Effects Of Different Lipid Sources Research Articles

Effects of different lipid sources with or without a probiotic on gastrointestinal tract, immune system and blood parameters of chickens: An animal model.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different lipid sources, with or without a probiotic, on the gastrointestinal tract, immune system and blood parameters of Ross 308 male chickens. In this study, 360 one-day-old chickens were randomly allotted to six treatments with six replicates. Experimental diets were: (1) control (CTL); (2) a diet containing 30 g/kg lipid from tallow (CTL+TLW); (3) a diet containing 30 g/kg lipid from soybean oil (CTL+SO); (4) the basal diet plus a probiotic (CTL+PRO), (5) a diet containing 30 g/kg tallow plus probiotic (TLW+PRO); and (6) a diet containing 30 g/kg soybean oil plus probiotic (SO+PRO). The percentage of liver and jejunum in the treatments that used tallow alone or tallow with probiotics had a significant increase as compared to the control. The villus height and crypt depth of the ileum and villus height/crypt depth in the treatments that used soybean oil and probiotic alone had a significant increase compared to the control. The weight of the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus in the treatments that used probiotics had a significant increase compared to the control. The amount of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase as well as triacylglycerol in the treatment containing probiotic and its mixture with soybean oil had the least significant difference with the control. The results showed that the use of soybean oil, probiotics, and their mixture can improve intestinal morphology, strengthen the immune system, and reduce liver enzymes in chickens.

Histology and transcriptomic analysis reveal effects of dietary fish oil and soybean oil on lipid absorption and immune inflammation in the foregut of adult female spotted scat (Scatophagus argus)

The foregut is the main site of lipid absorption in fish, but the effect of different lipid sources on the foregut lipid absorption and metabolism in adult female spotted scat is still unclear. In this experiment, adult female spotted scat (length = 19.48 ± 1.13 cm, weight = 242.83 ± 50.90 g) were fed two iso-nitrogenous (45 % crude protein) and iso-lipidic (12.5 % crude lipid) diets configured with either 8 % fish oil (FO) or 8 % soybean oil (SO) for 60 days. Histological observations, serum measurements and transcriptome sequencing were used to investigate the effects of the oil sources on the foregut. Histological observation showed that the foregut folds of the SO group were shorter and narrower than those of the FO group, and nuclear vacuolation and villous atrophy were observed in the intestinal cells of fish in the SO group, indicating an inflammatory reaction. Both serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the FO group than in the SO group. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1355 differentially expressed genes between the FO and SO groups. Genes related to lipid metabolism (adipor2 and creb3l3) and cholesterol absorption and efflux (npc1l1 and sphk2) were up-regulated, whereas genes related to fatty acid synthesis and transport (fad1 and mfsd2ab) were down-regulated in the FO group. Circadian rhythm related genes ciart and nfil3, which are also involved in lipid metabolism, were up- and down-regulated, respectively in the FO group. The immune-related genes steap4, ddit4 and cldn6 which can inhibit inflammation, were up-regulated in the FO group, whereas pro-inflammation gene rnf225 was up-regulated in the SO group. In conclusion, compared with SO, FO may enhance the lipid absorption and reduce the inflammatory response in the foregut of the spotted scat. The results of this study provide a reference for the selection of dietary oil sources for adult female spotted scat.

Dietary lipid sources affect growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

The present study explored the effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response and disease resistance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four isonitrogenous (crude protein 50.46 %) and isolipidic (crude lipid 11.12 %) diets were formulated to contain 7 % of different oil sources including fish oil (FO) (control), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and coconut oil (CO). Largemouth bass with initial body weight of 36.0 ± 0.2 g were randomly distributed into 12 tanks, with 30 fish per tank and 3 tanks per treatment. The fish were fed with the experiment diets twice daily for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the weight gain of largemouth bass fed the FO diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the LO and CO diets. The liver crude lipid content in FO group was significantly higher than other groups, while the highest liver triglyceride content was showed in SO group and the lowest was detected in LO group. At transcriptional level, expression of lipogenesis related genes (pparγ, srebp1, fas, acc, dgat1 and dgat2) in the SO and CO group were significantly higher than the FO group. However, the expression of lipolysis and fatty acids oxidation related genes (pparα, cpt1, and aco) in vegetable oils groups were significantly higher than the FO group. As to the antioxidant capacity, vegetable oils significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content of largemouth bass. Total antioxidant capacity in the SO and LO groups were significantly increased compared with the FO group. Catalase in the LO group was significantly increased compared with the FO group. Furthermore, the ER stress related genes, such as grp78, atf6α, atf6β, chop and xbp1 were significantly enhanced in the vegetable oil groups compared with the FO group. The activity of serum lysozyme in vegetable oil groups were significantly higher than in FO group. Additionally, the relative expression of non-specific immune related genes, including tlr2, mapk11, mapk13, mapk14, rela, tgf-β1, tnfα, 5lox, il-1β and il10, were all significantly increased in SO and CO groups compared to the other groups. In conclusion, based on the indexes including growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response, SO and LO could be alternative oil sources for largemouth bass.

