Effects Of Different Diluents Research Articles

Effects of Different Diluents and Freezing Methods on Cryopreservation of Hu Ram Semen.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different diluents and freezing methods on the quality of thawed sperm after cryopreservation and find an inexpensive and practical method for freezing Hu ram semen for use in inseminations under farm conditions. Ejaculates were collected from five Hu rams. In experiment I, ejaculates were diluted with eight different freezing diluents (basic diluents A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H). After dilution and cooling, the samples were loaded into 0.25 mL straws and frozen using the liquid nitrogen fumigation method. In experiment II, diluent C was used as the basic diluent and the semen was frozen using liquid nitrogen fumigation and two program-controlled cooling methods. For analysis, frozen samples were evaluated in terms of motility parameters (total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM)), biokinetic characteristics (straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), wobble movement coefficient (WOB), average motion degree (MAD)), reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and membrane and acrosome integrity. In experiment I, diluent C had higher TM, PM, and acrosome and membrane integrity and lower ROS compared to other extenders (p < 0.05) except diluent A. Diluent C exhibited higher (p < 0.05) VCL, VAP, ALH, WOB, and MAD compared to diluents B, D, E, and F. In experiment II, TM and all biokinetic characteristics did not show significant differences (p > 0.05) amongst the three freezing methods. Liquid nitrogen fumigation resulted in higher (p < 0.05) PM, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and lower ROS level compared to the program. In conclusion, the thawed semen diluted with diluent C had higher quality compared to other diluents. The liquid nitrogen fumigation demonstrated superior semen cryopreservation effects compared to the program-controlled cooling method using diluent C.

Effects of reactive diluent on processing, structure, and properties of epoxy foams and their sandwich composites

AbstractFoam sandwich composite (FSC) has recently been widely used in transportation, aerospace, shipping, and construction because of its lightweight, high specific strength, stiffness, and fatigue resistance characteristics. This study aimed to prepare, characterize, and test FSC with different diluent addition amounts. Benzyl glycidyl ester was added to the epoxy foam (EF) as a reactive diluent. Then, the EF was introduced into the three‐dimensional hollow composite (3DHC) by vacuum introduction process to prepare the FSC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that increased diluent content enhanced SiN bond formation, augmenting thermal stability in resin molecules. The effects of different diluents on the mechanical properties of FSC showed that the mechanical properties of FSC were the best when the diluent content was 5 wt%. Compared with 3DHC, the flat compressive strength, flat tensile strength, and shear strength were increased by 7.2, 6.4, and 2.9 times, respectively.Highlights Diluent improves foaming agent dispersion by lowering resin viscosity. Diluent makes the EP easier to be introduced into 3DHC. FSC demonstrates a 723% increase in flat compression strength.

The Effect of Different Diluents and Curing Agents on the Performance of Epoxy Resin-Based Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coatings.

The epoxy resin-based (ESB) intumescent flame-retardant coatings were modified with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (14BDDE) and butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) as diluents and T403 and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as curing agents, respectively. The effects of different diluents and curing agents on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties, as well as the composition evolution of the coatings, were investigated by using large-plate combustion, the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion, a cone calorimeter, X-ray diffraction, FTIR analysis, a N2 adsorption and desorption test, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a tensile strength test, and a viscosity test. The results showed that the addition of 14BBDE and T403 promoted the oxidation of B4C and the formation of boron-containing glass or ceramics, increased the residual mass of char, densified the surface char layer, and increased the specific surface area of porous residual char. When their dosage was 30%, ESB-1T-3 coating exhibited the most excellent flame-retardant properties. During the 2 h large-plate combustion test, the backside temperature was only 138.72 °C, without any melting pits. In addition, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and peak smoke production (PSPR) were reduced by 13.15%, 13.9%, 5.48%, and 17.45%, respectively, compared to the blank ESB coating. The LOI value reached 33.4%, and the vertical combustion grade was V-0. In addition, the tensile strength of the ESB-1T-3 sample was increased by 10.94% compared to ESB. In contrast, the addition of BGE and DDM promoted the combustion of the coating, affected the ceramic process of the coating, seriously affected the formation of borosilicate glass, and exhibited poor flame retardancy. The backside temperature reached 190.93 °C after 2 h combustion. A unified rule is that as the amount of diluent and curing agent increases, the flame retardancy improves while the mechanical properties decrease. This work provides data support for the preparation and process optimization of resin-based coatings.

