Effects Of Different Extraction Conditions Research Articles

Determination of fluoroacetic acid in human blood and urine by accelerated solvent extraction-ion chromatography-mass spectrometry

Fluoroacetic acid is a highly polar poison used for rodent control. When ingested by the human body, it seriously damages nerve cells and heart tissues and even causes death by cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. Common detection methods for fluoroacetic acid include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, both of which require complex pretreatment methods, such as derivatization. In this study, a method to determine fluoroacetic acid in human blood and urine based on accelerated solvent extraction-ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (ASE-IC-MS) was established. Two pretreatment methods, namely, acetonitrile precipitation and accelerated solvent extraction, were compared. Furthermore, the effects of different extraction conditions, such as the extraction time, extraction temperature, and number of cycles, were investigated. The most suitable chromatographic separation conditions, such as the chromatographic column, column temperature, and elution procedure, were determined, and the MS conditions, such as the collision energy (CE) and declustering potential (DP) of the ion pairs of the target compound, were investigated. Based on the experimental results, the optimal pretreatment methods and detection conditions were obtained, and reliable data were collected. Deionized water was used as the extraction solvent, and blood and urine samples were processed by accelerated solvent extractor. The supernatant was sequentially collected via centrifugal ultrafiltration and 0.22 μm membrane filtration, diluted 50 times, and then injected into the chromatographic column for detection. An Ion Pac AS20 IC column was used for isocratic elution with 15.0 mmol/L KOH solution as the eluent. The effluent was passed through a suppressor and into a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, which was used to perform MS/MS (ESI-) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The quantitative ion was m/z 77.0>57.0 when the CE and DP were -15.0 eV and -20.0 V, respectively. An external standard method was used for quantitative analysis. The results showed a good linear relationship for fluoroacetic acid in the range of 0.5-500.0 μg/L (r>0.999), with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.14 and 0.47 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of fluoroacetic acid in blood and urine were 93.4%-95.8% and 96.2%-98.4%, respectively. The intra-day RSDs for blood and urine were 0.8%-1.6% and 0.2%-1.0%, respectively, while the inter-day RSDs were 2.3%-3.8% and 3.9%-6.9%, respectively. Further investigation revealed that the matrix effects of this method in blood and urine, at -7.4% and -3.0%, respectively, were fairly weak. The established method was successfully applied to detect fluoroacetic acid in human blood and urine obtained from a poisoning case, and the results obtained provided crucial clues that led to swift case resolution. The efficiency of the method was significantly higher than that of conventional detection methods. In conclusion, the developed method has high sensitivity and good repeatability and is suitable for the rapid detection of fluoroacetic acid in human blood and urine. Moreover, because this method does not require derivatization, it is simple and efficient.

Extraction of phenolic compounds from rice husk via ethanol-water-modified supercritical carbon dioxide

Rice husk, a rice processing byproduct generated in large quantities (∼20% of the grain weight), creates a major disposal problem for the rice industry. However, rice husk contains high-value bioactive compounds that can provide potential health benefits. The objective of this study was to extract high-value phenolic compounds from rice husk using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) technology. In this study, the effects of different extraction conditions, namely, temperature (40 and 60 °C), pressure (30 and 40 MPa), and ethanol concentration (15 and 25%, w/w) on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) were investigated. The extraction of phenolic compounds was also studied using different SC-CO2 modifiers, i.e., ethanol and ethanol-water. The highest TPC, TFC, and AA were achieved with 30 MPa, 60 °C, and 25% ethanol-water (50%, v/v) cosolvent mixture as 1.29 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, 0.40 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g, and 0.23 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g, respectively. Increasing water content up to 50% (v/v) in the cosolvent significantly improved the extraction yield. p-Coumaric, ferulic, and syringic acids were the predominant phenolic acids in the extracts obtained by cosolvent-modified SC-CO2 and methanol extractions. In addition, ethanol-water-modified SC-CO2 increased rice husk's porosity, which could be a potential pretreatment to enhance cellulose extraction. Thus, ethanol-water-modified SC-CO2 can be utilized to recover polar bioactive compounds from food processing byproducts for developing functional foods while eliminating the use of toxic organic solvents.