Plant lipid sources in fermented pea protein gels: Emulsion stability and gel microstructure

Lipids play an important role in cheese texture. Their quantity, type and structural characteristics can have adverse effects on product quality. In this study, sunflower oil, oleosomes, oleogel, and coconut oil, were included in pea protein emulsions that were further fermented into pea protein gels and compared to a dairy fresh cheese. The effect of different lipid sources on emulsions stability and on gel structure was evaluated. The different fat sources did not have any significant effect on emulsion stability. The hardness of the dairy cheese, assessed by texture analysis, was found significantly higher than the pea protein counterparts. However, no significant differences were found between the rheological properties of the pea protein gels containing oil, oleosomes, and oleogel and the dairy cheese of reference. Although the protein network is a dominant factor for gel firmness, this study shows that it is possible to produce fermented pea protein gels containing oil, oleosomes, or oleogel with very similar rheological properties to those of a dairy fresh cheese.

Fontes lipídicas vegetais na alimentação de codornas japonesas em fase de recria e sua repercussão na fase inicial de produção

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the residual effect of different lipid sources in the diet of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) in the rearing phase on the performance and egg quality in the initial phase of egg-laying. In the first stage, 400 Japanese quails aged 21 days were used, being distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments and ten replicates of eight birds/replicate Treatments consisted of basal ration (BR) with 2.5% soybean oil; BR with 2.5% corn oil; BR with 2.5% cottonseed oil; BR with 2.5% sunflower oil; and BR with 2.5% canola oil. At 42 days, maintaining the initial design, all quails received a basal ration with soybean oil, in order to evaluate the residual effect of the previous phase on the performance and egg quality in the initial phase of egg-laying (43 - 84 days). The different lipid sources did not affect the performance of quails in the initial phase of production. For egg quality, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, gravity, and Haugh unit (HU) showed better results in the treatment using sunflower oil. There was a residual effect of the use of lipid sources of vegetable origin in the rearing phase diet of Japanese quails on egg quality traits. Lipid sources from soybean, corn, cottonseed, canola, and sunflower seeds can be used as energy sources in the rearing diet of egg-laying quails for not being harmful to their initial performance. The longevity in egg production of quails fed with different lipid sources in the rearing phase was similar.

Effects of different vegetable oil sources on growth performance, body composition and tissue fatty acid composition of spotted knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatus

During 8-weeks feeding trial, four experimental diets were designed to assess the effects of different lipid sources, including fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO) and linseed oil (LO) on growth performance, body composition and tissue fatty acid composition of Oplegnathus punctatus. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups (initial body weight 12.06 ± 0.09 g per fish). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed LO diets were not significantly different from those fed FO diets, but significantly higher than those fed SO and RO diets. Besides, although the contents of EPA or DHA in different vegetable oil diets were same, the EPA content in muscle and liver and DHA content in liver of the LO group were significantly higher than that of the SO and RO groups. In addition, the highest gene expression of fads2 presented in fish fed LO diets, whereas the gene expression of elovl5 was not significantly different in three vegetable oil groups. Fish fed the SO diet had the highest liver lipid content, hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) values. In conclusion, under experimental conditions, the complete substitution of LO for FO had not negative effect on the feed utilization and growth performance of O.punctatus.

Effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acids composition in tissue and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acids composition in tissue and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 6% coconut oil (CO), rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) and fish oil (FO), respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile for 8 weeks. The results indicated that final body weight (FBW), percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), survival, hepatopancreas index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) were not significantly influenced by dietary different lipid sources (P＞0.05). Moreover, proximate composition in whole body, dorsal muscle and liver were also not significantly affected by dietary different lipid sources (P ＞0.05). Fish fed with FO diet was significantly higher MDA concentration in hepatic and serum than those fed with CO, RO and LO diets (P < 0.05). However, T-AOC, SOD and GSH activities in hepatic and serum were not affected by different lipid sources (P＞0.05). Fish fed with RO diet had significantly higher relative expression of fas and acc in liver than those fed the other diets, the highest expression of lpl was occurred at fish fed with CO diet (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, fish fed with CO and FO diets had significantly lower expression of elovl5 and Δ6fad in liver than those fed with RO diet (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of present study indicated that vegetable oils such as CO, RO and LO can potentially be used as dietary FO substitutes for juvenile largemouth bass.

The effects of different lipid sources on the growth, intestinal health, and lipid metabolism of the pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

It is an urgent problem to find suitable replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquatic feeds due to the stagnant production and rising prices of FO. To evaluate the substitution of vegetable oils for FO in the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei), four diets containing FO, linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO) or rapeseed oil (RO) have been fed to L. vannamei for 30 days in this study, and the effects of different lipid sources on the growth, body composition, intestinal health, disease resistance and lipid metabolism of the shrimps were investigated. The results showed that the profiles of fatty acids in four diets and the muscles of the shrimps were discrepant. Further analysis demonstrated that the growth performance of the shrimps in LO and SO groups was similar as that in FO group. Moreover, it seemed that the intestinal health in the shrimps fed with LO or SO diet was improved. In contrast, RO diet reduced the weight gain rate and weakened the intestinal health of the shrimps. Consistently, the shrimps fed with RO diet displayed the highest mortality after Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) infection among all groups. Additionally, the contents of total cholesterol (T-CHO) and the gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the hepatopancreas of the shrimps in RO group was significantly higher than that in FO group. In conclusion, LO or SO could be utilized as the substitution for FO in the diet of L. vannamei, while the replacement of FO with RO in the diet might induce the impaired intestinal health and the imbalance of lipid metabolism, leading to the reduced growth and disease resistance of the shrimp. The present study has provided the research basis for the further development of vegetable oils as a substitute for fish oil in shrimp diets.

Complex formation, in vitro digestion, structural, and physicochemical properties of fish oil and wheat starch blend

This study aimed to examine the effect of inclusion salmon oil (SO), cod oil (CO), coconut oil (CONT) to wheat starch (WS) on pasting, textural, and in vitro starch digestibility properties. The binary component blend (BCBs) sample showed better complex index (CI) as compared to WS and WS–WG (wheat gluten) and decreased with increasing carbon chain length. The inclusion of lipids to WS significantly reduced pasting and textural characteristics than that of WS alone. In BCBs samples V type amylose–lipid complexes peak at 20°2θ and greater short-range molecular order were formed with fatty acids producing more crystalline structure. A similar observation was noted by FTIR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results suggested that decreased in the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy after addition of different oil sources to WS. The amount of reducing sugar released during starch digestion appears to be dependent on starch hydrolysis. In this study, due to amylose–lipid complex formation, in vitro glycemic response decreased in BCBs samples followed by WS–WG with the ability to act as a barrier to suppress the activity of digestive enzymes to hydrolyze the starch molecules. This altered characteristics of WS might help to formulate the foods to overcome the digestibility concern in humans. Practical applications The results from the present study suggested that comprehending the effect of different lipid sources blend with wheat starch on complex formation, in vitro digestion, structural, and physicochemical properties can provide a guideline regarding alteration of physicochemical and digestibility characteristics of wheat starch which inhibit the accessibility of digestive enzymes to hydrolyze the starch molecules due to amylose–lipid complex formation.