Effects of Different Diluents on Semen Quality of Hu Ram Stored at 4 °C.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of various diluents on the quality of Hu ram sperm stored at 4 °C. Semen samples were collected from three Hu rams and diluted with diluents A (Sodium citrate-Glucose-Egg yolk), B (Sodium citrate-Glucose), C (Fructose-Skimmed milk powder-Soy lecithin), and D (Tris-Fructose-Citric acid-Egg yolk). Total motility (TM), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), average motion degree (MAD), acrosome integrity, membrane integrity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. The results showed that diluent D had better preservation in terms of the sperm TM, VSL, VCL, VAP, MAD, and membrane and acrosome integrity. On the third day of the storage, the sperm PM of diluent D was higher than that of other diluents (p < 0.05). The ROS level of diluent D was lower than that of other diluents on the fifth day (p < 0.05). On the seventh day of the storage, the sperm TM in diluent D reached 50%, which was the highest in all diluent groups. On the seventh day of the storage, the integrity of the sperm membrane and the integrity of the acrosome of the sperm in diluent D were the highest in all diluent groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that diluent D improved the semen quality during storage at 4 °C. In this study, diluent D was the best diluent formula for Hu ram semen stored at 4 °C.

Effect of particle size and shape of diluent on the reaction process of combustion synthesis of α‐Si3N4 powder

Abstractα‐Si3N4 powder was prepared by combustion synthesis using different particle sizes and shapes of Si3N4 diluent. The effects of different diluents on combustion temperature, phase composition, and microstructure of the product were investigated. The role of diluents in combustion synthesis is discussed. When no ammonium salt was added, because of the higher reaction temperature, the phase transformation of the fine particle diluent with the best barrier effect was also enhanced, and the α content of the product was the lowest. When the ammonium salt is added, the liquid phase Si content decreases at high temperatures, the lower reaction temperature and the Si3N4 generated before Si melting make the barrier effect of the diluent fully play. Finally, Si3N4 powder with 86% α content was synthesized by combustion with 2 μm Si3N4 diluent.

Experimental study on the effect of diluent gas on H2/CO/air mixture turbulent premixed flame

To study the effects of different diluents on the propagation characteristics of H2/CO/air mixture turbulent premixed flames, a series of experiments were carried out in a turbulent premixed flame experimental system. The effects of turbulence intensity (0.49–1.31 m/s), dilution gas content (10%, 20%, and 30%), hydrogen fraction (50%, 70%, and 90%), and equivalence ratio (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) on the turbulent premixed flame were studied. The results show that with the increase in hydrogen fraction or turbulence intensity or equivalence ratio, the ST and ut increase at the same radius. Compared with N2 dilution, CO2 dilution showed a more obvious inhibition effect on ST. With the increase of Ka, ST;35mm/u’ gradually decreased, and the extent of ST;35mm/u’ decrease gradually became smaller. As the intensity of turbulence increases or the hydrogen fraction increases, the slope of ST,35mm/u’ with Da/Le gradually decreases. In the turbulence intensity range of this experiment, the ut,35mm/μl under nitrogen dilution condition has a larger floating range. The growth rate of ut,35mm/μl at a low equivalence ratio is significantly higher than that at a high equivalence ratio.

Влияние различных разбавителей на качество спермы хряков-производителей

Влияние различных разбавителей на качество спермы хряков-производителей

Investigation of flame characteristics of hydrogen jet issuing into a hot vitiated nitrogen/argon/carbon dioxide coflow

Fundamental characteristics of hydrogen flame in diluted atmosphere may have important guiding value for controlling the operation of argon-circulated hydrogen engines. In this paper, the impact of thermal-atmosphere (T ≥ 940 K, N2/O2, Ar/O2 and CO2/O2) on the flame characteristics of hydrogen jet were investigated experimentally and numerically based on a controllable active thermal-atmosphere burner. The effects of different diluents on flame liftoff height and luminosity were quantitatively analyzed and the different luminosity of the hydrogen jet flame under different dilution gas atmosphere was explained with the chemical reaction kinetics. Different critical temperatures exist in different atmospheres. The flame luminosity is in the increasing order of CO2/O2-, Ar/O2- and N2/O2-atmosphere. The analysis speculates that CO2* is generated in the flame of CO2/O2-atmosphere. The difference in axial velocity and mixture fraction under different dilution gas atmospheres is mainly influenced by the thermal atmosphere and the physical properties of the dilution gas, which also has a great influence on the jet before the autoignition occurs.

