Effect Of Different Disinfectants Research Articles

Effective of different industrial disinfection in subzero cold-chain environment

Effective disinfection methods are crucial in the cold chain transportation process of food due to the specificity of temperature and the diversity of contaminated flora. The objective of this study was to investigate the sanitizing effect of different disinfectants on various fungi at – 20 °C to achieve accurate disinfection of diverse bacterial populations. Peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium bisulfate were selected as low-temperature disinfectants and were combined with antifreeze. The sanitizing effect of these cryogenic disinfectants on pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis black variant spores (ATCC9372), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Escherichia coli (8099), and poliovirus (PV-1) was sequentially verified by bactericidal and virus inactivation experiments. After a specified time of disinfection, a neutralizing agent was used to halt the sanitizing process. The study demonstrates that different disinfectants exhibit selective effects during the low-temperature disinfection process. Peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium monopersulfate are suitable for the low-temperature environmental disinfection of bacterial propagules, viruses, and fungal contaminants. However, for microorganisms with strong resistance to spores, a low-temperature disinfectant based on peracetic acid should be chosen for effective disinfection treatment. Our results provide a valuable reference for selecting appropriate disinfectants to sanitize various potential pathogens in the future.

The Effect of Different Disinfectants for Controlling Salmonella Serotypes on Food Contact Surfaces: A Review

Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne infections worldwide. Various Salmonella enterica serotypes can cause this infection and can be transmitted through food contact surfaces. The most common way to prevent this infection is by applying disinfectant on food contact surfaces. Therefore, this research aims to summarize the effect of different disinfectants for controlling Salmonella serotypes on food contact surfaces. PRISMA guidelines were used as the method to find suitable sources for this systematic review. Relevant studies that were used are retrieved from several databases such as Science Direct, EBSCOhost, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, and Scopus. The keywords used to identify the relevant studies were “disinfectant”, “Salmonella sp.”, “food contact surface”, “food safety”, and “hygiene”. The initial search in the databases yielded 75 articles. After the screening process based on the criteria of the article, only 6 articles were used in the final systematic review. The result showed that the effect of disinfectants on foodborne pathogens, especially Salmonella serotypes, can be influenced by the composition of the disinfectant, the type of serotype, and the food contact surface material used. Therefore, in-depth consideration is needed regarding the factors that influence the effectiveness of a disinfectant, especially on food contact surfaces in the food industry.

African Swine Fever: Transmission, Spread, and Control through Biosecurity and Disinfection, Including Polish Trends.

African swine fever is a contagious disease, affecting pigs and wild boars, which poses a major threat to the pig industry worldwide and, therefore, to the agricultural economies of many countries. Despite intensive studies, an effective vaccine against the disease has not yet been developed. Since 2007, ASFV has been circulating in Eastern and Central Europe, covering an increasingly large area. As of 2018, the disease is additionally spreading at an unprecedented scale in Southeast Asia, nearly ruining China's pig-producing sector and generating economic losses of approximately USD 111.2 billion in 2019. ASFV's high resistance to environmental conditions, together with the lack of an approved vaccine, plays a key role in the spread of the disease. Therefore, the biosecurity and disinfection of pig farms are the only effective tools through which to prevent ASFV from entering the farms. The selection of a disinfectant, with research-proven efficacy and proper use, taking into account environmental conditions, exposure time, pH range, and temperature, plays a crucial role in the disinfection process. Despite the significant importance of ASF epizootics, little information is available on the effectiveness of different disinfectants against ASFV. In this review, we have compiled the current knowledge on the transmission, spread, and control of ASF using the principles of biosecurity, with particular attention to disinfection, including a perspective based on Polish experience with ASF control.