Ultrasonic Extraction and Separation of Taxanes from Taxus cuspidata Optimized by Response Surface Methodology

Taxanes are natural compounds with strong antitumor activity. In this study, we first extracted taxanes from the needles of Taxus cuspidata using ultrasonic (US) extraction, and then assessed the effects of different extraction conditions on the yields of eight target compounds. Response surface methodology (RSM) was further used to optimize the extraction conditions: when the liquid-to-solid ratio was 20.88 times, ultrasonic power was 140.00 W, ultrasonic time was 47.63 min, and ethanol content in solvent was 83.50%, taxane yields reached the maximum value of 354.28 μg/g. Under these conditions, the actual extraction rate of taxanes from the needles was 342.27 μg/g. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the morphology of the needles, suspension cells, and callus of Taxus cuspidata extracted by ultrasonic wave had changed, the pores of the sections of the needles extracted by ultrasonic wave had become relatively loose, and the pore diameter had obviously increased. The callus and overall structure of the suspension cells extracted by ultrasonic wave were destroyed, forming cell fragments. The components of Taxus cuspidata are complex; the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method established in this paper is suitable for the rapid and effective separation of taxanes in Taxus cuspidata. We systematically and comprehensively compared the yields of taxanes in needles, callus, and suspension cells of Taxus cuspidata, and the taxane yields were increased by the suspension cell culture.

Efficient extraction and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from Antrodia cinnamomea

BackgroundAntrodia cinnamomea, a rare medicinal fungus, has been increasingly studied in recent years because of its abundant secondary metabolites which are beneficial to humans. However, there is a lack of research on its polyphenols which are of good research value due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and other activities.ResultsIn this study, the effects of different extraction conditions on the yield of its polyphenols were investigated. Deep-Eutectic Solvents composed of choline chloride and malonic acid had the best extraction efficiency, with the optimal extraction conditions being as follows: a solid–liquid ratio of 40 mg/mL, an extraction temperature of 55 °C, an extraction time of 70 min and a DES with 20% water content. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of polyphenols reached 22.09 mg/g which was about 2 times that of alcohol-based extraction (10.95 mg/g). In vitro antioxidant test results further showed that polyphenols from A. cinnamomea had strong antioxidant activities. When the concentration of polyphenols reached 0.1 mg/mL of polyphenols, the scavenging activity of free radical basically reached its maximum, with values of 94.10%, 83.34% and 95.42% for DPPH, ABTS+ and ·OH scavenging. In this case, the corresponding IC50 values were 0.01, 0.014 and 0.007 mg/mL, respectively.ConclusionsThis study lays the foundation for the efficient extraction and application of polyphenols from A. cinnamomea.

Extraction of Fucoxanthin Isomers from the Edible Brown Seaweed Undaria pinnatifida Using Supercritical CO2: Effects of Extraction Conditions on Isomerization and Recovery of Fucoxanthin.

Fucoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid found in brown seaweeds, has been reported to exert beneficial biological activities, including antiobesity and anticancer activities Moreover, the Z-isomers of this compound potentially have greater bioavailability and biological activities than the naturally predominant all-E-isomer. Therefore, the consumption of Z-isomer-rich fucoxanthin through daily meals and dietary supplements may have beneficial effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different extraction conditions on the Z-isomer ratio and recovery of fucoxanthin obtained from Undaria pinnatifida using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2), particularly focusing on the high-temperature conditions that enhance thermal Z-isomerization. High-temperature SC-CO2 extraction at ≥ 120°C was found to enhance the thermal isomerization of fucoxanthin. For example, when the extraction was performed at 40, 80, 120, and 160°C and 30 MPa for 30 min with a co-solvent (ethanol), the total Z-isomer ratios were 11.7, 11.5, 18.7, and 26.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the high-temperature extraction significantly improved fucoxanthin recovery under high-pressure (≥ 30 MPa) conditions in the presence of the co-solvent. For example, when fucoxanthin was extracted at 40, 80, 120, and 160°C under the same conditions as above, the recoveries were 17.5, 20.6, 30.7, and 29.5%, respectively. Hence, the high-temperature SC-CO2 extraction of fucoxanthin from U. pinnatifida would not only enhance health benefits of fucoxanthin via the Z-isomerization but also improve the productivity. Moreover, the use of non-toxic CO2 and a low-toxicity organic solvent (ethanol) ensures that the final fucoxanthin product is safe for consumption. The Z-isomer-rich fucoxanthin obtained using this method is accordingly considered to have potential for use as a dietary supplement.