Lipid Sources in Diets for Hy-Line White Laying: Performance, Biometrics of Digestive Organs, and Bone Characteristics

ABSTRACT Dietary inclusion of lipid sources has been one of the methods adopted by nutritionists aiming at better energy balancing. However, alternative energy feedstuffs have been sought in an attempt to reduce production costs. In this regard, lipid sources that can replace conventional ones, such as beef tallow, cottonseed oil, and sunflower oil have been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different lipid sources on the performance, egg quality, biometrics of digestive organs, and bone quality of white-egg commercial layers in the first production cycle. A total of 216 Hy-Line White layers at 70 weeks of age, weighing 1.701 ± 0.103 kg, were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The diets provided to them contained equal amounts of protein, calories, and amino acids, with only the lipid source varying - soybean oil (control), cottonseed oil, beef tallow, and sunflower oil. No significant effect of lipid sources was observed on any of the performance or egg-quality variables assessed (p>0.05). Biometric variables were not influenced by lipid sources, except for abdominal fat, which was highest in the birds receiving the beef-tallow treatments and lowest in birds fed the sunflower-oil diets (p<0.05). Except for mineral matter, bone traits were not influenced by the treatments; this variable was highest in the control treatments and lowest in the beef-tallow treatments. In conclusion, cottonseed and sunflower oils can be used to fully replace soybean oil in diets for white-egg commercial layers.

Digital gene-expression profiling analysis of the fatty liver of Landes geese fed different supplemental oils

The goose liver is an ideal model for deciphering lipogenesis molecular mechanisms. This study was designed to investigate the effect of different lipid sources on hepatic lipogenesis in overfed geese. Sixty Landes geese were fed ad libitum with no fat (control) or overfed diets containing 2% goose fat (GF) or rapeseed oil (RO) for 20 days. We measured fatty acid composition of the liver at day 20 of overfeeding. We performed a transcriptomic comparison of fatty liver between GF and RO-fed geese to gain insights into the molecular and cellular events mediating lipogenesis activity. The results showed that there was no substantial effect on fatty liver performance between GF- and RO-fed geese. Significant differences in fatty acid composition were detected between GF- and RO-fed geese. Total ω−6 PUFAs increased and saturated fatty acid decreased (P < 0.05) with RO supplementation when compared with GF, but ω−3 PUFAs did not differ between the two diets. Concentrations of C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:2, and C22:1 were higher (P < 0.05) in the fatty liver of RO-fed geese compared to those in the GF group. Analysis of transcriptome sequencing showed that there were 124 up-regulated and 129 down-regulated differentially expressed genes in the fatty liver of RO and GF-fed geese. Many of these genes code for proteins involved in the lipid metabolic process, including bile secretion, adipocytokine signalling pathway, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, fatty acid elongation and fatty acid biosynthesis, and fat digestion and absorption. Moreover, genes involved in lipid-related pathways such as peroxisome, steroid biosynthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, retinol metabolism, and apoptosis were altered, suggesting that the fatty liver of goose fed different oils undertakes both an oxidation function and hormone-related metabolic function.In conclusions, these data suggest that RO supplementation reduces liver lipid oxidation and improves lipogenesis. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in fatty liver formation and provide valuable resources for analysing mechanisms underlying the effects of oils from different sources on the goose fatty liver.

Effects of Different Lipid Sources on Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Triangular Bream Megalobrama terminalis

AbstractFive diets containing lipids from different sources, namely fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), rapeseed (canola) oil (RO), and palm oil (PO), were fed to juvenile Triangular Bream Megalobrama terminalis (initially weight, 1.20 ± 0.02 g) for 70 d. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and daily feed intake (DFI) were not significantly different among all treatments. The retention rates of C22:6(n‐3) (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) in fish fed LO‐based (143.8%) diets were significantly higher than in those fed FO‐based (61.0%) diet. Moreover, fish fed LO‐based diet showed a significantly higher C20:5(n‐3) (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) content (1.6%) in the liver than fish fed SO‐, RO‐, and PO‐based (1.1, 0.9, and 0.9%, respectively) diets. The retention rates of C20:4(n‐6) (arachidonic acid [ARA]) in fish fed RO‐based (341.3%) diets were significantly higher than in those fed FO‐, LO‐, and PO‐based (87.3, 176.8, and 216.3%, respectively) diets, while fish fed SO‐ and RO‐based diets had significantly higher ARA concentrations in the liver than did fish fed FO‐based diet. The fatty acid compositions of fish tissues were significantly affected by different lipid sources. Fish fed vegetable oil (VO) diets had lower n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFAs) concentrations in dorsal muscles than did fish in the FO group (18.4%), and significant differences were detected in fish fed SO (10.1%) and RO (10.9%) diets. These results showed that Triangular Bream have an ability to synthesize DHA, EPA, and ARA from alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). However, fish fed VO‐based diets could reduce the nutritional value of the fish flesh.