Gravity driven ceramic membrane loaded birnessite functional layer for manganese removal from groundwater: The significance of disinfection on biofilm

Gravity-Driven Ceramic Membrane (GDCM) technology has gained popularity and recognition in water purification on account of its low energy consumption and convenient operation. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the effects of different disinfectants, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), on GDCM performance. It focused on the change in manganese removal and structure of the powdered activated carbon (PAC) - manganese oxides (MnOx) pre-deposited at the membrane interface and as well membrane fouling mitigation. The results showed that after the first two disinfection cycles, the flux recovery was 15 LMH for H2O2, while using NaClO only achieved an average recovery of 2 LMH and increased the effluent manganese, exceeding 0.1 mg/L within a short period of time. During the disinfection process, H2O2 exhibited better performance in mitigating membrane fouling compared to NaClO in the GDCM system. Additionally, by observing the recovery time of Mn2+ after disinfection, it can be deduced that the initial manganese removal mainly resulted from biological action of manganese-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB), while the later stage relied primarily on the catalytic oxidation action of birnessite. Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix analysis (EEM) indicated that most organic compounds dissolved in the disinfectant solution after disinfection, with some permeating through the membrane, while the remaining portion continued to accumulate in the filter cake layer. This accumulation was further confirmed by the enhanced absorbance peaks of functional groups (–NH and –OH) in the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) mapping analysis revealed that MnOx formed more lamellar structures between nano-flower balls after disinfection. This increased the number of active sites and opened up water flow channels, contributing to improved flux. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that Mn3+ as the dominant valence in MnOx exhibited excellent catalytic oxidation ability. Raman analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that MnOx showed consistent Raman spectra with birnessite before and after disinfection, and the oxidative effect of disinfection did not alter the crystal structure of MnOx. This result demonstrates the importance of applying effective disinfection in the GDCMs.

Effect of different disinfectants on preventing asymptomatic bacteriuria and catheter-related urinary tract infection: a network meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo analyze the effect of different types of disinfectants for perineum and urethral meatus cleaning in preventing catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI).MethodsChinese and English databases were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different disinfectants for perineum and urethral meatus cleaning to prevent CAUTI, and the positive rates of urine culture with different cleaning methods were contrasted by network meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 18 RCTs were included in this study to analyze the effect of 10 disinfectants in preventing CAUTI. The disinfectants were 0.1% chlorhexidine (CHG), 0.5% CHG, 2% CHG, 0.1% benzalkonium bromide (DBDAB), 0.05% iodophor, 0.5% iodophor, acidic oxidizing potential water (EOW), normal saline (NS), Shehuang lotion, and sterile water. Meta-analysis showed that the positive rates of urine culture in the 0.5% CHG cluster, EOW cluster, 0.5% iodophor cluster, and Shehuang lotion cluster were remarkably lower than that in the 0.1% DBDAB cluster (P < 0.05). The positive rate of urine culture in the 0.5% CHG cluster was remarkably lower than that in the 0.05% iodophor cluster (P < 0.05), whereas the positive rates of urine culture in the 0.5% CHG cluster, 0.5% iodophor cluster, Shehuang lotion cluster, and EOW were remarkably lower than that in the normal saline cluster (P < 0.05). The positive rate of urine culture in the 0.5% CHG cluster and EOW cluster were remarkably lower than those in the sterile water cluster (P < 0.05). The results of the area under the cumulative ranking probability plot (SUCRA) analysis showed that the probability ranking of the preventive effect of different disinfectants was as follows: 0.5% CHG > Shehuang lotion > EOW > 0.5% Iodophor > 2% CHG > 0.1% CHG > 0.05% Iodophor > Sterile Water > 0.1% DBDAB > Saline. Conclusion0.5% CHG, Shehuang lotion, EOW, and 0.5% iodophor can be used to clean the perineum and urethral meatus in patients with indwelling catheters.Systematic review registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), identifier ChiCTR2100052260.