Second-law thermodynamic analysis for premixed hydrogen flames with diluents of argon/nitrogen/carbon dioxide

Exergy losses from hydrogen premixed flames with different diluents (argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen/carbon dioxide mixtures) were numerically studied. The sources causing exergy losses in premixed flames were divided into four parts, namely heat conduction, mass diffusion, chemical reactions and incomplete combustion, respectively. The chemical, thermal and transport effects of different diluents were isolated to evaluate their contributions to the exergy loss from each source. The results revealed that the total exergy loss increased as the diluent changed from nitrogen to argon or carbon dioxide while slightly decreased as the nitrogen was partially replaced by carbon dioxide. The thermal effect of diluents was the primary factor influencing the exergy loss, followed by the chemical effect and the transport effect. Comparing with the nitrogen-diluted flame, the thermal effect of argon decreased the exergy losses by heat conduction, mass diffusion and chemical reactions while increased the exergy loss by incomplete combustion. The thermal effect of carbon dioxide on exergy loss differed from that of argon due to the increased specific heat capacity. Moreover, comparing with the nitrogen-diluted flame, the chemical effect of carbon dioxide decreased the exergy loss by chemical reactions because of the reduced flame thickness, while the chemical effect of argon had negligible effects on the exergy loss from each source. Finally, transport properties of different diluents slightly changed the exergy loss from each source.

Effects of different diluents, cryoprotective agents, and freezing rates on sperm cryopreservation in Epinephelus akaara

We investigated various factors, including cryoprotective agents (CPAs), diluents, and freezing rates, to develop an optimal cryopreservation protocol for Epinephelus akaara sperm. In experiments using 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and methanol with various diluents, 10% DMSO and 300 mM glucose yielded the highest post-thaw sperm motility. The combination of 10% glycerol and 300 mM sucrose yielded significantly higher post-thaw sperm motility than did combinations using other diluents. Glycerol and DMSO at a concentration of 10% as CPAs with 300 mM glucose as the diluent resulted in the highest MSR and sperm activity index (SAI). An investigation to determine the effects of glycerol and DMSO concentrations on post-thaw sperm survival rate revealed no significant differences among 5, 10, 15, and 20% concentrations of either CPA. In assessing the effects of CPA concentration on the fertilization rate, the 10% concentration yielded the highest fertilization rate (81.4 ± 4.3%) in DMSO, whereas 15% was the optimal concentration for glycerol (fertilization rate = 66.7 ± 6.1%). The hatching rate was also highest in 10% DMSO (40.1 ± 0.4%) and in 15% glycerol (27.8 ± 2.3%). In conclusion, the optimal rates of post-thaw sperm motility, fertilization, and hatching were achieved when E. akaara sperm were cryopreserved in a diluent of 300 mM glucose with 10% DMSO as the CPA at a freezing rate of −5 °C/min. We therefore recommend this protocol for the cryopreservation of E. akaara sperm.

북방전복 (Haliotis discus hannai) 정자의 동결보존에 대한 희석액과 동해방지제의 영향

북방전복 (Haliotis discus hannai) 정자의 동결보존에 대한 희석액과 동해방지제의 영향

Flame Characteristics of CH4/H2 on a Jet-in-Hot-Coflow Burner Diluted by N2, CO2, and H2O

To enhance the knowledge to the combination of oxy-fuel combustion and MILD (moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution) combustion, namely oxy-MILD combustion, the present article examines the effects of different diluents (i.e., N2, CO2, and H2O) on the flame characteristics of CH4/H2 blended fuel in a JHC (jet-in-hot-coflow) burner, which can produce MILD combustion regime in the upstream and conventional combustion regime in the downstream. CFD modeling method considering RANS equations and detailed reaction mechanism (GRI-Mech 2.11) are used for such purpose. Results show that, in MILD combustion regime, peak temperature under oxy-fuel condition (diluted by CO2 and H2O) is reduced as compared to air-fuel condition (diluted by N2) from both physical and chemical effects of the diluents. However, in the conventional combustion regime, chemical effect of the diluents on suppressing the peak temperature is weakened, resulting in the predominance of its physical effect. As for the flame ignition behavior, th...

