Effects Of Different Nitrogen Research Articles

Characteristics of the AlON-Al2O3 Ceramic Coatings on the Al2021 Alloy by Electrolytic Plasma Processing

In this work, AlON-<TEX>$Al_2O_3$</TEX> coatings were prepared on Al2021 alloy by the electrolytic plasma processing (EPP) method. The experimental electrolytes include: 2 g/l NaOH as the electrolytic conductive agent, 10 g/l <TEX>$Na_2AlO_2$</TEX> as the alumina formative agent, and 0.5 g/l <TEX>$NaNO_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$NaNO_3$</TEX>, and <TEX>$NH_4NO_3$</TEX> as the nitride inducing agents. The effects of different nitrogen inducing agents were studied by a combined compositional and structural analyses of the ceramic coatings carried out by Xray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the specimens EPP-treated at room temperature for 15 min under a hybrid voltage of 260 DC along with an AC 50 Hz power supply (200 V). Microhardness tests and wear tests were carried out to correlate the evolution of the microstructure and the resulting mechanical properties. Potentiodynamic polarizations and immersion corrosion tests were carried out in 3.5wt% NaCl water solutions under static conditions in order to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the coated samples. The results demonstrate that <TEX>$NaNO_2$</TEX> is proven to be a good nitrogen inducing agent to produce high quality AlON-<TEX>$Al_2O_3$</TEX> ceramic coatings.

Growth and Nutritional Response of Melon to Water Quality and Nitrogen Potassium Fertigation Levels under Greenhouse Mediterranean Conditions

The Mediterranean area has been experiencing an extensive development of intensive horticulture, with a majority of that located in arid and semi-arid regions with limited water resources and poor water quality. One of the most important greenhouse vegetable crops is melon. This article studies the effects of different nitrogen–potassium (N–K) fertilizers applications and two types of irrigation water on yield and nutritional behavior of melon crop Cucumis melo L. (var. cantalupensis Naud. Alpes). The trial was conducted during two cycles under Mediterranean greenhouse conditions, on sandy mulching soil. The experimental design was bifactorial: NK fertigation and water quality, with three nutrition levels and two water qualities [MS with electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.6 dS m−1 and HS with EC = 2.3 dS m−1]. During the first cycle, the fertigation levels were F1 (50% NK), F2 (100% NK), and F3 (125% NK). In the second cycle, the fertigation levels were F2, F4 (125% N and 150% K) and F5 (180% N and 220% K). Treatment F2 was the recommended total doses (220 kg N ha−1 and 355 kg K ha−1). The increase in the NK concentration of the nutritive solution produced a rise in commercial production. The salinity of irrigation water did not affect marketable yield but had an effect on the fruit size, which was compensated for by an increase in the amount of fruit produced. Dry-matter production, N, and K uptake by plant (g m−2) were evaluated in the first and second trials. Salinity and NK nutrition levels significantly affected (P < 0.05) dry matter and N and K uptake by melon plant. Nitrogen and K uptake present interesting correlations with production and with each other, as established by mean regression analysis.

Effect of different nitrogen forms on the growth and quality of different potherbs

Effects of different nitrogen forms on the growth and quality of the three potherbs including Gynuradivaricata(L.) DC.,Talinum paniculatum(Jacq.) Gaert.and Gynurabicolor(ROXB.)DC was studied under solution culture with optimal nitrogen concentration(12 mmol/L).The main results are as follows: ①The fresh weight of shoot of the three potherbs increases gradually with the decrease of the ratio of NH4+∶NO3-under the condition of optimal nitrogen concentration.When the ratio of NH4+∶NO3-is 25∶75,the maximum fresh weight is obtained for Gynuradivaricata and Talinum paniculatum,and the maximum fresh weight is obtained for Gynurabicolor when the ratio of NH4+∶NO3-is 0∶100.The maximum dry weight is obtained for Talinum paniculatum and Gynurabicolor when the the ratio of NH4+∶NO3-ratio is 25∶75,and the maximum dry weight is obtained for Gynuradivaricata when ratio of NH4+∶NO3-is 0∶100.②The contents of nitrate and nitrite of the three potherbs increase dramatically and the total amount of free amino acids decreases with the decrease of the ratio of NH4+∶NO3-.As a result,appropriate increase of ammonium application would benefit the decrease of the content of nitrate in potherbs.③The content of V–C,soluble sugar and soluble protein are in high level when the the ratio of NH4+∶NO3-is 75∶25 or 50∶50.

