Effects Of Different Dietary Patterns Research Articles

Ketogenic diet combined with intermittent fasting: an option for type 2 diabetes remission?

With increasing attention to diabetes remission, various special dietary patterns have been found to be effective in achieving diabetes remission. The effect of a single dietary pattern on lowering blood glucose is clear, but studies on the synergistic effects of different dietary patterns are limited. This article describes the types of intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets, potential mechanisms, contraindications of combination diets, recommendations for combination diets, and their health outcomes. This paper aims to illustrate the evidence for intermittent fasting combined with a ketogenic diet on outcomes of diabetes remission and effect on blood glucose control. Knowledge of these findings can help doctors and patients determine dietary patterns for achieving diabetes remission and understanding their application.

The role of nutrition in the prevention of cognitive decline.

Dementia is a growing concern and underscores the urgent need for effective preventive measures targeting modifiable risk factors. Nutrition is a key player in the onset and progression of inflammation and cognitive decline. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of different dietary patterns, vitamins and nutrients for preventing cognitive decline, mainly among healthy individuals and those with mild cognitive impairment. The Mediterranean diet, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and B vitamins are the most investigated, with evidence supporting protection against cognitive decline among older adults varying across studies. More recent interventions examined in this review, such as MIND Diet, are promising with positive results, but further research is needed to conclusively establish their efficacy. It is also crucial to consider complete lifestyle as physical activity for preventing cognitive decline. Definitive conclusions are difficult to draw. Future studies should adopt a comprehensive approach and focus on multinutrient strategies and whole diets.

Dietary patterns in relation with nutritional outcomes and associated factors among adolescents: implications for context-specific dietary intervention for the Agrarian Community, Northwest Ethiopia.

Dietary pattern analysis allows us to characterize the dietary intakes of individuals rather than nutrient intake data and strongly predicts disease risks. The relationship between food intake and adolescents' nutritional health is not well understood yet. Therefore, this study aimed to generate evidence for context-specific dietary intervention for adolescents. This study aimed to determine dietary patterns and their relationship with nutritional outcomes and identify the contributing factors among adolescents in the Agrarian Community of Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 622 randomly selected adolescents. Dietary data were collected over a 1-week recall period using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). After testing the basic assumptions, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the dietary patterns. Anthropometric data on weight and height were collected to determine the nutritional status using WHO Anthroplus 2010 software. A chi-square test was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary patterns on nutritional outcomes. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors affecting the dietary patterns of adolescents. Three types of dietary patterns, namely, traditional, mixed, and animal-source foods with traditional alcoholic beverage consumption were identified. These dietary patterns explain 58.64% of the variance in adolescent diet in the study setting. The burden of stunting was 15.12% vs. 11.21, 19.40% vs. 6.94, and 8.36% vs.17.97% among adolescents with lower traditional, mixed, and higher animal sources with alcoholic dietary pattern consumption habits, respectively (value of p <0.05). Adolescents who resided in low-land agroecology (AOR = 2.44; 95% CL: 1.24, 4.81) and had access to animal-source foods (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.60) were associated with lower consumption of traditional dietary patterns. Similarly, adolescents who resided in low-land (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.74) had formal education (AOR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.35, 4.19) and had poor nutrition knowledge (AOR = 2.83; 95% CL: 1.55, 5.19) were associated with lower consumption of mixed dietary patterns. Moreover, adolescents residing in the high-land (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.37, 4.56) and being female (AOR =1.87; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.74) were significant factors associated with lower consumption of animal-sourced foods with traditional alcoholic beverage consumption patterns. Multidimensional modifiable factors were explored that could be targeted for public health interventions for the identified dietary patterns. Integrated and multifaceted dietary intervention approaches are needed to promote healthy diets and discourage the consumption of unhealthy diets to reduce undernutrition in the study area and similar settings.

