Effect Of Different Numbers Research Articles

Development and validation of a coupled Navier–Stokes/DSMC simulation for rarefied gas flow in the production process for OLEDs

In this paper we present a coupled Navier–Stokes/direct simulation Monte Carlo (NS/DSMC) solver for simulating the production of organic light-emitting diodes. In this production process layers of organic molecules are deposited from gas phase on a substrate. Guided in a pipe system at low pressure the precipitating material flows through nozzles into a high-vacuum chamber where the deposition takes place. Typical for this system is a strong decrease of pressure along the flow path with an equivalent increase in Knudsen number. Therefore only a coupled NS/DSMC simulation is possible. The commercial simulation software ANSYS Fluent was used for the whole domain while for the domain with high Knudsen numbers DSMCFoam was applied, which is part of the open source CFD toolbox OpenFOAM. Starting with an NS solution of the whole domain the breakdown parameter was computed defining the beginning of the DSMC subdomain. Data is exchanged using a state based coupling and compared in an overlapping region, where both are valid. An analysis in the number of lattice cells in the NS simulation and in the number of DSMC particles per cell in the DSMC simulation was performed. Furthermore the effect of different numbers of degrees of freedom of the fluid was examined. For the validation of the full simulation, results were compared with the results from two experiments, and very good agreement was achieved.

Volume versus outcome: More emergency medical services personnel on-scene and increased survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Background and aim: The large regional variation in survival after treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is incompletely explained. Communities respond to OHCA with differing number of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel who respond to the scene. The effect of different numbers of EMS personnel on-scene upon outcomes is unclear. We sought to evaluate the association between number of EMS personnel on-scene and survival after OHCA. MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on 16,122 EMS-treated OHCA events from December 1, 2005 to May 31, 2007 from a combined population over 21 million people residing in an area of over 33,000 square miles in Canada and the United States. Number of EMS personnel on-scene was defined as the number of EMS personnel who responded to the scene of OHCA within 15min after 9-1-1 call receipt and prior to patient death or transport away from the scene. Associations with survival to hospital discharge were assessed by using generalized estimating equations to construct multivariable logistic regression models. ResultsCompared to a reference number of EMS personnel on-scene of 5 or 6, 7 or 8 EMS personnel on-scene was associated with a higher rate of survival to hospital discharge, adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.35 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.73). There was no significant difference in survival between 5 or 6 personnel on-scene versus fewer. ConclusionMore EMS personnel on-scene within 15min of 9-1-1 call was associated with improved survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It is unlikely that this finding was mediated solely by earlier CPR or earlier defibrillation.

Effect of 7 and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Different Number of Doses for Pneumonia Control in 2008 and 2010 Birth Cohort Children

The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in Uruguay in March 2008. In April 2010, it was replaced by PCV13. Surveillance of both vaccines was performed on hospitalized children with consolidated pneumonia. The effect of different number of vaccine doses was evaluated in 2008 and 2010 birth cohorts vaccinated with PCV7 and PCV13 respectively. The study aims to estimate the effects of PCV7 and PCV13 different number of doses on consolidated pneumonia, through the study of hospitalized children from 2008 and 2010 birth cohorts. Vaccination records of every child were available providing precise vaccination data; therefore a new approach was used to estimate PCVs effect. Incidence rate was calculated for each year of the study and for the different number of vaccine doses used each year. Exposure was calculated as person per year and rate ratio values determined the decrease of consolidated pneumonias. This decrease in percentage was estimated as the difference between the incidence with no vaccine and the incidence of every one of the doses. Incidence rate ratio revealed significant values for the three vaccine doses of PCVs for both cohorts. Upon comparing incidences, significant reduction percentages of consolidated pneumonia admissions were found. The reduction percentage of consolidated pneumonia for fully vaccinated (3 doses) patients was 69.3% and 84.6 % for PCV7 and PCV13, respectively. These results confirm that PCV7 and PCV13 are highly effective for reducing pediatric hospitalizations due to consolidated pneumonia, as reported by other national publications and demonstrated by international researchers.