Why Nitrogen Use Efficiency Decreases Under High Nitrogen Supply in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

Hydroponic experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to examine the effects of different nitrogen (N) supply (low, 20 mg L−1; intermediate, 40 mg L−1; and high, 100 mg L−1) on the growth, nitrogen use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L., cv. “Shanyou 63” hybrid indica. China). Leaf gas exchange was conducted to identify the photosynthetic-limiting factors in plants with high N supply. The results showed that (1) shoot biomass, leaf area, and tiller numbers per plant under low N were lower than under intermediate and high N supplies. No significant differences were observed between plants supplied with intermediate and high N. (2) About a 35% increase in leaf N content in plants fed by high N resulted in about a 15% increase in carboxylation efficiency (CE) and photosynthetic rate. (3) The noncorresponding increases in photosynthetic rate in rice seedlings fed by high N relative to low N resulted from Rubisco activity and/or CE. (4) The decreased Rubisco activity was induced by a relatively insufficient CO2 supply under high N supply. These results indicated that insufficient CO2 supply under high N supply accounted for the decreased Rubisco activity and the noncorresponding increases in photosynthetic rate to leaf N content, and as a result, decreased (photosynthetic) nitrogen use efficiency.

Effects of nitrogen form on growth, CO₂ assimilation, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthetic electron allocation in cucumber and rice plants.

Cucumber and rice plants with varying ammonium (NH(4)(+)) sensitivities were used to examine the effects of different nitrogen (N) sources on gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence quenching, and photosynthetic electron allocation. Compared to nitrate (NO(3)(-))-grown plants, cucumber plants grown under NH(4)(+)-nutrition showed decreased plant growth, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide (CO(2)) level, transpiration rate, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and O(2)-independent alternative electron flux, and increased O(2)-dependent alternative electron flux. However, the N source had little effect on gas exchange, Chl a fluorescence parameters, and photosynthetic electron allocation in rice plants, except that NH(4)(+)-grown plants had a higher O(2)-independent alternative electron flux than NO(3)(-)-grown plants. NO(3)(-) reduction activity was rarely detected in leaves of NH(4)(+)-grown cucumber plants, but was high in NH(4)(+)-grown rice plants. These results demonstrate that significant amounts of photosynthetic electron transport were coupled to NO(3)(-) assimilation, an effect more significant in NO(3)(-)-grown plants than in NH(4)(+)-grown plants. Meanwhile, NH(4)(+)-tolerant plants exhibited a higher demand for the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for NO(3)(-) reduction, regardless of the N form supplied, while NH(4)(+)-sensitive plants had a high water-water cycle activity when NH(4)(+) was supplied as the sole N source.

The Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on Herbage Yield of Natural Pastures

This study was carried out in a natural pasture in Van province of Turkey between the years of 2004 and 2005 to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on herbage yield. The study was performed in randomized block with three replications. 0, 4, 8, 16 kg da(-1) nitrogen and 0, 6, 12 kg da(-1) phosphorus applications were examined. The effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer applications on plant height, green herbage and crude protein yield were significant for both years. Depending on the increasing nitrogen and phosphorus applications, significant increases were in green herbage, hay and crude protein yields. According to results, differences between 8 and 16 kg da(-1) doses of nitrogen and 6 and 12 kg da(-1) doses of phosphorus applications were insignificant. In the first year, in terms of nitrogen applications, the highest green herbage, hay and crude protein yield (1423.1, 263.3 and 29.2 kg da(-1)) were obtained from 8 kg N da(-1), in the second year, the highest values (1426.1, 602.7 and 67.8 kg da(-1)) were obtained from 16 kg N da(-1) application. As for the phosphorus applications, in the first year, the highest green herbage yield was 1142.2 kg da(-1) at the 6 kg P2O5/da application, hay and crude protein yields (218.2, 23.1 kg da(-1)) were recorded from 12 kg P2O5/da application. In the second year, the highest green herbage, hay and crude protein yields were (1335.8, 549.6 and 66.1 kg da(-1)) determined at the 12 kg P2O5/da application.

The Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Rates on Some Quality Traits of Potato

This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (0, 120, and 240 kg N ha−1) and phosphorus (0, 90, and 180 kg P2O5 ha−1) doses on some tuber quality traits of the potato cultivar Agria under the ecological conditions of Erzurum in the years 2005 and 2006. The effects of N levels were significant only on the protein content of tubers while the P levels only significantly affected the oil content of the crisps. No significant N × P interaction effects were found on any of the traits evaluated. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the potato crop should be fertilized with 120 kg ha−1 N and that phosphorus fertilizers should be added when soils are P deficient in the Erzurum region.

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Levels on Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Growth and Photosynthesis under Nutrient Solution

To date, little is known about the effect of levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on kenaf grown innutrient solution culture. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of different nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium levels on kenaf growth such as diameter, plant height, leaf number, root dry weight,stem dry weight and leaf dry weight and physiology like chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and stomatalconductance. Treatment consisted of 5 different levels of nitrogen viz. 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L and 5different levels of phosphorus and potassium viz. 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L replicated thrice in a completelyrandomized design in a shade house. Growth (diameter, plant height and leaf number), chlorophyll content andphotosynthesis were measured once weekly and plant components biomass was measured, 28 DAT. Differentlevels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium had significant effects on all the parameters studied. The highestvalues for diameter, plant height, leaf number, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, photosynthesisand stomatal conductance were obtained from 200N, 100P and 100K whereas values decreased with furtherincrease in levels of nutrient concentration. All the growth rates, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis declinedwith lower level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Among the plant components, leaf dry weight had thegreatest decrease while root/shoot ratio increased under N deficiency. The results of this study provide newknowledge to produce kenaf with better nutrient management in the field.

Hexachlorobenzene dechlorination as affected by nitrogen application in acidic paddy soil

Batch incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilizers (NH 4HCO 3, CO(NH 2) 2, and NaNO 3) on hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dechlorination in an acidic paddy soil. Results showed that NH 4HCO 3 and CO(NH 2) 2 had similar effects on HCB dechlorination, and their application amount was a crucial factor on reductive dechlorination. The addition of a proper amount of 0.14 g NH 4HCO 3- or CO(NH 2) 2-N to 500 g soil promoted HCB dechlorination, however, the application of a high amount (0.84 g) of NH 4HCO 3- or CO(NH 2) 2-N inhibited HCB dechlorination. Additional NaNO 3 served as an electron acceptor and led to lower soil pH, thus inhibited HCB dechlorination. Detected dechlorinated products showed that the dominant pathway of HCB dechlorination was HCB → pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) → 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB) → 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (TCB), and PeCB was the main metabolite. The role of methanogenic bacteria in HCB dechlorination was uncertain and conditions-dependent.

Effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp.

Microalgae have high potential to remove inorganic nutrients from wastewater and to produce biodiesel. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. LX1 were studied. Scenedesmus sp. LX1’s growth was in accordance with the Monod model. The following Monod parameters were obtained: the N- and P-saturated maximum growth rate was 2.21 × 10 6 cells mL −1 d −1, and the half-saturation constants of N and P uptake were 12.1 mg L −1 and 0.27 mg L −1, respectively. In the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio of 5:1–12:1, 83–99% nitrogen and 99% phosphorus could be removed. In conditions of nitrogen (2.5 mg L −1) or phosphorus (0.1 mg L −1) limitation, Scenedesmus sp. LX1 could accumulate lipids to as high as 30% and 53%, respectively, of its algal biomass. The lipid productivity/unit volume of culture, however, was not enhanced. Further research should be made on how to enhance both lipid content and lipid productivity.