High-Carbohydrate Diet Consumption Poses a More Severe Liver Cholesterol Deposition than a High-Fat and High-Calorie Diet in Mice.

In the past few decades, many researchers believed that a high-fat and high-calorie diet is the most critical factor leading to metabolic diseases. However, increasing evidence shows a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet may also be a significant risk factor. It needs a comprehensive evaluation to prove which viewpoint is more persuasive. We systematically compared the effects of high-fat and high-calorie diets and high-carbohydrate and low-fat ones on glycolipid metabolism in mice to evaluate and compare the effects of different dietary patterns on metabolic changes in mice. Sixty 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups after acclimatization and 15% (F-15), 25% (F-25), 35% (F-35), and 45% (F-45) of their dietary energy was derived from fat for 24 weeks. The body weight, body-fat percentage, fasting blood glucose, lipid content in the serum, and triglyceride content in the livers of mice showed a significantly positive correlation with dietary oil supplementation. Interestingly, the total cholesterol content in the livers of mice in the F-15 group was significantly higher than that in other groups (p < 0.05). Compared with the F-45 group, the mRNA expression of sterol synthesis and absorption-related genes (e.g., Asgr1, mTorc1, Ucp20, Srebp2, Hmgcr, and Ldlr), liver fibrosis-related genes (e.g., Col4a1 and Adamts1) and inflammation-related genes (e.g., Il-1β and Il-6) were significantly higher in the F-15 group. Compared with the F-45 group, the relative abundance of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansia was decreased in the F-15 group. While unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansia are potentially beneficial bacteria, they have the ability to produce short-chain fatty acids and modulate cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the relative abundance of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansia was significantly positively correlated with fatty acid transporters expression and negatively correlated with that of cholesteryl acyltransferase 1 and cholesterol synthesis-related genes. In conclusion, our study delineated how a high-fat and high-calorie diet (fat supplied higher than or equal to 35%) induced obesity and hepatic lipid deposition in mice. Although the high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet did not cause weight gain in mice, it induced cholesterol deposition in the liver. The mechanism is mainly through the induction of endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in mice liver through the ASGR1-mTORC1-USP20-HMGCR signaling pathway. The appropriate oil and carbon water ratio (dietary energy supply from fat of 25%) showed the best gluco-lipid metabolic homeostasis in mice.

Can Dietary Patterns Impact Fertility Outcomes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There are conflicting results on the effect of diet on fertility. This study aimed to assess the effect of different dietary patterns on fertility outcomes in populations who conceive spontaneously and those requiring assisted reproductive technology (ART). A systematic search and meta-analysis were performed for studies investigating dietary patterns or whole diets in reproductive aged women requiring ART or conceived naturally. Outcomes were live births, pregnancy rates and infertility rates. In amount of 15,396 studies were screened with 11 eligible studies. Ten different diet patterns were grouped broadly into categories: Mediterranean, Healthy or Unhealthy. For the Mediterranean diet, on excluding high risk-of-bias studies (n = 3), higher adherence was associated with improved live birth/pregnancy rates in ART [OR 1.91 (95% CI 1.14-3.19, I2 43%)] (n = 2). Adherence to various Healthy diets was associated with improved ART outcomes (ProFertility diet and Dutch Dietary Guidelines) and natural conception outcomes (Fertility diet). However, due to the variability in Healthy diets' components, results were not pooled. Studies demonstrated preliminary evidence for the role of dietary patterns or whole diets in improving pregnancy and live birth rates. However, due to heterogeneity across the literature it is currently unclear which diet patterns are associated with improvements in fertility and ART outcomes.