Optimization of Suction Control on an Airfoil Using Multi-island Genetic Algorithm

To overcome the disadvantage of large suction requirements, the suction control for drag reduction is optimized. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), in conjunction with multi-island genetic algorithm (MIGA), is employed to achieve the optimization. An E387 airfoil is employed as the physical model. The suction location and mass flux of a slot are set as the design parameters. The goal is to minimize both the airfoil drag and suction requirement by identifying the optimal suction location on the upper airfoil surface. The effects of different numbers of suction slots were investigated. Results show that the suction control for drag reduction could be optimized using MIGA. For a single-suction slot, the reduction in airfoil drag is up to 8.3%, and the mass flux of a slot reaches the lower limit of the optimization interval. The increase in suction slot number results in a better drag reduction effect, which is accompanied by larger suction requirement and slower convergence. The main reason for airfoil drag reduction is the decrease in the pressure drag.

Multiple linker half-squarylium dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells; are two linkers better than one?

This paper studies the effects of different numbers of linkers on half-squaraine dyes in DSC devices.

Effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of moderate knee osteoarthritis: a randomized prospective study.

[Purpose] To assess the effects of different numbers of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) applications on pain and physical function in grade 3 knee osteoarthritis (OA). [Subjects and Methods] A total of 102 patients with grade 3 knee OA were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 received a single injection of PRP, Group 2 received two injections of PRP two weeks apart, Group 3 received three injections of PRP at 2-weeks intervals. All patients were evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), and the Timed-Up and Go test (TUG) before the treatment and at 1, 3 and 6 months after the treatment. [Results] Ninety-eight patients (15 males, 83 females) completed the study. The mean ages of the patients were 53.5±6.6, 54.9±5.3, and 55.1±5.6 years in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3, respectively. Statistically significant improvements were noted in all of the evaluated measures in all of the groups. The mean differences of Group 1-Group 2 and Group 1-Group 3 WOMAC total, WOMAC pain, WOMAC stiffness, and WOMAC function scores were statistically significant. [Conclusion] PRP is an effective treatment for functional status and pain in moderate knee osteoarthritis and a minimum of two injections is appropriate.

Linker free synthesis of TiO2/Bi2S3 heterostructure towards solar cell application: Facile chemical routes

Titanium dioxide/bismuth trisulphide (TiO2/Bi2S3) heterostructures are synthesized in a linker free synthesis approach which consists of a facile spin coating method followed by a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) at room temperature (27°C). These TiO2/Bi2S3 thin films are characterized by using different techniques. X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopic studies confirm the formation of layered heterostructures. Surface morphological analysis confirmed the uniform coverage of tiny Bi2S3 particles on TiO2 surface. Further, quantum size effect is observed by using the optical absorption studies. Finally, sandwich type devices are constructed and photovoltaic parameters are investigated in the illumination of standard 1sun condition [AM 1.5G, 50mW/cm2] and the photovoltaic parameters are discussed herein. In addition to this the effect of different number of Bi2S3 SILAR cycles on photovoltaic parameters has been investigated.

The behaviour of mosquitoes in relation to humans under holed bednets: the evidence from experimental huts.

The physical integrity of bednets is a concern of national malaria control programs, as it is a key factor in determining the rate of replacement of bednets. It is largely assumed that increased numbers of holes will result in a loss of protection of sleepers from potentially infective bites. Experimental hut studies are valuable in understanding mosquito behaviour indoors, particularly as it relates to blood feeding and mortality. This review summarises findings from experimental hut studies, focusing on two issues: (i) the effect of different numbers or sizes of holes in bednets and (ii) feeding behaviour and mortality with holed nets as compared with unholed nets. As might be expected, increasing numbers and area of holes resulted in increased blood feeding by mosquitoes on sleepers. However, the presence of holes did not generally have a large effect on the mortality of mosquitoes. Successfully entering a holed mosquito net does not necessarily mean that mosquitoes spend less time in contact with the net, which could explain the lack in differences in mortality. Further behavioural studies are necessary to understand mosquito behaviour around nets and the importance of holed nets on malaria transmission.