Effects of Three Different Diluents on Quality of Boar Semen Stored at 17°C

AbstractTo investigate the effects of different diluents on the quality of the boar semen stored at 17°C, and assess the relationship between sperm motility and the relative levels of enzymes, three commercial diluents (Diluent I, Diluent II and Diluent III) and three boar breed semens (Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc) were utilized. The sperm motility, effective survival time, survival index, catalase (CAT), the total anti-oxidative capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated. The results showed that there were significant interaction effects between diluents and breeds on the boar sperm motility (P<0.001), survival time (P<0.001), CAT levels (P<0.001) and T-AOC levels (P<0.001), but neither effects nor interaction effects between diluents and breeds on survival index (P>0.05). All of the parameters varied significantly with the increase of the storage time (P<0.001). The survival time increased 12.9% in Yorkshire boar semen diluted with Diluent III than with Diluent II, while the survival time increased 6.6% in Landrace boar semen diluted with Diluent II than with Diluent III. Both CAT and T-AOC levels were significantly positive correlated with sperm motility in all the three boar breeds (P<0.001), while MDA levels were significantly negative correlated with sperm motility (P<0.001). These results indicated that Diluent III and Diluent II were the optimal commercial diluents for Yorkshire and Landrace boar semen stored at 17°C, respectively.

UV-curable electromagnetic shielding composite films produced through waterborne polyurethane-acrylate bonded graphene oxide: preparation and effect of different diluents on the properties

AbstractUV-curable electromagnetic shielding composite films (UV-EMSF) were prepared with graphene oxide/polyurethane-acrylate (GO-PUA) oligomers, different diluents (styrene-butyl acrylate or tripropyleneglycol diacrylate-butyl acrylate or trimethylol propane triacrylate-butyl acrylate) and photoinitiator (2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone). The chemical structures, morphology, crystallinity and thermal behavior of UV-EMSF were investigated by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The stability, optical transparency and electrical conductivity of emulsions were measured. The effects of different diluents on the properties such as gel content, solvent resistance, hardness, tensile strength, contact angle and adhesion force were systemically studied. It was found that the emulsions had a good stability and the electrical conductivity of the emulsions indicated that the addition of GO had an effect on the electric conductivity. The prepared UV-EMSF composites with low-cost, low pollution and easy-to-prepare low resistivity have a great potential application in different areas such as electronic, electrical, communications, plastic coatings and wood finishes.

English

The present study describes the optimization of nutritional and cultural parameters for the production of alkaline protease by Bacillus subtilis under solid state conditions. Among cultural conditions, incubation temperature, incubation period and moisture level of the substrate were optimized and it was found that maximum production of alkaline protease was observed at 37°C and moisture to substrate ratio of 1:1 after 48 h of incubation period. Among different nutritional parameters, the effects of different diluents, carbon and nitrogen sources on the enzyme production were studied. Maximum enzyme production (101.23 U/g) was observed when D2 {(% w/v) CaCO3, 0.05; peptone, 0.1; glucose, 0.1 and yeast extract, 0.1} was used to moisten the substrate. The best carbon source for the production of alkaline protease by B. subtilis was found to be sucrose at a concentration of 1%. Similarly, nutrient broth (1.5%) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (0.1%) were found to be best organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, respectively. It was also found that the maximum protease (126.8 U/g) was produced when 25% (v/w) inoculum was used to inoculate the fermentation flasks. Key words: Fermentation, carbon, nitrogen, inoculum, incubation temperature.