Effects of different dietary patterns during pregnancy on birth outcomes and glucose parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeDietary interventions are the cornerstone of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary patterns during pregnancy on birth outcomes and glucose parameters in women with GDM. MethodsPubMed, Embase, and The CoChrane Library were searched from the time of database creation to November 30, 2021, along with manual searches. Data analyses were performed using Stata 15.4 software. ResultsFrom 2461 studies, 27 RCTs involving 1923 women were eligible. The pooled results showed that dietary pattern interventions during pregnancy reduced birth weight (WMD: −0.14 kg; 95% CI: −0.24, −0.00), hemoglobin A1 C (HbA1 C) (WMD: −0.19, 95% CI: −0.34, −0.05), and macrosomia incidence (RR 0.65 [95% CI 0.48, 0.88]). Low glycemic index (GI) diet reduced macrosomia incidence (RR 0.31 [95% CI 0.11, 0.93]) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (WMD: −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.14, −0.05); a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet reduced large for gestational age (LGA) incidence (RR 0.33 [95% CI 0.13, 0.82]) and HbA1 C (WMD: −0.32; 95% CI: −0.51, −0.14); dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet reduced birth weight (WMD:−0.59 kg; 95% CI: −0.64, −0.55), insulin use (RR 0.31 [95% CI 0.18, 0.56), macrosomia incidence (RR 0.12 [95% CI 0.03, 0.50]), and cesarean sections incidence (RR 0.57 [95% CI 0.40, 0.82]). ConclusionDietary patterns during pregnancy can improve certain birth outcomes and glycemic parameters. Due to limitations in the quality and number of included studies, the above findings still need to be validated by further randomized controlled trials with high quality and large samples.

Diets, Gut Microbiota and Metabolites.

The gut microbiota refers to the gross collection of microorganisms, estimated trillions of them, which reside within the gut and play crucial roles in the absorption and digestion of dietary nutrients. In the past decades, the new generation 'omics' (metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) technologies made it possible to precisely identify microbiota and metabolites and describe their variability between individuals, populations and even different time points within the same subjects. With massive efforts made, it is now generally accepted that the gut microbiota is a dynamically changing population, whose composition is influenced by the hosts' health conditions and lifestyles. Diet is one of the major contributors to shaping the gut microbiota. The components in the diets vary in different countries, religions, and populations. Some special diets have been adopted by people for hundreds of years aiming for better health, while the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recent studies based on volunteers or diet-treated animals demonstrated that diets can greatly and rapidly change the gut microbiota. The unique pattern of the nutrients from the diets and their metabolites produced by the gut microbiota has been linked with the occurrence of diseases, including obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, neural diseases, and more. This review will summarize the recent progress and current understanding of the effects of different dietary patterns on the composition of gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites, and their effects on the host's metabolism.

Effect of Different Dietary Patterns on Macronutrient Composition in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically review the relationships between lactation diet and the composition of mature breast milk through screening multiple databases and gray literatures, with priority given to quantitative articles published in Chinese and English. We identified 27 cross-sectional studies that included 4355 lactating women. According to these data, dietary patterns were categorized into four patterns based on the fat and protein energy supplying ratio, including rational-fat and rational-protein dietary (RR), high-fat and high-protein dietary (HH), rational-fat and high-protein dietary (RH), and high-fat and rational-protein dietary (HR). The results showed the fat content in mature milk was increased with increments of fat intake, while both the protein and lactose contents in mature milk did not increase with their intakes for lactating mothers. Among these four dietary patterns, the energy ratio of macronutrients in human milk at the RR was the closest to the estimated energy ratio for infants aged 0-6 M. In conclusion, our study represents that the rational dietary pattern should be advocated, and the irrational dietary patterns, especially high-fat and high-protein dietary patterns, should be avoided during lactation stage.

Dietary Patterns and Non-Communicable Disease Biomarkers: A Network Meta-Analysis and Nutritional Geometry Approach.