Chemistry and Process Optimization of V-Microalloyed N80-Class Seamless Casing Tube

The complex effects of different nitrogen (N) contents and thermal routines on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 33Mn2V steels for N80-Class seamless casing tube application were investigated using Gleeble simulation technique. The results showed that the N additions of 0.014%–0.021% in the steels for the in-line normalization process (ILNP) increased the strength while the toughness remained at a high level as compared with the steel with N content of 0.005%. It was also revealed that the N addition of 0.021% could enhance the performance combination of strength and toughness in the steels by using 700 °C as the cooling interrupted temperature (CIT) for the non in-line normalizing process (NILNP). It was further evidenced that the toughness was improved at expense of strength to some degree in all the steels by decreasing reheating temperature for the ILNP, while an increase of CIT for NILNP severely impaired the toughness and slightly improve the strength in the high-N steel with N content of 0.021%. This can be attributed to the dissolution and precipitation behavior of V(C,N). The optimization of V(C,N) precipitation could be achieved by enhancing N. The precipitation of V(C,N) in austenite was promoted by cooling to a certain temperature lower than the A rl for the ILNP. The V(C,N) particles formed in austenite contributed to grain refinement by the VN-induced nucleation of intragranular ferrite, but as a result the effect of precipitation on strengthening would become weaker due to a decrease of the precipitation of V in ferrite.

Ammonium enhances the tolerance of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) to drought condition

In order to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) forms on drought tolerance of rice seedlings, both hydroponic and pot experiments were conducted in green house. In hydroponic experiments, water stress was simulated by treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG, 10% in w/v, MW6000); in pot experiments, rice seedlings were cultivated under non-flooded conditions. The results showed that: (1) under water stress conditions, the decrease in plant growth and photosynthesis under ammonium supply was less than under nitrate supply; (2) under non-flooded cultivation, the biomass and photosynthesis in rice plants supplied with ammonium and ammonium + dicyandiamide (DCD, a nitrification inhibitor) were higher than those in nitrate fertilization; (3) in hydroponic experiments, water uptake of rice seedlings under ammonium nutrition was higher than under nitrate nutrition. It is concluded that, ammonium nutrition can enhance the tolerance of rice plants to water stress.

Effects of N : P loading ratios on phytoplankton community composition, primary production and N fixation in a eutrophic lake

Summary 1. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) loading ratios on phytoplankton community composition and primary production in a naturally eutrophic lake. Furthermore, the sources of N fuelling primary production were estimated using 15N stable isotope tracers. 2. A mesocosm experiment was performed with the same amount of P added to all mesocosms (similar to internal loading rates) but with a range of N additions (0–86 μm N), resulting in a gradient of N : P supply ratios. 3. Low N : P supply ratios resulted in a significant shift in the phytoplankton assemblage to a community dominated by N‐fixing cyanobacteria and a supply of atmospheric N2 estimated to be up to 60% of total supply. 4. The N : P loading ratio had no significant effect on primary production, total nitrogen (TN) concentration or particulate N concentration. 5. Our results imply that a reduced N : P ratio of the nutrient load does not necessarily result in a lower TN concentration and downstream N export due to compensation by N‐fixing cyanobacteria.

Yield and quality of melon grown under different irrigation and nitrogen rates

During 2 years, a melon crop ( Cucumis melo L. cv. Sancho) was grown under field conditions to investigate the effects of different nitrogen (N) and irrigation (I) levels on fruit yield, fruit quality, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and nitrogen applied efficiency (NAE). The statistical design was a split-plot with four replications, where irrigation was the main factor of variation and N was the secondary factor. In 2005, irrigation treatments consisted of applying daily a moderate water stress equivalent to 75% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration), a 100% ETc control and an excess irrigation of 125% ETc (designated as I 75, I 100 and I 125), while the N treatments were 30, 85, 112 and 139 kg N ha −1 (designated as N 30, N 85, N 112 and N 139). In 2006, both the irrigation and N treatments applied were: 60, 100 and 140% ETc (I 60, I 100 and I 140) and 93, 243 and 393 kg N ha −1 (N 93, N 243 and N 393). Moderate water stress did not reduce melon yield and high IWUE was obtained. Under severe deficit irrigation, the yield was reduced by 22% mainly due to decrease fruit weight. The relative yield (yield/maximum yield) was higher than 95% when the irrigation depth applied was in the range of 87–136% ETc. In 2006, the interaction between irrigation and N was significant for yield, fruit weight and IWUE. The best yield, 41.3 Mg ha −1, was obtained with 100% ETc at N 93. The flesh firmness and the placenta and seeds weight increased when the irrigation level was reduced by 60% ETc. The highest NAE was obtained with quantities of water close to 100% ETc and increased as the N level was reduced. The highest IWUE was obtained with applications close to 90 kg N ha −1. The I 243 and I 393 treatments produced inferior fruits due to higher skin ratios and lower flesh ratios. These results suggest that it is possible to apply moderate deficit irrigation, around 90% ETc, and reduce nitrogen input to 90 kg ha −1 without lessening quality and yields.