Investigation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Different Disinfectants on Alginate Measurement Materials

Abstract Objective The impression materials are contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms carried by saliva and blood in the mouth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 1 and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and zeta 7 solution, a commercial disinfectant, on alginate and to compare it washing with distilled water. Methods Samples obtained from alginate impressions taken from eight pediatric patients selected in accordance with the inclusion criteria with a size of 1 × 1 cm were subjected to five different disinfection protocols. After samples were vortexed in 3-mL physiological saline, 1-mL volume were inoculated onto brain heart infusion agar and cultured at 37°C for 72 hours to determine the number of colony-forming units/mL. Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans were used as control strains. The data obtained were statistically evaluated by using analysis of variance and post-hoc tests. The differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results All of the disinfectant solutions tested were effective in the disinfection of the impression materials examined. The control group with no treatment and the water and flushing group had a significantly higher bacterial load compared to the other disinfectant-treated groups in terms of bacterial load, and no significant difference has been observed between the disinfectant solutions (p < 0.05). Simple rinsing of the impressions in sterile water reduced the number of microorganisms but did not decontaminate the impressions. Conclusion Washing with water alone is insufficient for measured disinfection. Although NaClO is an effective disinfectant even at low concentrations, microorganism growth was not observed at 5.25% concentration. It is appropriate to use NaClO at 1 and 5.25% concentrations for impression disinfection.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants in Removing the Coronavirus: A Review Study

Investigating the Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants in Removing the Coronavirus: A Review Study

The effects of different disinfectants and application conditions on microbial contaminants at dairy processing line

The effects of different disinfectants and application conditions on microbial contaminants at dairy processing line

781. Antiviral Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants on Surfaces Contaminated with Surrogate Non-enveloped Viruses

Abstract Background Contamination of surfaces with virions remains an important medical issues because they can serve as fomites for viral transmission. Long acting disinfectants are important because viruses can remain viable for extended durations. Here we assessed the anti-viral efficacy of various environmental spray disinfectants against F specific coliphage MS2, and Feline Calicivirus (FCV) as surrogate non-enveloped viruses. Methods MS2 was grown and titrated according to Environmental Protection Agency method 1601 and counted as plague forming unit per milliliter (PFU/mL.). Strain F9 of FCV was propagated and titrated in monolayers of Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney cells. Commercially available and an experimental disinfectant based on a biguanide combination were tested. The disinfectants, both wet and as dried residues, were compared on silicone surfaces for reduction of viral loads following 1-minute exposure to high viral load challenges (106-107 PFU/ml). Sterilized deionized water was used as a control. Results Results (as log10 reduction relative to sterilized deionized water control) are tabulated below for the disinfectants in wet and dry states following 1-minute viral challenges. Log10 reductions of MS2 and FCV viral loads following 1-minute exposures to disinfectants in wet and dry residue states. Conclusion The disinfectants were generally much less effective as dried residues than wet. The biguanide-combination and hydrogen peroxide-combination disinfectants were the most effective disinfectants tested in both wet and dry residue states. Both warrant further study for extended eradication of highly infectious viruses on surfaces. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Study on the Removal Effect of Salmonella Typhimurium Biofilm

Objective: This research focused on the effects of different disinfectants, preservatives and natural ingredients commonly used in the food industry on the biofilm of Salmonella typhimurium. Methods: By adding different kinds and concentrations of scavengers during the culture process, the influence on the formation of biofilm was determined. The mature biofilm was soaked with various selected scavengers to evaluate the clearance effect under different concentrations of each substance. The metabolic activity of bacteria cells in the biofilm was determined by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. And the number of viable bacteria was calculated by dilution plate coating method. Results: The disinfectant ethanol (50%), hydrogen peroxide (1%), benzalkonium chloride (0.6%), benzalkonium bromide (0.6%), and natural components carvol, cinnamaldehyde and thyme essential oil (1.0 μL/mL) could effectively inhibit the formation of S. typhimurium CDC3 and S. typhimurium ST34. Disinfectants detergent, hydrogen peroxide, natural ingredients (carvol, cinnamaldehyde and thyme essential oil) showed certain advantages in the removal of mature biofilm. Among them, the most ideal removal efficiency was hydrogen peroxide, which could reach about 90%, the maximum removal rate of detergent could reach 80%, and the essential oils of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and thyme could reach about 70%; The disinfectant ethanol, benzalkonium chloride and benzalkonium bromide, as well as the natural components carvol, cinnamaldehyde and thyme essential oil could significantly reduce the cell metabolic activity and the number of viable bacteria in biofilm, the number of viable bacteria in the biofilm could be reduced by 2 to 3 lg values. Conclusions: In contrast with the removal of mature biofilm, the addition of scavenging agent or natural ingredients at the early stage of cultivation made up for a more efficient control of the biofilm.