Quantitative rankings of multiple dietary patterns for their effects on non-communicable disease (NCD) biomarkers is lacking and would inform primary prevention strategies. Accordingly, a network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to compare and rank the effects of different dietary patterns on NCD biomarkers, and associations of dietary patterns' underlying macronutrient composition with NCD biomarkers were determined by a nutritional geometry approach. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for inclusion if they enrolled healthy participants, employed food-based dietary pattern interventions without energy restriction, and reported NCD biomarker outcomes. NCD biomarkers were included as an outcome if ≥10 trials were available. A systematic search of five electronic databases identified 4008 records. Sixty-eight articles from 59 RCTs reporting lipids, glycemic, and inflammatory biomarkers were included for quantitative syntheses. Risk-of-bias was predominantly categorized as low or having some concerns, and confidence-of-evidence low. Relative to western habitual diet, the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), dietary guidelines-based, plant-based, and low-fat diets reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference range: -0.29 to -0.17 mmol/L), total cholesterol (-0.36 to -0.24 mmol/L), and apolipoprotein B (-0.11 to -0.07 g/L) (all p &lt; 0.05); the Paleo, plant-based and dietary guidelines-based diets reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-0.95 to -0.35, all p &lt; 0.05). No dietary pattern ranked consistently highest. The Paleo diet received the highest all-outcomes-combined average Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve value (67%), followed by DASH (62%) and Mediterranean diets (57%), whereas western habitual diet was lowest (36%). Our findings were independent of macronutrient composition, highlighting the significance of dietary pattern-level analysis.

Are dietary patterns becoming more processed? The effects of different dietary patterns on cognition: A review.

Background: Identifying dietary patterns that promote healthy aging has become increasingly important due to changes in food processing and consumption of processed foods. Recently, the effects of these foods and unhealthy dietary patterns on cognitive function have become more widely recognized. Aim: The aim of this review is to discuss the association between various dietary patterns and cognition in older age, while also highlighting growing evidence that ultra processed food (UPF) may negatively impact healthy aging. Methods: We have performed a non-systematic literature review searches in Google Scholar electronic database with pre-defined terms relating to UPF, diet, dietary patterns, cognition and ageing. Results: The most prevalent diets in the literature include the Western, Mediterranean, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurogenerative Delay (MIND), Japanese, Nordic, and plant-based diets. Based on the findings, higher intakes of fresh fruit and vegetables, wholegrains and oily fish are common components of dietary patterns that are positively associated with better cognitive function. In contrast, the characteristics of a Western style dietary pattern, consisting of high amounts of UPF's, are increasing in many countries even where the staple dietary pattern was identified as healthy (i.e. Japan). Conclusion: The consumption of UPF, classified by the NOVA food classification system as industrially manufactured foods containing high levels of starches, vegetable oils, sugar, emulsifiers, and foods additives, has a negative impact on the overall nutritional quality of individual diets.

Diet composition affects long-term zearalenone exposure on the gut–blood–liver axis metabolic dysfunction in mice

Zearalenone (ZEN), one of the most contaminated Fusarium toxins worldwide, is very common in contaminating wheat, corn oil and other foods. People are more vulnerable to ZEN exposure with more daily caloric intake, yet little is known about the combined effect of different dietary patterns with mycotoxins. This study aimed to compare the effects of long-term ZEN exposure on the overall biochemical landscape of the “gut–blood–liver axis” under normal diet and high-fat diet (HFD) using a combined multi-omics approach. The results indicated that ZEN exposure, possibly via the phenylalanine metabolic pathway, led to dysbiosis of mouse flora, suppression of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAS) metabolism, systemic inflammatory responses, and disturbances in serum and liver metabolism, which were exacerbated in synergy with HFD and ultimately led to a more severe state of lipid metabolism in the liver. We further found that ZEN exposure attenuated the indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) metabolic pathway, enhanced 2-hydroxybutyric acid metabolism in serum, and attenuated β-alanine metabolism in liver which was positively correlated with the abundance of Prevotellaceae UCG-004, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 groups. The results highlighted the damaging effects of ZEN on the gut-blood-liver axis under different dietary patterns, which might serve as a reference for future studies exploring the combined effects of fungal toxins and multiple dietary patterns.

