Abstract
To better understand the effect of different disinfectants on the types and quantities of microorganisms in a broiler chicken house, five different types of disinfectants, including ozone, available chlorine, quaternary ammonium salt, glutaraldehyde, and mixed disinfectant, were used. The broiler house microbial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing combined with air sampling. The results showed that the concentrations of airborne aerobic bacteria in the empty broiler houses after application of different disinfectants were significantly reduced compared to a house untreated with disinfectant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the number of inhalable particles of airborne aerobic bacteria sharply decreased after disinfection. Of the five disinfectants, the mixed disinfectant had the best disinfection efficacy on the total microbial communities (P < 0.05). A total of 508,143 high-quality sequences were obtained by high-throughput sequencing, which identified 1995 operational taxonomic units. In total, 42 phyla and 312 genera were identified. The structures of airborne microbial communities in the broiler houses after the different disinfectants were applied differed. In the house treated with the mixed disinfectant, the microbial communities containing opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, had the lowest abundance, with a significant decrease compared to the house untreated with disinfectant. The alpha diversity index showed low diversity of the microbial communities in the house treated with mixed disinfectant. In contrast to the other four disinfectants, only a small amount of bacteria was detected in the air sample in the house treated with the mixed disinfectant; specifically, only four phyla were found (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes). The mixed disinfectant produced a positive effect on disinfection for four phyla; however, it didn’t thoroughly eliminate them. At genus level, Bacillus, Arenimonas, and Shinella could not be detected in the house treated with the mixed disinfectant, but were detected in houses treated with other disinfectants. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that the combination of multiple disinfectants exhibited a good disinfection efficacy and that this technique could disinfect the air of broiler houses. These results will help guide the development of a reasonable program for broiler house disinfection.
Highlights
In recent years, with the continuous improvement in the intensification of livestock husbandry and aquaculture, the density of housed animals has increased
Compared with the empty house not treated with the disinfectants, the distributions in stages III–VI for the broiler houses disinfected with available chlorine, quaternary ammonium salt, glutaraldehyde, and mixed disinfectant were significantly reduced
In the broiler house treated with the mixed disinfectant, the proportion of airborne aerobic bacteria from stages V–VI significantly decreased from 35.1 to 0% compared with the proportion prior to disinfection, and glutaraldehyde decreased from 35.1 to 1.6%
Summary
With the continuous improvement in the intensification of livestock husbandry and aquaculture, the density of housed animals has increased. The commonly used chemical disinfectants for broiler houses include available chlorine, ozone, quaternary ammonium salt, and glutaraldehyde (Meroz and Samberg, 1995; Saklou et al, 2016; Chidambaranathan and Balasubramanium, 2017). Given that cations exhibit bactericidal effects based on lipophilicity and that the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria contains more lipids than that of Gram-negative bacteria, Grampositive bacteria are more inactivated by quaternary ammonium. Glutaraldehyde exhibits a strong effect on the spores generated by Clostridium, which can cause necrotic enteritis, and is commonly used for the disinfection of bacterial spores during epidemics (Miner et al, 1993; Rutala et al, 1993; Brantner et al, 2014)
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