Broadband filter using multi-layer sub-wavelength high-contrast grating structure

This paper proposed a novel broadband filter using multi-layer sub-wavelength high-contrast grating (HCG) structure. This filter has wide bandwidth and good sideband suppression. We simulated and analyzed the effects of different numbers of layers and different grating indexes on filtering performance of the broadband filter. According to the simulated results, we designed a multilayer HCG broadband filter, which has bandwidth of 843 nm and center wavelength of 1550 nm.

Optimization of the Number of Burner Nozzles in a Hot Blast Stove by the Way of Simulation

The structure of the burner nozzles in a blast furnace hot stove including their number, location, and angle has a vital effect on the flow field, temperature distribution, combustion efficiency, etc. In this article, simulation models were established for the hot stove located at Shougang Qianan. The $$ k{-}\varepsilon $$ model, eddy dissipation model, and P-1 model were used for the modeling of turbulence, combustion, and radiative heat transfer, respectively. The effect of different number of burner nozzles on the flow field and temperature distribution in the combustion chamber was investigated. The results indicated that 19 or 21 burner nozzles were preferred to obtain the optimum flow field and temperature distribution.

Distribution of dissolved organic matter in freshwaters using excitation emission fluorescence and Multivariate Curve Resolution

Multivariate Curve Resolution Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) method with the trilinearity constraint is proposed for the analysis of excitation–emission fluorescence data from Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in fresh water natural systems, and the results obtained are compared with those obtained with PARAFAC. The effects of different number of components and constraints on the stability of the proposed models are compared. MCR-ALS is shown to be an effective way to characterize and resolve DOM sources in natural fresh water systems from EEM data, with good correlation with experimentally measured DOM concentration values. MATLAB georeferenced mapping is used to illustrate the geographical distribution of resolved DOM contributions. MCR-ALS resolved EEM spectra are used to recognize the corresponding chemical groups assigned to possible DOM sources. Relationships between human activities and the environmental situation of the river system are discussed from these possible DOM sources.

Are evaluations on young genotyped animals benefiting from the past generations?

Data sets of US Holsteins, Israeli Holsteins, and pigs from PIC (a Genus company, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effect of different numbers of generations on ability to predict genomic breeding values of young genotyped animals. The influence of including only 2 generations of ancestors (A2) or all ancestors (Af) was also investigated. A total of 34,506 US Holsteins, 1,305 Israeli Holsteins, and 5,236 pigs were genotyped. The evaluations were computed by traditional BLUP and single-step genomic BLUP, and computing performance was assessed for the latter method. For the 2 Holstein data sets, coefficients of determination (R2) and regression (δ) of deregressed evaluations from a full data set with records up to 2011 on estimated breeding values and genomic estimated breeding values from the truncated data sets were computed. The thresholds for data deletion were set by intervals of 5 yr, based on the average generation interval in dairy cattle. For the PIC data set, correlations between corrected phenotypes and estimated or genomic estimated breeding values were used to evaluate predictive ability on young animals born in 2010 and 2011. The reduced data set contained data up to 2009, and the thresholds were set based on an average generation interval of 3 yr. The number of generations that could be deleted without a reduction in accuracy depended on data structure and trait. For US Holsteins, removing 3 and 4 generations of data did not reduce accuracy of evaluations for final score in Af and A2 scenarios, respectively. For Israeli Holsteins, the accuracies for milk, fat, and protein yields were the highest when only phenotypes recorded in 2000 and later were included and full pedigrees were applied. Of the 135 Israeli bulls with genotypes (validation set) and daughter records only in the complete data set, 38 and 97 were sons of Israeli and foreign bulls, respectively. Although more phenotypic data increased the prediction accuracy for sons of Israeli bulls, the reverse was true for sons of foreign bulls. Also, more phenotypic data caused large inflation of genomic estimated breeding values for sons of foreign bulls, whereas the opposite was true with the deletion of all but the most recent phenotypic data. Results for protein and fat percentage were different from those for milk, fat, and protein yields; however, relatively, the changes in coefficients of determination and regression were smaller for percentage traits. For PIC data set, removing data from up to 5 generations did not erode predictive ability for genotyped animals for the 2 reproductive traits used in validation. Given the data used in this study, truncating old data reduces computation requirements but does not decrease the accuracy. For small populations that include local and imported animals, truncation may be beneficial for one group of animals and detrimental to another group.