In vitro and in vivo effectiveness of disinfectants against Trypanosoma vivax.

Trypanosoma vivax causes bovine trypanosomosis in cattle and resulting in economic losses to farmers. In Brazil, shared contaminated materials is the main transmission pathway. To evaluate the effectiveness of different disinfectants for T. vivax, in vitro and in vivo analyses were performed. At the laboratory, 21 disinfectants were tested. The disinfectants were placed in microtubes containing blood with approximately 1.0×106 trypomastigotes of T. vivax. The viability and motile of trypomastigotes after 30s, one, 10, 15 and 30min was evaluated by the thick drop method and the efficacy calculated. Disinfectants that showed 100% effectiveness were used in in vivo tests. Thirty calves negative for T. vivax were divided into six groups and were inoculated with disinfectant solutions (46% alcohol, 70% alcohol, or 0.5% iodine)+1×106 trypomastigotes of the protozoa. Blood from each animal was collected at seven, 14 and 21days after inoculation to verify the viability and presence of the protozoan by Woo, Brener, PCR, and LAMP methods. In the in vitro step, 13 of the 21 disinfected solutions exhibited 100% effectiveness against T. vivax at all evaluation times. In contrast, 70% alcohol and 0.5% iodine solutions exhibited 100% effectiveness in the in vivo tests and can be used to disinfect needles and syringes. The use of disinfectants is a rapid and efficient procedure to disinfect materials utilized in the field and concomitantly could help to reduce the dissemination of T. vivax in the cattle herd in cases of iatrogenic transmission.

The inhibitory effects of disinfectants against Aeromonas salmonicida at low temperatures

Aeromonas salmonicida is a fish pathogen that has resulted in significant losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide. In the winter of 2018/2019, a serious outbreak of A. salmonicida infection of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) occurred in China. Since C. idella do not feed at low water temperatures, antibiotics cannot be delivered orally, thus the use of disinfectants is the only viable option to control the disease in the winter months. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the inhibitory effects of different disinfectants against A. salmonicida at various temperatures and pH values. The microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of five disinfectants against A. salmonicida at different temperatures. The results showed that A. salmonicida was highly adaptable to temperatures ranging from 8 to 35 °C and pH values from 5 to 9. Moreover, based on the results, benzalkonium bromide (BB) had the strongest inhibitory effect at every temperature. Since A. salmonicida has strong environment adaptability, BB should be chosen to control the disease at low temperatures.

Assessment of Effect of Different Sterilization Agents on Dimensional Accuracy of Different Impression Materials in Implant Prosthesis - An In vitro Study.

Aim:Sterilization of impression materials is of paramount importance. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of different disinfectants on dimensional accuracy of elastomeric impression materials used for implant prosthesis and other routine treatments.Materials and Methods:The present study was conducted with polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) (regular body), PVS (medium body), PVS (heavy body), and polyether (medium body) impression materials. Glutaraldehyde (2%) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 0.525%) were the disinfectant solutions employed in the study. After 16 h, the specimens were measured under Leica WILD stereomicroscope and dimensions were compared with master die.Results:The dimensional change in the Controls, 2% glutaraldehyde (Group I), and 0.525% NaOCl (Group II) was non significant where as Group III and Group IV showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Results also showed significantly higher tear strength (newton/millimeter) in Control group followed by Group I and Group II.Conclusion:PVS (heavy body) was found to be most stable, and polyether was seen to be stable of all the impression materials.