Effects of N fertilizer on root growth in Zea mays L. seedlings

This paper reports the effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) under field conditions. The N supply was found to influence the growth of the plants, especially the roots. A high N supply significantly inhibited root elongation, and was associated with reduced root dry weight compared to controls and to plants grown with smaller supplies of N. However, no differences were seen in lateral primary root density under the different N supply conditions, nor did plant N concentration increase with high N supply. In conclusion, a high N supply not only wastes resources and pollutes the environment, it may also inhibit root growth.

Effects of different nitrogen forms on the growth and cytokinin content in xylem sap of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings

In order to investigate the effects of homogeneous and localized supply of different nitrogen forms (nitrate, NO3 − vs ammonium, NH4 +) on the growth of tomato seedlings, root morphology and six cytokinin (CTK) fractions in xylem sap were analyzed. Whole roots were supplied with different ratios of NO3 − to NH4 + (100:0, as 100-0NA; 75:25, as 75-25NA; 50:50, as 50-50NA) under homogeneous supply. In split-root experiments, three treatments were compared: a sole NO3 − supply (N|N), a spatially separated supply of NO3 − and NH4 + (N|A), and a spatially separated supply of NO3 − and a mixture of NO3 − and NH4 + nutrition at a ratio of 75:25 (N|AN). All concentrations of total N were set at 5 mM. The results showed that (1) homogeneous 75% NO3 − plus 25% NH4 + supply to the whole root zone led to maximum shoot and root dry matter (DM), root surface area (RS) and root volume (RV). The spatially separated supply of NO3 − and NH4 + (N|A) resulted in a contrasting effect on root morphology: in comparison to N|N, root DM in the NO3 −-containing pot was increased by 50% whereas it was depressed by 50% in the NH4 +-containing pot. The 75% NO3 − plus 25% NH4 + supply in the split-root experiment led to no significant effects either on shoot DM and root DM, or on RS and RV when compared to N|N. (2) The presence of NH4 + in the external medium led to a significantly reduced total xylem-CTK concentration, and a close negative correlation was found between xylem NH4 + and total CTK concentration irrespective of culture mode. A relatively high level of zeatin riboside (ZR) was maintained both in 75-25NA and N|A treatments. It was concluded that, in addition to the percentage of NH4 + to NO3 − in the nutrient solution, whether NH4 + was supplied to the whole root system or to only part of the root system was also an important factor affecting plant growth. The fact that the 75-25NA and N|A treatments resulted in optimal growth of tomato seedlings might be attributed to the higher ZR concentration in xylem.

Effects of different Nitrogen forms and osmotic stress on water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa)

AbstractA hydroponic experiment with simulated water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) was conducted in greenhouse to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) forms (; and the mixture of and ) on water stress tolerance and water use efficiency (WUE and WUET) of different rice cultivars. Two rice cultivars (cv. ‘Shanyou 63’ hybrid indica and ‘Yangdao 6’ indica, China) were grown under non‐water‐ or water‐stressed condition [10% (w/v) PEG, molecular weight 6000] with different N forms for 3 weeks. Under non‐water stress, the biomass of Shanyou 63 was 50.0% and 64.3% and of Yangdao 6 was 6.9% and 87.8% higher under the supply of mixture of and than either under the sole supply of or , respectively; under water stress, the biomass of both rice cultivars decreased in all three nitrogen forms compared with non‐water stress; however, the inhibitory effect of water stress on biomass varied between and nutrition; the reduction of dry matter was significantly higher in than in nutrition. Compared with non‐water stress, under water stressed condition, WUE of both two rice cultivars significantly decreased in supply; WUE did not vary in and the mixture supply. It is concluded that (a) the resistance of water stress of rice seedlings is related to nitrogen form; (b) under water stress, could maintain a higher WUE compared with ; (c) hybrid indica rice seedlings have a higher water stress tolerance than indica rice seedlings.