Optimization of Extraction Technology, Structure, and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa

AbstractUsing DMSO as solvent, ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa is studied. The effects of different extraction conditions on the yield of polysaccharides are investigated. The optimal extraction conditions are found by a Box‐Behnken design. The results showed that the yield of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide can reach 6.94% under the following conditions: liquid–solid ratio of 33.8 mL g‐1, ultrasonic power of 104.6 W, extraction temperature of 35.6°C, and extraction time of 4.7 h. The structure of the polysaccharides is investigated by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and methylation. The purified polysaccharides are found to have good antioxidant activity in vitro.

Multi-Frequency Ultrasonic Extraction of Anthocyanins from Blueberry Pomace and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity.

A large amount of blueberry pomace is discarded and wasted. To make full use of blueberry pomace and extract anthocyanins. Multi-frequency ultrasound was used to extract anthocyanins from blueberry pomace. The effects of different extraction conditions on the anthocyanin yields were studied. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins was evaluated, and the main anthocyanin components were identified by HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS. The optimal anthocyanin extraction conditions were as follows: dual-frequency ultrasound of 40 + 80 kHz, ultrasonic power of 350 W, extraction temperature of 50°C, and extraction time of 40 min. Compared with single frequency (25 kHz) and tri-frequency ultrasound (25 + 40 + 80 kHz), the anthocyanin yield with dual-frequency ultrasound increased by 15.26% and 5.45% respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities (DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and reducing power) of anthocyanins extracted with dual-frequency ultrasound were all higher than those without ultrasound. Seven kinds of anthocyanins were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Dual-frequency ultrasound had a higher extraction yield than single frequency ultrasound, tri-frequency ultrasound, and no ultrasound. Dual-frequency ultrasonic technology provides an effective approach for improving the extraction yield of anthocyanins from blueberry pomace.

The effects of different extraction conditions on the polyphenol, flavonoids components and antioxidant activity of Polyscias fruticosa roots

Polyscias fruticosa is an herbal plant having a myriad of medicinal purposes, especially in antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different extraction conditions on the polyphenol, flavonoids content extraction and antioxidant activity of the Polyscias fruticosa root extract. DPPH and ABTS methods were employed to measure free radical scavenging activities. The total polyphenol, flavonoids content was calculated by gallic acid and quercetin equivalent, respectively. The absorbance is measured by using UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The results shows that the conditions in which the highest extraction yield was attained consisted of 90% ethanol, the ratio between material and ethanol of 1:20 g/mL, extraction time of 3 hours and extraction temperature of 30°C. This extract showed the highest polyphenol content (96,09 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg) and the highest flavonoid content (58,30 μg quercetin equivalent/mg of dry extract). Moreover, DPPH and ABTS antioxidants activity results showed that Polyscias fruticosa root extracts exhibited the IC50 value of 96,14 μg/mL and 38,76 μg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that Polyscias fruticosa roots can be used in dietary applications with the potential to reduce oxidative stress.

Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acids from sweet potato peels and sonochemical hydrolysis of caffeoylquinic acids derivatives.

Sweet potato peels are rich in chlorogenic acids. In this work, we applied ultrasound technology to extract the main compounds from sweet potato peel and used multivariate analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the effects of different extraction conditions on the extraction of chlorogenic acids. The extraction was studied varying ultrasonic power density (20, 35 and 50W/L) and processing time (5, 10, 20 and 40min) using an ultrasonic bath operating at 25kHz. The chemical analysis was carried out by UPLC-qTOF-MS, and the results were evaluated by PCA and PLS-DA chemometric analysis. Results show that both ultrasonic power density and processing time influences in the extraction of different chlorogenic acid, and that different extraction conditions can be used to selectively extract specific caffeoylquinic acids and feruloylquinic acids in higher amounts. Ultrasound promoted the hydrolysis of tricaffeoylquinic acid when subjected to ultrasonic waves (20-50W/L), and of 3,4-caffeyolquinic acid at high ultrasonic power density (50W/L).