Characterization of Stability and Nasal Delivery Systems for Immunization with Nanoemulsion-Based Vaccines

Many infectious diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world, could be preventable through vaccination. The effort to produce safe, thermally stable, and needle-free mucosal vaccines has become increasingly important for global health considerations. We have previously demonstrated that a thermally stable nanoemulsion, a mucosal adjuvant for needle-free nasal immunization, is safe and induces protective immunity with a variety of antigens, including recombinant protein. The successful use of nanoemulsion-based vaccines, however, poses numerous challenges. Among the challenges is optimization of the formulation to maintain thermal stability and potency and another is accuracy and efficiency of dispensing the vaccines to the nasal mucosa in the anterior and turbinate region of the nasal cavity or potentially to the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue. We have examined the effects of different diluents [phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 0.9% NaCl] on the stability and potency of nanoemulsion-based vaccines. In addition, we have determined the efficiency of delivering them using commercially available nasal spray devices (Pfeiffer SAP-62602 multidose pump and the BD Hypak SCF 0.5 ml unit dose Accuspray(TM)). We report the stability and potency of PBS-diluted ovalbumin-nanomeulsion mixtures for up to 8 months and NaCl-diluted mixtures up to 6 months when stored at room temperature. Significant differences in spray characteristics including droplet size, spray angle, plume width, and ovality ratios were observed between the two pumps. Further, we have demonstrated that the nanoemulsion-based vaccines are not physically or chemically altered and retain potency following actuation with nasal spray devices. Using either device, the measured spray characteristics suggest deposition of nanoemulsion-based vaccines in inductive tissues located in the anterior region of the nasal cavity. The results of this study suggest that nanoemulsion-based vaccines do not require specially engineered delivery devices and support their potential use as nasopharyngeal vaccine adjuvants.

Extraction of metal ions from chloride solution with N, N-dioctylacetamide

N, N-Di-n-octylacetamide (DOAA) was prepared and shown to be an effective extractant for a number of metal ions from aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. Distribution ratios of 35 metal ions were measured for 1 M DOAA in chloroform and hydrochloric acid solutions ranging from 0.10 to 9.0 M. Extraction of uranium(VI) from solutions of hydrochloric acid and of nitric acid was compared. The effects of different diluents and varying concentrations of DOAA were studied in an attempt to elucidate the extraction mechanisms involved.

Effects of different diluents, thawing temperatures and materials of thawing containers on survival of ram spermatozoa frozen by the pellet method.

Six experiments were conducted to examine the effects of different freezing diluents, thawing temperatures and materials of thawing containers on the survival of ram spermatozoa frozen by the pellet method. The semen diluted 1:4 (v/v) with tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (300 mM)-glucose (27.75 mM)-yolk (15% v/v)-glycerol (5% v/v) showed better survival of sperma-tozoa after freezing and thawing than with both lactose-yolk-glycerol and raffinose-citrate-yolk-glycerol diluents.The best results were obtained when semen diluted with tris-glucose-yolk-glycerol extender was thawed at 37°C in glass or aluminium containers without any thawing solutions.

Semen diluents in the artificial insemination of cattle.

A NUMBER of studies have been made of the effects of different diluents, with and without the addition of bactericidal or bacteriostatic substances, on the fertilizing capacity of bull semen. Experiments in the United States, where most of the investigations have been made, have been reviewed by Easterbrooks1, while Rottensten and Oestergaard2 have described a series of experiments in Denmark; but no systematic examination of this problem has been made in the United Kingdom, and the American experiments have been on a comparatively small scale, which obviated the possibility of a comprehensive investigation. A large experiment in Britain, involving four Milk Marketing Board artificial insemination centres and their sub-centres, was therefore started in February 1951. The experiment was designed to find out which of the two diluents commonly used in artificial insemination, egg-yolk citrate buffer (equal volumes of 3.2 per cent sodium citrate, pH adjusted to 6.8 with citric acid, and egg-yolk) and egg-yolk phosphate buffer (equal volumes of phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (2 per cent Na2HPO4. 12H2O and 0.2 per cent KH2PO4 and egg-yolk), was the better in the sense of being associated with the higher conception-rate, the buffers being used with and without all possible combinations of sulphanilamide (1.5 mgm./ml.), penicillin (500 units/ml.) and streptomycin (500 µgm./ml.).