Effect of Different Numbers of −CH2– Units on the Performance of Isoquinolinium Dyes

Three new dyes have been synthesized to investigate the influence of the distance between the electron acceptor and TiO2 surface on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In these dyes, the isoquinolinium acceptor, with a -(CH2)nCOOH anchoring group, and a functionalized triphenylamine donor are separated by an oligothiophene bridge. The physical and electrochemical properties of the dyes were investigated systematically. The results prove that different numbers of -CH2- units between the isoquinolinium acceptor and the carboxyl anchoring group have a less pronounced effect on the physical and electrochemical properties of these dyes. However, when applied in DSSCs, a sharp decrease in the short-circuit current (Jsc) was observed with increasing numbers of -CH2- units. For example, the device containing the organic dye bearing three -CH2- units produced the lowest Jsc of 7.94 mA·cm(-2). In contrast, the device containing the dye bearing only one -CH2- unit exhibited the highest Jsc of 13.88 mA·cm(-2). The higher photocurrent obtained with the device incorporating the dye with one -CH2- unit resulted in a higher power conversion efficiency of 6.8%.

Comparison of spatial interpolation techniques for mapping soil pH and salinity in agricultural coastal areas, northern Iran

This study attempted to characterize the spatial distributions of soil pH and electrical conductivity (ECe) of coastal fields in the Miyandoroud region, northern Iran, for three soil layer depths by assessing spatial variability and comparing different interpolation techniques such as inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), and conditional simulations (CS). Three soil composite samples were collected from 0–50, 50–100, and 100–150 cm depths at 105 sampling sites. At all three soil depths, pH and ECe were best fitted by exponential and spherical models, respectively. Nugget effects were higher for soil ECe data sets compared with soil pH at all three soil depths showing soil ECe had a spatial variability in small distances. The prediction accuracy of the interpolation methods indicated that the minimum error for all data sets was achieved with the OK method, except for pH at 50–100 cm depth, and the CS technique revealed the largest error. The effect of different numbers of simulations (100, 500 and 1000) in the CS interpolation method resulted not in a realistic mapping for the soil ECe and pH. Considering the high importance of irrigated agriculture in the Caspian Sea coastal areas, more subsoil salinity build-up and groundwater salinity monitoring plans are needed as a prerequisite for sustainable agricultural production systems of the future.

Numerical Simulations of Inclusion Behavior and Mixing Phenomena in Gas-stirred Ladles with Different Arrangement of Tuyeres

A CFD-PBM (Computational Fluid Dynamic-Population Balance Model) coupled model has been developed to investigate the effects of different number and position of bottom tuyeres and gas flow rate on the bubbly plume flow, inclusion removal and mixing phenomena in gas-stirred ladle. It is found that the dual blowing gives a shorter mixing time and higher inclusion removal ratio in comparison with the center blowing or eccentric blowing with one tuyere. With the increasing of separation angle of two tuyeres, the inclusion removal ratio increases, while mixing time decreases first and then increases. With the increasing of radial position of two tuyeres, the inclusion removal first increases and then decreases, and the mixing time decreases until the radial position exceeds 0.7R from the bottom center, where R is the bottom radius of ladle. It is recommended to use the two tuyeres placed at radial position of 0.6R and the angle of 135 deg in ladle to improve the joint efficiency both the inclusion removal and mixing. With the gas flow rate increasing, the efficiency both mixing and inclusion removal with the optimized tuyeres arrangement increases, however when the gas flow rate exceeds 300 NL/min in 150 ton ladle, the removal ratio and mixing time change little.