Energy consumption analysis of lipid extraction from black soldier fly biomass

Black soldier fly larvae containing high lipids had been considered an novel sustainable feedstock for lipid extraction to biofuels. The insect lipid was extracted with microwave assisted solvent extraction method. The energy consumption of this way was analyzed to determine the feasibility of the lipid extraction process. The comparison of the effects of different extraction conditions (dehydration methods, water content, extraction temperature, extraction time, equipment power, and solute-solvent ratio) on the energy consumption of lipid extraction from the energy insect was investigated systematically. The dewatering of the insect biomass was the most energy consuming step via a dry extraction method in this paper, constituting about 40–80% of the total energy consumption demand. Within the ranges of extraction factors values compared in this analysis, the microwave radiation powder and lipid extraction temperature had a pronounced effect on the total energy consumption in the ranges of investigated parameter. At last, the lipid extraction yield-dependent evolution of energy consumption for different extraction conditions was also investigated. Anyway, the economic and environmental aspects of lipid extraction from the energy insect needed to be further improved for its large scale implementation in the future.

Magnetic dispersive solid-phase micro-extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for determining nucleotides in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl

A novel, simple, and efficacious analytical method for determining of nucleotides in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl (A. roxburghii) was developed. Magnetic dispersive solid-phase micro-extraction (MDSPME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography was applied for extraction and determination of three nucleotides, such as adenosine-5ʹ-monophosphate (AMP), uridine-5ʹ-monophosphate (UMP) and guanosine-5ʹ-monophosphate (GMP) in A. roxburghii from different sources. The structure and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles, Fe3O4@GO, were illustrated by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Thermagravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The effects of different extraction conditions on extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. The optimum extraction conditions were performed as follows: 40.0 mg Fe3O4@GO were dispersed in 30 mL adsorption solution (pH 3.50, 2 μg/mL), 50 mM NaOH was employed for elution with 12 min of ultra-sonication at 40 °C. Under the aforementioned extraction conditions, the Fe3O4@GO nano-adsorbent obtained an excellent adsorption property. The corresponding linearity range for all three analytes exhibited a good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9982) and notable added recoveries ranging from 88.4% to 109.8%, whereas the limit of quantitation was between 0.8–8 ng/mL. The enrichment factors (EF) were between 174 and 255. The proposed method showed the advantages of full purification, high EF, simplicity, and good recovery. The method was also successfully applied to nucleotides extraction and determination in A. roxburghii, showing superior reproducibility and high sensitivity. Based on this, the method could be expected to provide a novel experimental means and developmental direction for improving pretreatment and purification of nucleotides, reducing matrix effects as much as possible, in traditional Chinese medicinal materials or biological specimens.

Three-phase solvent bar liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography to determine sarcosine in human urine.

Sarcosine is a potential prostate cancer marker. In this study, we developed a method of three-phase solvent bar liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography to determine sarcosine after derivatization with 4-dimethylarminoazobenzene-4-sulfonyl chloride from human urine. The effects of different extraction conditions on extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under optimum experimental conditions, a calibration graph exhibited linearity over the range of 0.05-25μmol/L with a correlation coefficient (r2 ) of 0.9990. The enrichment factor was 168, and the detection limit was 0.02μmol/L. The method was successfully used to analyze sarcosine in human urine and non-invasive detection, and good spiked recoveries ranging from 90.5 to 93.6% were obtained. The proposed method exhibited high sensitivity, high enrichment factor, good precision, and a simple setup. It may contribute to the early accurate diagnosis and the progression monitoring of prostatic carcinoma.

Insight into solvent effects on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves extracts by HPLC analysis

To elucidate the effects of solvents on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves extracts, the contents of seven common phenolic compounds in the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their influences on the antioxidant activity were investigated by correlation analysis. The results indicated that total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids compounds and total phenolic acids of bamboo leaves extracts were mainly affected by neochlorogenic acid and isoorientin in both methanol and ethanol series, and solvent of high organic solvent or water was beneficial for the extraction of flavonoids and phenolic acids, respectively. Isoorientin showed higher correlation with the antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves extracts than other flavonoids in both methanol and ethanol series, whereas neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid displayed higher correlations with the antioxidant activity than other phenolic acids in methanol and ethanol series, respectively. The current observation implied that the effects of solvents on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of plant extracts may result from the corresponding changes of high-content phenolic components; and the combination of HPLC analysis and correlation analysis may be helpful to elucidate the effects of different extraction conditions on the phenolic composition and activity of plant extracts.

Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Australian Maroon Bush Scaevola spinescens (Goodeniaceae)

Scaevola spinescens (Goodeniaceae) has been traditionally used by indigenous Australians to treat various ailments including cancer, thus it is necessary to identify optimum extraction conditions for bioactive components from this plant. This study investigated the effects of different extraction conditions on Total Phenolic Content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP assays) and anti-cancer activity (MTT assay) of S. spinescens. The results showed that optimal extraction conditions for TPC using water were 80°C, 15 min and ratio of 20:1 mL/g. However, the aqueous extract prepared under optimal conditions had lower TPC and less antioxidant capacity than those of the organic solvent extracts. The acetone extract displayed the greatest TPC as well as the highest antioxidant capacity and anti-cancer activity against a panel of cancer cell lines, including cancers of the pancreas, breast, lung, brain, skin, colon and ovary. Therefore, further investigations should be conducted to identify key bioactive compounds as potential anti-cancer agents.

Influence of Synthetic Antioxidants on Extraction of All-<i>trans</i>-Lutein from Spinach under Air and Nitrogen Atmosphere

Extraction is most commonly used sample preparation technique in quantitative determination of all-trans-lutein in spinach. In our study RP-HPLC was applied to identify the constituents of spinach extract and to quantify all-trans-lutein content with the mobile phase consisted of acetone and water. Due to sensitivity of all-trans-lutein, we compared effects of different extraction conditions; air and nitrogen atmosphere and ethanol, ethanol with added 0.1% TBHQ and ethanol with added 0.1% BHT as solvents. Results for the all-trans-lutein content in the spinach samples and spinach samples with standard addition obtained in air and in nitrogen confirmed the induced degradation of all-trans-lutein in oxygen from the air. Ethanol containing synthetic antioxidant TBHQ under nitrogen atmosphere gave the highest yield of extraction and recovery of all-trans-lutein from spinach.

Effect of different extraction and precipitation methods on yield and quality of pectin

SummaryAn experimental study has been conducted to determine the combined effects of different extraction conditions and precipitation method on the yield and quality of high methoxyl pectin from lemon peels. Pectin was extracted using different mineral acids (HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) at four concentration levels (0.025; 0.05; 0.1 and 0.2 m), at 70 °C for 4 h. The soluble pectin was precipitated by iso‐propanol or by an aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3, solution at pH 4. The extraction with HCl and HNO3, at the highest concentrations investigated, followed by aluminium precipitation led to the best results in terms of yield (22–25%), quality and gelling power of pectin with a remarkable decrease of alcohol consumption as compared to the alcoholic precipitation under the same extracting conditions.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia

This study investigated the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to improve the extraction efficiency of the classical solvent extraction techniques such as maceration and soxhlet extraction to extract anti-oxidant activity compounds, anthraquinones, from the root of Morinda citrifolia. The effects of different extraction conditions were determined, i.e., temperature of (25, 45, 60 °C), ultrasonic power, solvent types, and compositions of ethanol in ethanol–water mixtures. The results show that the yield increases with increasing extraction times and extraction temperatures. The percent recovery of anthraquinones using ultrasound was found to be highly dependent on the type of solvents (acetone > acetonitrile > methanol > ethanol). Furthermore, the use of ethanol–water solution as extraction solvent increased the yield of anthraquinones due to the relative polarity, the swelling effect of plant tissue matrix by water, and increased sound absorption. To achieve the same recovery as that achieved by UAE, soxhlet extraction and maceration required much longer time.

Extraction of Flavonoid Glycosides from Ginkgo biloba Leaves and Their Adsorption Separations Using Hydrophobic and Anion-Exchange Membranes

In this work, the extraction of flavonoid glycosides from Ginkgo biloba leaves and their adsorption separation performance using C18 hydrophobic and strong anion-exchange membranes were investigated. First, the preparation of crude Ginkgo biloba L. extracts was carried out using 70% ethanol, and the effects of different extraction conditions were evaluated. The results show that the extraction temperature (50–70°C) and extraction time (1–5 h) did not significantly influence the performance, but a lower solvent amount (50 g per 10 g dry leaves) resulted in a better extraction. Before the adsorption separations, the extracts were dissolved in 30% ethanol to remove the undesirable biflavones and then used as feed solutions. Eighty percent ethanol was used as the eluent in the elution stage. Comparing the performances for different processes, higher yield for total flavonoid glycoside amount (46–60% for hydrophobic membranes and 39–53% for anion-exchange membranes) was accomplished in the batch process. On the other hand, a higher flavonoid glycoside content at the pinnacle fraction of elution peak (10 wt% for hydrophobic membranes and 7–13 wt% for anion-exchange membranes) and a shorter process period were achieved in the flow process.