chickpea wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri using plant extracts

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of different plant extracts or botanicals (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Allium cepa, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale) in suppressing the activity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc) responsible for inciting the wilt in chickpea. Different concentrations of plant extracts (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively) prepared in the laboratory were tested for their antagonistic ability under in-vitro conditions. Later, seed treatment using 40% concentration of the extracts were tried in pots. Amongst the different extracts, leaf extract of A. indica caused maximum mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (45.09%, 53.41%, 68.86% and 84.59%, respectively) at all the different concentrations during its culture assay in the Petri plates, while during pot trials it enhanced the percent seed germination to 96.66% and reduced the disease severity to 1.3 against the untreated control which showed 2.4 disease severity score. Moreover, highest number of root nodules (25.67%) and pods/plant (21.67%) with maximum plant yield (18.35 g) was also recorded when A. indica extract was used in comparison to the other treatments beside contributing to highest increase in total chlorophyll and phenolic contents in chickpea plants. Thus, conclusion can be drawn that application of A. indica leaf extract can be recommended for effective management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea.

The effects of different plant extracts on bile salt hydrolase activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of poultry

The bile salt hydrolysis (BSH) enzyme weakens fat metabolism through bile salt deconjugation and reduces poultry performance, in order to cope with the antibacterial properties of the bile. Therefore, reducing the activity of this enzyme through the use of feed additives is probably a promising alternative to antibiotics for improving poultry performance. Plant extracts have long been used as feed additives for promoting poultry growth. In the current experiment, five Lactobacillus strains including Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus lactis, and Lactobacillus returi were obtained from the poultry hindgut and were used as the probiotic application. A plate test and two-step enzymatic reaction method were used for deconjugation activity determination of the Lactobacillus strains. Further, four plant extracts (i.e., the aerial parts of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa), Berberis vulgaris root, and Green tea) were examined in terms of BSH enzyme inhibitors using the cell-free extracts as the potential antibiotic alternative. Furthermore, the gallbladders of the broilers were freshly collected from the poultry slaughterhouses, and their contents were extracted. The results showed that all Lactobacillus strains could hydrolyze the taurocholate acid (TCA) and chicken bile salt mixture (CBSM) to unconjugated bile acid. Moreover, ethanolic extracts of B. vulgaris root and Green tea relatively reduced the activity of the BSH enzyme that could potentially be investigated as an appropriate alternative in poultry feed in vivo. In conclusion, all five Lactobacillus strains were resistant to bile salts (i.e. TCA and CBSM) by BSH activity, and the addition of Green tea and B. vulgaris root extracts to the bacterial medium demonstrated inhibitory effects against the BSH enzyme.

Effects of different plant extracts at various dietary levels on growth performance, carcass traits, blood serum parameters, immune response and ileal microflora of Ross broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different plant extracts (common nettle, coriander, dill and thyme) at various dietary levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg/L) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood serum parameters, immune response and ileal microflora of 650 male Ross chickens (13 treatment groups; five replicates/treatment group; 10 birds/replicate) in a 42-day trial. Plant extracts were added to drinking water. Supplementation, except for coriander, increased feed intake (p < .05). Thyme extracts at 300 mg/L improved both weight gain and feed efficiency (p < .05). Thyme or dill (300 mg/L) improved carcass and drumsticks yields (p < .05). Pre-slaughtered body weight was increased by supplementation with plant extracts at 300 mg/L (p < .05). Plant extracts positively affected blood serum parameters decreasing concentrations (p < .05) of total protein, albumin, urea and total cholesterol. Dill extract increased IgG against sheep red blood cells at d 28 (p < .05) and d 42 (IgG; tendency p= .0698), whereas coriander extract (450 mg/L) raised immune response against avian influence within 42 d from vaccination (p < .05). Plant extracts reduced coliforms (except dill at 300 mg/L level; p < .05) and aerobic bacteria (except dill; p < .05). Negative gram bacteria were increased by thyme and dill treatments at 150 mg/L (p < .05) whereas lactobacilli bacteria were raised by thyme at 150 mg/L level (p < .05). In conclusion, supplementation with thyme at 300 mg/L level had the greatest benefits on the evaluated parameters. HIGHLIGHTS Thyme supplementation at 300 mg/L level could improve broiler chicken growth performance, carcass traits and blood serum parameters. Thyme supplementation at 150 mg/L could positively affect ileal microbiota increasing lactobacilli bacteria and reducing coliforms. However, no relevant effects of the thyme treatment were observed on broiler chicken immune responses.

Synergistic Effect of Different Plant Extracts and Antibiotics on Some Pathogenic Bacteria

In this study, the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves, ethanol extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel, volatile oil of sesame (Sesamum indicum) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) were investigated against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria includingStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter sp. Henna extract was most effective substrate against all tested bacteria followed by pomegranate and peanut while sesame was less effective. All extracts were screened for their antibacterial activity in combination with commonly used antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin and erythromycin to evaluate synergistic effects using Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) method which determined by microbroth dilution assays. Different interactions (synergistic and indifference) were observed between plant extracts and used antibiotics. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index ranged from 0.01 to 1.25 for B. cereus, 0.5 to 1 for P. aeruginosa, 0.01 to 0.3 for S. aureus and 0.06 to 0.25 for A. baumannii. The best synergistic capacity appeared between erythromycin and sesame. In vitro interaction between antimicrobial agents in combination with tested plant extracts showed synergistic effects. The MICs of each antibiotic was decreased to half when it is used in combination with tested plant extracts. This decreasing in MICs was observed in all plant extracts against tested bacteria as well as the extracts exhibited weak antibacterial activity alone.