In vitro evaluation of the effect of different disinfectants on the biofilm of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus formed on acrylic ocular prostheses.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of disinfectants on the biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis formed on the acrylic surface of ocular prostheses. In this study, 396 acrylic specimens were manufactured (50% for Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 50% for Staphylococcus aureus). For each bacterium, 66 specimens were subjected to biofilm formation on their surfaces for 24 hours, 66 specimens were subjected to biofilm formation on their surfaces for 48 hours, and 66 specimens were subjected to biofilm formation on their surfaces for 72 hours. Then, they were divided into groups according to disinfection method (n = 6): sterile distilled water for 10, 15, 30 min, and 6 hours (control); soap for 30 min (NES30); Opti-Free for 30 min (OPF30) and 6 h (OPF6); Efferdent for 15 min (EFF15); and 0.5%, 2%, and 4% chlorhexidine for 10 min (0.5% CHX10, 2% CHX10, and 4% CHX10). After the treatments, the specimens were vortexed to release the biofilm and the counting of bacterial colonies was performed (CFU/mL). Three-way ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer HSD test were used (α = 0.05). For Staphylococcus epidermidis, there was no significant difference between NES30, OPF30, and OPF6 with their respective control groups; nor between NES30, OPF30, and OPF6 themselves, regardless of the biofilm development period (P >0.05). For Staphylococcus aureus, there was no significant difference between NES30 and OPF30 with their control group; nor between NES30 and OPF30 themselves, regardless of the biofilm development period (P >0.05). For Staphylococcus aureus, OPF6 showed a significant reduction in the number of CFU/mL when compared with its control group, NES30, and OPF30, regardless of the biofilm development period (P <0.05). For both bacteria, 0.5% CHX10, 2% CHX10,4% CHX10, and EFF15 showed a significant reduction in the number of CFU/mL when compared with their control groups, NES30, OPF30, and OPF6, regardless of the biofilm development period (P <0.05). Therefore, EFF15 and CHX (0.5%, 2% and 4%) were effective in reducing Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus on acrylic surfaces. NES30 and OPF (30 and 6) are not recommended.

The effect of different disinfectants against some food poisoning bacteria at abattoir level

Ninety random samples of fresh beef were collected from cattle carcasses slaughtered at 3 different abattoirs in Menufia governorate (30 sample of each). The sampling site was represented by neck region (chuck) of each carcass in 2018. The obtained results revealed that the efficacy of five different disinfectants against some food poisoning bacteria including E. coli O26: H11, S. Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumonia which were isolated and serotyped at abattoir level. In vitro infected samples (3.0×106/ cm2) were examined under effect of different concentrations of disinfectants within contact time 120 minute. Disinfectant (A) at concentration 1% was effective against 100% of E. coli O26: H11 and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while 1.5% concentration was required for elimination of 100% S. Typhimurium, followed by B, C, D and E disinfectants, respectively. On the other D and E disinfectants even in 2% concentration and contact time 120 minutes reduce about 99% of the infection.

Effect of Peracetic Acid Solutions and Lactic Acid on Microorganisms in On-Line Reprocessing Systems for Chicken Slaughter Plants

During poultry slaughter and processing, microbial cross-contamination between individual chickens is possible, as well as from one slaughter animal to the next without direct contact. One option for reducing the risk of cross-contamination is to decrease the number of microorganisms on contact surfaces by using disinfectants. The aim is to decontaminate the surfaces coming into direct contact with the carcasses. In the present study, the effectiveness of different disinfectants was investigated in laboratory settings, simulating the conditions in the slaughterhouses and in a chicken slaughterhouse. For this, an artificial residue substance (consisting of yeast extract, albumin, and agar) was developed, tested, and included in the assays. Two disinfectants were tested under laboratory conditions: lactic acid (5 and 6.67%) and peracetic acid (0.33 and 0.5%). At the slaughterhouse, peracetic acid (0.021%) was used. In the laboratory tests, it was found that the peracetic acid solution had the highest disinfection potential with respect to an Escherichia coli strain (reduction >4 log CFU mL-1) at 0.5% without an artificial residue substance. The tested lactic acid solutions also showed the highest disinfection potential against a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, without an artificial residue substance. When applying the artificial residue substance, the reduction potential of lactic acid and peracetic acid was decreased to less than 1.4 log CFU mL-1. Application of peracetic acid in the slaughterhouse reduced the number of total aerobic bacteria by more than 4 log CFU mL-1 and the number of Enterobacteriaceae by more than 3 log CFU mL-1, depending on the place of sampling.