Major Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Dietary patterns play an essential role in vascular diseases; however, the association of specific dietary patterns and the risk of stroke is unknown. We designed the current study to evaluate several dietary patterns and their association with ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 300 subjects, including 150 cases with ischemic stroke admitted to a tertiary referral center in Shiraz, Southern Iran, and 150 age- and sex-matched stroke-free individuals as controls. Using a 62-item Simple Stroke Food Frequency Questionnaire (SS-FFQ), we collected data regarding the dietary habits of all the participants. We extracted the major dietary patterns via principal component analysis using the varimax rotation technique with Kaiser Normalization. Finally, adherence to dietary patterns among the participants was divided into quartiles. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and ischemic stroke using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: One-hundred and fifty ischemic stroke patients (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 63.9±16.04 years) and 150 age- and sex-matched controls (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 61.99±16.04 years) were included. After adjusting five major dietary patterns for vascular risk factors, we found that diets rich in fibers and plant-based proteins (P&lt;0.001) and micronutrients (P&lt;0.001) had a lower odds of ischemic stroke as compared to high-fat proteins (P=0.003) and empty calories (P&lt;0.001) diets, but consuming healthy animal proteins (P=0.115) had no effects on the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Based on our study, we suggest that fibers and plant-based proteins, and micronutrient diets could reduce the odds of stroke, so public awareness about the effects of different dietary patterns should be raised.

Major Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Dietary patterns play an essential role in vascular diseases; however, the association of specific dietary patterns and the risk of stroke is unknown. We designed the current study to evaluate several dietary patterns and their association with ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 300 subjects, including 150 cases with ischemic stroke admitted to a tertiary referral center in Shiraz, Southern Iran, and 150 age- and sex-matched stroke-free individuals as controls. Using a 62-item Simple Stroke Food Frequency Questionnaire (SS-FFQ), we collected data regarding the dietary habits of all the participants. We extracted the major dietary patterns via principal component analysis using the varimax rotation technique with Kaiser Normalization. Finally, adherence to dietary patterns among the participants was divided into quartiles. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and ischemic stroke using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: One-hundred and fifty ischemic stroke patients (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 63.9±16.04 years) and 150 age- and sex-matched controls (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 61.99±16.04 years) were included. After adjusting five major dietary patterns for vascular risk factors, we found that diets rich in fibers and plant-based proteins (P&lt;0.001) and micronutrients (P&lt;0.001) had a lower odds of ischemic stroke as compared to high-fat proteins (P=0.003) and empty calories (P&lt;0.001) diets, but consuming healthy animal proteins (P=0.115) had no effects on the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Based on our study, we suggest that fibers and plant-based proteins, and micronutrient diets could reduce the odds of stroke, so public awareness about the effects of different dietary patterns should be raised.

Metabolomics Study of Isocaloric Different Dietary Patterns on the Life Span in Healthy Population.

PurposeHow to prolong life by diet has been widely concerned. There are many reports about the effects of different dietary patterns on life span, but the results are not consistent. The main reason may be that total energy intake has not been considered. This study aims to explore the effects of isocaloric different dietary patterns on population life span.Materials and MethodsFrom the data of the follow-up population, eligible participators were divided into normal control (NC) group (28.31% fat, 12.37% protein, 62.30% carbohydrate), isocaloric high-fat (IHF) group (38.39% fat, 12.21% protein, 51.32% carbohydrate), isocaloric high-protein (IHP) group (33.41% fat, 17.10% protein, 52.67% carbohydrate) and isocaloric high-carbohydrate (IHC) group (22.23% fat, 10.52% protein, 70.13% carbohydrate) according to the dietary structure and the age stratification. Global serum metabolic profiling analysis by UPLC−Q-TOF-MS/MS technology, fatty acid and amino acid profiles in serum were determined by GC-MS and UPLC-TQ-MS technology. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post hoc test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to statistical analysis.ResultsNon-targeted metabolomics was to identify 18 potential metabolites related to longevity. ROC curve analysis to identify biomarkers indicated that the areas under the ROC (AUC) of the 12 of 18 biomarkers are above 0.9. The 12 biomarkers were mainly enriched in three metabolic pathways: lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Compared to control, 11 and 10 of 12 biomarkers showed the same trend with aging in IHP and IHC groups, respectively. Conversely, no differences were observed between IHF group and NC group.ConclusionWithout consideration of the nature of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, IHP and IHC diets might shorten life span by influencing amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, while the isocaloric IHF diet has no effects on longevity.