Effects of dietary lipid source on fatty acid composition, expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and antioxidant status of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

This study determined the effect of different lipid sources on growth, feed use, lipid metabolism and antioxidant status of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Juvenile fish (56.9 ± 4.7 g) were divided into four triplicate groups and fed diets containing 30 g/Kg of fish oil (FO), olive oil (OO), peanut oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO), respectively, for 60 days. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different between the dietary groups, but we observed changes in the fatty acid composition of muscle and intraperitoneal fat reflecting the fatty acid profile of the dietary lipid source. In the hepatopancreas, the highest mRNA level of fatty acid translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT‐1A) was both observed in the FO group. In muscle, the expression of FAT/CD36 and CPT‐1A in the LO group was significantly higher than that in other groups, except for CPT‐1A in the PO group. In addition, the lowest and highest content of malondialdehyde in serum was observed in OO and FO groups, respectively. In summary, dietary lipid source altered the fatty acid composition, potential uptake (FAT/CD36) and oxidation (CPT‐1A) of fatty acids, and antioxidant status of grass carp, which should be considered when selecting a lipid source.

Influence of lipid supplementation on milk components and fatty acid profile

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets for lactating cows on milk yield and composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and fatty acid profile in the milk fat. Five primiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments were: control (no lipid addition) and four other diets containing different lipids sources – ground raw soybean, cottonseed, soybean oil, and calcium salts of soybean fatty acids [...]

Effects of Different Lipid Sources on the Growth Performance and Muscle Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Anguilla marmorata

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different oils on growth performance of juvenile Anguilla marmorata. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), sunflower oil (SFO), peanut oil (PO), corn oil (CO) and soybean oil (SBO), respectively, as lipid sources each at an inclusion level of 50 g/kg. The diets were fed to apparent satiation for 10 weeks, twice a day to triplicate tanks of 30 fish each with an initial body weight 6.00±0.06 g. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the FO and SBO diets were markedly higher than those fed the CO diet, while no other difference in WG and SGR were observed among other treatments. Fish fed FO and SBO diets had better feed utilization than the other diet fish groups. Muscle of fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher levels of C20:5n-3 and n-3/n-6 ratio compared with fish fed vegetable oil (VO) diets, while muscle n-6 PUFA and C18:2n-6 content showed an opposite trend. The present results suggest that soybean oil is a suitable replacement for fish oil for Anguilla marmorata. The IJA appears exclusively as a peer-reviewed on-line open-access journal at http://www.siamb.org.il. To read papers free of charge, please register online at registration form. Sale of IJA papers is strictly forbidden.

Effects of different lipid sources on growth, digestive enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition in juvenile Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis

Effects of different lipid sources on growth, digestive enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition in juvenile Chinese mitten crab, <i>Eriocheir sinensis</i>

Effects of Different Lipid Sources on the Growth Performance and Muscle Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Anguilla marmorata

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different oils on growth performance of juvenile Anguilla marmorata. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), sunflower oil (SFO), peanut oil (PO), corn oil (CO) and soybean oil (SBO), respectively, as lipid sources each at an inclusion level of 50 g/kg. The diets were fed to apparent satiation for 10 weeks, twice a day to triplicate tanks of 30 fish each with an initial body weight 6.00±0.06 g. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the FO and SBO diets were markedly higher than those fed the CO diet, while no other difference in WG and SGR were observed among other treatments. Fish fed FO and SBO diets had better feed utilization than the other diet fish groups. Muscle of fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher levels of C20:5n-3 and n-3/n-6 ratio compared with fish fed vegetable oil (VO) diets, while muscle n-6 PUFA and C18:2n-6 content showed an opposite trend. The present results suggest that soybean oil is a suitable replacement for fish oil for Anguilla marmorata. The IJA appears exclusively as a peer-reviewed on-line open-access journal at http://www.siamb.org.il. To read papers free of charge, please register online at registration form. Sale of IJA papers is strictly forbidden.

Effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, body composition and lipid metabolism of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana

Fish oil is the most important lipid source, but its limited supply and high cost has forced the feed industry to investigate alternative lipid sources. The goal of this study was therefore to investigate effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, feed digestibility, body composition and lipid metabolism of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana. Bullfrogs were fed five diets containing 5.2% of either fish oil (FO), poultry fat (PF), pork lard (PL), soybean oil (SO) or palm oil (PO) for 8weeks. Growth and feed utilization were significantly (P<0.05) affected by different lipid sources. Weight gain and feed intake of bullfrogs fed diets with FO, SO and PO showed no significant difference. Body composition, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of bullfrog were not affected by lipid sources. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of diets and test lipid ingredients were significantly (P<0.05) different among all treatments; the highest ADC for lipid was observed in FO and SO, and the lowest value was found in PF. Fatty acid profiles of muscle reflected the fatty acid composition of dietary lipid source. The activities of hepatic enzymes related to lipid metabolism were significantly affected (P<0.05) by lipid sources; the PF and PL groups had lower activities, compared to other groups. In conclusion, this study shows that fish oil can be totally replaced by SO or PO in bullfrog diets for a period of 8weeks without negatively affecting growth performance. These alternative lipid sources have no effect on the body composition of bullfrog, while the fatty acid composition of muscle could be modified by lipid sources. Moreover, lipid sources could affect hepatic lipid metabolism of bullfrog.

Effects of different lipid sources on intake, digestibility and purine derivatives in hair lambs.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources on the nutrient intake, digestibility and purine derivative excretion of lambs. Thirty-five 60-day-old, male, non-castrated Santa Ines lambs with an initial average body weight (BW) of 13.00±1.80kg were used in a randomized complete block design with seven blocks and five treatments. The experimental treatments consisted of a control diet without supplemental lipids and four test diets with different lipid supplements, selected according to the degree of ruminal protection from hydrogenation: supplementation, being supplementation with whole cottonseed (WC), supplementation with cashew nut meal (CNM), supplementation with both cottonseed and cashew nut meal (WC-CNM) and supplementation with calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA). The lambs were slaughtered after reaching 28kg average BW for each treatment. The ether extract intake (EEI) was higher (p<0.01) for the lipid supplemented compared to control diet lambs. Supplementation with WC decreased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and total carbohydrate (TC) (p<0.01), whereas supplementation with CNM, WC-CNM and Ca-LCFA reduced non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility (p<0.01). The ether extract (EE) digestibility coefficient was higher with CNM, followed by Ca-LCFA and WC, when compared to WC-CNM and control diets. Nitrogen balance (NB) was not influenced (p>0.05) by the different lipid sources. A lower purine derivative (PD) excretion and thus lower microbial protein supply (MPS) was observed for animals supplemented with Ca-LCFA (p<0.01) compared to the WC-CNM and control diets. In conclusion, WC, CNM and WC-CNM supplementation did not have negative effects on MPS, although negative effects have been observed on nutrient digestibility.

Effects of different dietary lipid sources on tissue fatty acid composition, serum biochemical parameters and fatty acid synthase of juvenile mud crabScylla paramamosain(Estampador 1949)

A 6-week study was conducted to determine the effects of different lipid sources in pelleted diets on juvenile mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 8% level of fish oil (FO), lard (LD), safflower oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) or mixture oil (MO; VFO:VSO:VPO = 1:1:1), and a live food of marine bivalve Potamocorbula rubromuscula as the control diet (CF), were fed to groups of 25 juvenile crabs (average initial weight 7.4 g, carapace width 3.5 cm) in triplicate. The results showed that crabs fed MO had the highest survival (P < 0.05). The moisture content was significantly higher in crabs fed LD, SO and PO (P < 0.05). Crabs fed SO exhibited the lowest crude protein and lipid (P < 0.05). Ash contents were obviously lower in LD group (P < 0.05). Highest total lipid in the hepatopancreas and muscle was in LD and FO group respectively. Glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were higher while high-density lipoprotein was lower (P < 0.05) in LD group. Tissue fatty acid compositions were consistent with those in diets. FO and MO diets had the same depression effect like CF on fatty acid synthase activity and mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas. The results of this study indicated that FO and mixed oil are suitable for preparation of pelleted diets with better effects for juvenile S. paramamosain compared with live food, and the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids in pelleted diets must be <1.