Effects of Refreezing on Microbiological and Physiochemical Properties of Barramundi (L ates calcarifer , Bloch) Fillets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles (0, 1, 2 and 3) on barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fillets. Quality and shelf life of fillets were evaluated using the microbiological and physiochemical analyses. The fillets were individually frozen on a polystyrene dish in an air blast freezer at −80C for 8 h, stored in a freezer at −20C for 20 days and then analysis was carried out on the 21st day from the beginning of frozen storage. The results obtained were compared with those of fresh fillets. This study revealed that the pH, total volatile base nitrogen, total viable counts, and L* and b* values of freeze-thawed fillets increased significantly (P < 0.05) with number of freezing cycles whereas ash, protein content and rheological parameters of fillets decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after three freeze–thaw cycles compared with fresh fillets. Practical Applications The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of repeated freeze thawing on barramundi fillets in order to prevent frozen-thawed related yield losses and deterioration in shelf life. This is essential to improve fillet utilization for better economic returns. The expansion of barramundi markets is presently limited because of quality loss during the freezing process. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the freezing techniques of this economically profitable species. However, if the barramundi freezing process could be refined, then quality and shelf life could be significantly extended. The present study demonstrates that it is important to prevent temperature variations or abuse during freezing and transport to avoid the detrimental effect of freezing and thawing so as to extend the quality and shelf life of barramundi fillets.

Analysis of the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus based on abnormal blood glucose on pregnancy outcomes

To investigate the relationship of different types of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy outcomes. A total of 4090 cases, who received prenatal examination and delivered in Peking University First Hospital and performed a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (75 g OGTT) at 24-28 gestational weeks, from January. 1(st), 2011 to Jul 31(st), 2012 , were divided into 2 groups. Normal blood glucose group:the result of OGTT (fasting plasma glucose, 1 hour glucose and 2 hour glucose ) was normal; Gestational diabetes mellitus group (GDM group): the result of OGTT was abnormal at any time point. GDM group were separated into A, B and C. GDM A means fasting plasma glucose annormal but others were normal, GDM B:fasting plasma glucose, 1 hour and/or 2 hour glucose abnormal, GDM C:fasting plasma glucose normal. To analyse the effect of different number of abnormal result of OGTT on pregnancy outcomes, GDM group were divided into I, II and III.GDMI means one abnormal blood glucose of OGTT result, GDM II: two abnormal blood glucose and GDM III:three abnormal blood glucose. We analyzed the pregnant outcomes of each group. (1) Among the 4090 cases, 858 cases (21.98%) were diagnosed as GDM (GDM group), and 82 cases (9.6%, 82/858) were treated with insulin.other 3232 cases with normal blood glucose (normal blood glucose group). In GDM group, the rate of cesarean section (51.9%, 445/858), premature delivery (8.4%, 72/858) and LGA (5.9%, 51/858) were respectively significantly higher than those of normal blood glucose group [ (43.5%, 1406/3232), (5.8%, 189/3232) and(4.2%, 137/3232)] (P < 0.05). But, there was no statistically significant differences for the rate of macrosomia (P > 0.05) between the GDM group(6.8%, 58/858) and normal blood glucose group (6.2%, 199/3232) . (2) In the GDM group, GDM A was 317 cases (36.9%), GDM B 239 cases (27.8%), GDM C 302 cases (35.2%). The incidence of Macrosomia and LGA in GDM B was significantly higher than that in GDM C and normal blood glucose group (P < 0.05). Comparing with GDM A , there was no statistically significance in GDM B and GDM C (P > 0.05). (3) In GDM group, GDMIwas 521 cases (60.7%), GDM II203 cases (15.6%), GDM III 134 cases (23.7%). Compared with the normal blood glucose group, GDM III had a significantly higher incidence of macrosomia and LGA and cesarean section(P < 0.01);and GDM IIhad only a significantly higher incidence of cesarean section(P < 0.01). (4) Among the 4090 cases, there were 1118 patients (27.3%) whose fasting blood glucose was below 4.4 mmol/L, of which 55 cases were diagnosed as GDM. There were 4 premature infants and 1 macrosomia. The GDM group with more than FBG ≥ 5.1 mmol/L had a higher incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, it suggested that we should pay more attention and take actively intervented; the pregnant woman is not recommended for 75g OGTT detection when fasting blood glucose was below 4.4 mmol/L because of the low rate of GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes among them.