Evaluation of the Effects of Different Dietary Patterns on Breast Cancer: Monitoring Circulating Tumor Cells.

The occurrence and development of breast cancer are closely related to dietary factors, especially dietary patterns. This study was to investigate the effects of dietary patterns on the process of tumor metastasis by in vivo circulating tumor cell (CTC) capture strategy and monitoring changes of CTC numbers in breast tumor mice model. Meanwhile, the effects of different dietary patterns on the development of lung metastases of breast cancer and the volume and weight of carcinoma in situ were investigated. In this study, the increase in the number of CTCs was significantly promoted by dietary patterns such as high-salt diet, high-sugar diet, and high-fat diet, while it was delayed by ketogenic diet, low-fat diet, low-protein diet, diet restriction, and Mediterranean diet. These results indicated that the in vivo capture and detection of CTCs provides a convenient method for real-time cancer metastasis monitoring, and through in-depth study of the effects of different dietary patterns on tumor growth and metastasis, it can expand a new horizon in future cancer treatments.

Jiangnan dietary pattern actively prevents muscle mass loss: Based on a cohort study.

The proportion of sarcopenia in the elderly is very high, although muscle mass loss before sarcopenia covers a wider population. The present study aimed to analyse the effects of different dietary patterns on muscle mass. In both 2015 and 2018, using multilayer random sampling, the same participants were selected, and the same questionnaires and machines were used. In total, 502 participants were selected. The >65-year-old group showed maximum muscle mass loss in males and females (-1.53 kg ± 4.42 and -1.14 kg ± 2.6 on average, respectively). The cumulative variance of four dietary patterns reached 52.28%. Logistical regression revealed significant differences between 'Jiangnan Dietary' groups: Q2 vs. Q1 [odds ratio (OR)=0.356, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.202-0.629]; Q3 vs. Q1 (OR=0.457, 95% CI=0.262-0.797). Relative influence factors for muscle mass loss were age (>65 vs. <45, OR=2.027, 95% CI=1.117-3.680), physical activity (OR=0.550, 95% CI=0.315-0.960), income (high vs. low, OR=0.413, 95% CI=0.210 -0.810), sex (female vs. male, OR=0.379, 95% CI=0.235-0.519). After 3 years of follow-up, participants' muscle mass declined significantly. The 'Jiangnan Dietary' pattern prevented muscle mass loss and is recommended to the wider population.

Dietary Impact on Postprandial Lipemia.

Abnormalities in postprandial lipemia (PPL), particularly those related to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, are considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor. As diet is known to be one of the main modulators of PPL, the aim of this review was to summarize and discuss current knowledge on the impact of diet and its components on PPL in humans; specifically, the impact of weight loss, different nutrients (quantity and quality of dietary fats, carbohydrates, and proteins), alcohol and other bioactive dietary components (i.e., polyphenols), as well as the effect of different dietary patterns. The possible mechanisms behind the metabolic effects of each dietary component were also discussed.