Effects of different nitrogen forms on photosynthetic rate and the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics of flue-cured tobacco

Net photosynthetic rate (P N) of tobacco plants grown with NH4-N as the only N source was the lowest all the times, while P N grown only with NO3-N was the greatest until 22nd day, and P N grown with both NO3-N and NH4-N (1 : 1) was the greatest. Maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2), Fv/Fm, and actual quantum yield of PS2 under actinic irradiation (ΦPS2) in plants grown with only NH4-N were greatest at early stage and then decreased and were smaller than those of other treatments. Photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qNP) in the NH4-N plants were the greatest at all times. Hence excessive NH4-N can decrease not only photochemical efficiency but also the efficiency of utilization of photon energy absorbed by pigments for photosynthesis. Therefore, excessive NH4-N is a hindrance to photosynthesis of flue-cured tobacco. On the other hand, tobacco cultured with an appropriate mixture of NO3-N with NH4-N can sufficiently utilize photon energy and increase the efficiency of energy transformation.

Influence of different nitrogen sources and levels on ion content of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate)

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen (N) sources and levels on ion content in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate ’Yalova‐1'). In the process of ion uptake by plants, electro‐neutrality is maintained both by the plant and the nutrient medium in which the plant is grown. N fertiliser not only affects yield but also the quality of the plant. Nitrates convert to nitrite in plant tissues which may cause health problems in infants and also form carcinogenic substances. Higher doses of nitrites change haemoglobin to methaemoglobin and this inhibits the transport of blood oxygen in the human body. Increased rates of N fertilisers also cause the accumulation of oxalic acid in vegetables. Oxalic acid causes acute toxicity if taken with calcium (Ca) and this forms stones in the kidney. Cabbage plants were grown in field conditions with five N fertiliser types, four doses and three replications. The treatments of N consisted of: no added fertiliser; 100, 200, and 400 kg N ha−1 as potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulphate, and farmyard manure. The results demonstrate that plant head weight was generally greater when mineral fertiliser rather than organic fertiliser was supplied to plants. In the 400 kg N ha−1 treatment as potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea, and farmland manure application, plant yields were 66%, 61%, 40%, 49%, and 44% higher than with no added fertiliser, respectively. When the data were subjected to multiple regression analysis, effects of ammonium nitrate fertiliser application at 342 kg N ha−1 on plant yields (3333 g plant−1) were higher than that of other fertiliser applications. With increasing NO3– nutrition, the bulk of anion charge appeared as organic anion accumulation in the plants. The increase in organic anion accumulation was paralleled by an increase in cation concentration (K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+). Total inorganic anion levels (NO3–, SO4 2–, H2PO4–, Cl–) were relatively constant. The effects of increasing NO3– nutrition in stimulating organic anion accumulation such as glutamate, malate, and oxalate were far greater than ammonium and the other nutrient forms. Nitrate content of plants increased with the increasing N application, especially with nitrate fertiliser. The increases observed in the plant were highest in the plots with potassium nitrate applied and lowest in plots with no added fertiliser treatment. The results also indicated that farmyard manure was much more suitable than mineral fertilisers for plant quality according to lower total N, nitrate, and oxalic acid contents of cabbage plants. However, ammonium sulphate application at the rate of 250 kg N ha−1 was the most suitable fertiliser application rate for plant quality according to lower risk yields of plants (2650 g plant−1) for human nutrition.

The Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses and Bacteria Inoculation (Rhizobium phaseoli) on the Yield and Yield Components of Field Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses and Bacteria Inoculation (Rhizobium phaseoli) on the Yield and Yield Components of Field Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)