Methodology for the In Vitro Evaluation of the Delivery Efficiency from Valved Holding Chambers with Facemasks

In vitro performance studies of valved holding chamber (VHC)-facemask systems are a cost-effective means of circumventing potentially confounding clinical variables. This article reports results of an in vitro investigation into VHC-facemask performance, using three age-specific soft anatomical model (SAM) faces, under clinically relevant conditions. A potentially standardized method was developed to assess VHC-facemask seal leakage, and evaluate the in vitro delivery efficiency of conventional and antistatic VHC-facemask systems. A custom-built test rig and VHC cradles were used to position the VHC-facemask systems against the SAM faces, with a constant, reproducible force. A standardized simulated pediatric breathing pattern (tidal volume = 155 mL; inhalation:exhalation ratio = 40:60; 25 breaths/min) was utilized. Percent facemask seal leakage, percent delivered dose, and the effect of different numbers of simulated breaths (2 to 8) were investigated. Of the VHC-facemask systems tested, the OptiChamber Diamond VHC with LiteTouch facemask (Diamond) system had the lowest percent seal leakage with each SAM face. Percent seal leakage from the other VHC-facemask systems was similar with SAM0 and SAM2 faces; the AeroChamber Plus Z-Stat VHC with ComfortSeal facemask (AC Z-Stat) system had a substantially greater percent seal leakage with the SAM1 face. Regardless of the number of simulated breaths, the Diamond system delivered the greatest mean percent delivered dose, with the lowest coefficient of variation, with each SAM face. Percent delivered dose did not correlate well with seal leakage, particularly for VHC-facemask systems with high seal leakage. The electrostatic properties of the VHCs appeared to influence drug delivery. This study describes a potentially standardized method for the evaluation of VHC-facemask systems. Use of this method enabled a comprehensive investigation into the influence of clinically relevant variables, including age-specific facial anatomy, number of simulated breaths, and seal leakage, on the delivery efficiency of several commercially available VHC-facemask systems.

Modeling and Simulation of the New Thin Film Transformer Equivalent Circuit

We research the new thin film transformer equivalent circuit modeling, simulate and modify the traditional estimate formula of the transformer equivalent circuit parameters, in order to attain the automatic extraction of thin film transformer parameters. This paper used MATLAB and Agilent ADS on the thin film transformers for the S parameter simulation. The simulation results show the estimation has better accurate and universal, it also shows the effect of different number of turns and thin film materials on the properties of thin film transformer.

Simulation and Analysis of MC-CDMA System under AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channel

This paper presents a detailed analysis of Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh Fading Channel with analysisof the effects of different number of sub-carriers and multiuser scenarios and at the end a comparison with standard technique is also performed. The complete analysis is performed by simulating the mathematical model of the MC-CDMA system with various combinations of sub-carriers, number of users, SNR, path gains and path delays etc. the simulation results shows that the MC-CDMA is an effective way to overcome the multipath fading losses and spectrum utilization with relatively simple system architecture.