Dietary Patterns and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Abstract Objectives Over the past decade, Multiple systematic reviews and meta- analyses have reported epidemiological associations between colorectal cancer and dietary patterns. while the use of new technologies, such as metabolomics, to analyze the effects of different dietary patterns on metabolites and intestinal flora, can provide further insights into the relationship between diet and cancer risk. In this Review, we summarize the current state of the field to assess the impact of various dietary patterns on colorectal cancer risk. Methods This review mainly adopts the literature research method. The references were collected from PubMed and Web of Science, with colon cancer, colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, Dietary patterns, Mediterranean Dietary patterns (MED), western Dietary patterns (WD), Plant-based Dietary patterns (PBD), Pro-inflammatory Dietary patterns (PID) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) as the key words, and the publications of the last ten years were collected for analysis. Results The impact of different dietary patterns on colorectal cancer risk may depend on family history, gender, age and other lifestyle and intestinal flora factors. But overall, PBD, MED, DASH, and Antioxidant-rich diets (ARD) can reduce colorectal cancer risk. WD, PID, and Hyperinsulinaemic diet (HID) may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Conclusions Increasing the proportion of whole fruits, grains, vegetables, olive oil, and fish in the diet, and reducing red and processed meats, fine grains, fruit juices, and alcohol intake can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Funding Sources This work was supported by Guilin Science and Technology Bureau [Science and Technology Breakthrough Project 20,170,103–4]. Zhi-gui He is the corresponding author.

Association between dietary pattern and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zhejiang Province, China: A case-control study.

Diet is a modifiable risk factor of T2DM with the potential to improve the patients' quality of life. The diet-diabetes relationship has received considerable attention in past decades. This study describes dietary intake of nutrients in a matched case-control study of adults with and without T2DM. Dietary nutrient intake was evaluated by semi-quantitative FFQ and biochemical indexes were studied in enrolled 207 participants with T2DM (diabetes group) and 215 healthy participants (control group). The t-test of two independent-sample and chi-square test were used to compare data by age and other characters. Exploratory factor analysis was used for dietary pattern analysis. Logistic regression analysis were used to test the effect of different dietary patterns and dietary intakes on the risk of T2DM. The blood glucose, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the diabetes group (p<0.05). Three major dietary patterns were identified, "High-salt and high-fat", "Traditional Chinese" and "Western" dietary patterns. With or without adjustment, highest quintile of high-salt and high-fat dietary pattern showed a significantly higher risk of T2DM than the lowest quintile. (OR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.24, 3.49, OR=1.70, 95%CI: 0.98, 2.54, OR=1.67, 95%CI: 0.97, 2.51). Individuals with a high-fat and high-salt dietary pattern had an increased risk of T2DM. These findings offered further insights into the dietary structure of T2DM patients. These findings put nutrition education at the center for T2DM patient management. Further follow-up study is needed to assess the dynamic changes of nutrient-metabolism association.

Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

While the role of diet and nutrition in cognitive health and prevention of dementia in older adults has attracted much attention, the efficacy of different dietary patterns remains uncertain. Previous reviews have mainly focused on the Mediterranean diet, but either omitted other dietary patterns, lacked more recent studies, were based on cross-sectional studies, or combined older and younger populations. We followed PRISMA guidelines, and examined the efficacy of current research from randomized controlled trials and cohort studies on the effects of different dietary patterns. We reviewed the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, the Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, Anti-inflammatory diet, Healthy diet recommended by guidelines via dietary index, or Prudent healthy diets generated via statistical approaches, and their impact on cognitive health among older adults. Of 38 studies, the Mediterranean diet was the most investigated with evidence supporting protection against cognitive decline among older adults. Evidence from other dietary patterns such as the MIND, DASH, Anti-inflammatory, and Prudent healthy diets was more limited but showed promising results, especially for those at risk of cardiovascular disease. Overall, this review found positive effects of dietary patterns including the Mediterranean, DASH, MIND, and Anti-inflammatory diets on cognitive health outcomes in older adults. These dietary patterns are plant-based, rich in poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids with lower consumption of processed foods. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and effectiveness is needed to develop comprehensive and practical dietary recommendations against age-related cognitive decline among older adult.