Experimental study on the effects of different disinfectants in preventing pin-site infection after using Ilizarov circular external fixators

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different disinfectants in preventing pin-site infection. A total of 32 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were selected as the research subjects. The rabbits were placed in an Ilizarov 3/4 circular external fixator for a period of time after feeding. They were then divided into four groups of eight animals each. After surgery, pin-site nursing was performed twice a day with a different disinfectant for each group (chlorhexidine gluconate alcohol disinfectant, Maokang iodine, 75% alcohol and physiological saline). Each pin site’s surrounding conditions were visually observed daily, and bacterial culture of the pin-site secretions was promptly performed. The changes of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell upon the first day, first week, second week, fourth week, and sixth week after the operation were compared, as were infection statuses and morphological changes in the surrounding tissue at the sixth week post operation. The differences in the CRP and white blood cell values and infection rates among the four groups were found to be statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05), but the difference in infection levels among the four groups was not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05). In addition, the difference in the pathologically inflammatory cells among the four groups at the sixth week post operation was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05).It was concluded that the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate alcohol disinfectant in preventing pin-site infection was superior compared to the other three disinfectants.

Effect of Different Disinfectants on Bacterial Aerosol Diversity in Poultry Houses.

To better understand the effect of different disinfectants on the types and quantities of microorganisms in a broiler chicken house, five different types of disinfectants, including ozone, available chlorine, quaternary ammonium salt, glutaraldehyde, and mixed disinfectant, were used. The broiler house microbial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing combined with air sampling. The results showed that the concentrations of airborne aerobic bacteria in the empty broiler houses after application of different disinfectants were significantly reduced compared to a house untreated with disinfectant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the number of inhalable particles of airborne aerobic bacteria sharply decreased after disinfection. Of the five disinfectants, the mixed disinfectant had the best disinfection efficacy on the total microbial communities (P < 0.05). A total of 508,143 high-quality sequences were obtained by high-throughput sequencing, which identified 1995 operational taxonomic units. In total, 42 phyla and 312 genera were identified. The structures of airborne microbial communities in the broiler houses after the different disinfectants were applied differed. In the house treated with the mixed disinfectant, the microbial communities containing opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, had the lowest abundance, with a significant decrease compared to the house untreated with disinfectant. The alpha diversity index showed low diversity of the microbial communities in the house treated with mixed disinfectant. In contrast to the other four disinfectants, only a small amount of bacteria was detected in the air sample in the house treated with the mixed disinfectant; specifically, only four phyla were found (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes). The mixed disinfectant produced a positive effect on disinfection for four phyla; however, it didn’t thoroughly eliminate them. At genus level, Bacillus, Arenimonas, and Shinella could not be detected in the house treated with the mixed disinfectant, but were detected in houses treated with other disinfectants. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that the combination of multiple disinfectants exhibited a good disinfection efficacy and that this technique could disinfect the air of broiler houses. These results will help guide the development of a reasonable program for broiler house disinfection.

Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants Used in ICUs on Candida Biofilms at Different Concentrations and Contact Times

Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants Used in ICUs on Candida Biofilms at Different Concentrations and Contact Times

Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants Used in ICUs on Candida Biofilms at Different Concentrations and Contact Times

Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants Used in ICUs on Candida Biofilms at Different Concentrations and Contact Times