Effect Of Different Dietary Fats Research Articles

Effects of different dietary fats on biological characteristics of Coccinella septempunctata L

The study aims to provide a basis for the large-scale artificial breeding of Coccinella septempunctata, the composition of an artificial diet for the ladybird was optimised by adding different fats to the diet. The effects of different dietary fats on the biology of ladybirds were evaluated by supplementing artificial diets with fats. The results show that the coconut, palm, perilla, linseed, lard and sesame oils should not be added to the artificial diet of ladybird larvae because of deleterious effects on ladybirds. The addition of 6 g olive oil (3 % of diet weight) improved larvae survival rate, and the addition of 4 g beef tallow (2 % of diet weight) increased ladybird pupation and emergence rates. In adult stage, the addition of 4 g coconut oil (2 % of diet weight) improved survival rates. Whereas 2–4 g olive oil (1–2 % of diet weight), 2–6 g lard (1–3 % of diet weight) and 6 g beef tallow oil (3 % of diet weight) improved oviposition and hatchability. In conclusion, the demand for fats is different in the larval and adult stages of the C. septempunctata. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for the addition of exogenous fats to the ladybird artificial diet.

Effect of different dietary fats on inflammation and glucose intolerance in high fructose and high fat fed experimental animals.

Diet is the major modifiable risk factor for the onset of insulin resistance and its progression into diabetes. In the present study the effect of various dietary fats on inflammatory homeostasis and glucose tolerance is investigated in high fat and high fructose fed mice model. C57/BL6J mice were divided into four groups and fed a casein-based diet containing high fructose (45%) and high fat (24%) (clarified butter oil [CBO]; safflower oil [SFFO] and lard oil [LO]) for 120days; oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), plasma lipid profile and plasma & adipose tissue cytokines levels were compared with the control diet (10% groundnut oil and 59.5% starch) fed animals. The total cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in CBO and LO fed animals with glucose intolerance and increased body weights; liver and white adipose tissue weights were higher in CBO and LO fed animals respectively. CBO feeding increased the plasma (IFN-γ) and adipose tissue cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6 & TNF-α). LO feeding increased plasma IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β and adipose tissue IL-6. SFFO feeding decreased body weight and tissue cytokines and increased plasma IFN-γ levels without causing impairment in the glucose tolerance. Consumption of a high fructose and high fat diet which mimic the present-day dietary pattern resulted in altered inflammatory homeostasis and impairment in glucose tolerance in 24% CBO and LO fed animals. The deleterious effects of high fructose feeding were reversed in SFFO fed mice possibly due to the presence of oleic and linoleic acids.

Tennessee Academy of Science Executive Committee Meeting Minutes, May 2020

Tennessee Academy of Science Executive Committee Meeting Minutes, May 2020

An Oil Rich in γ-Linolenic Acid Differently Affects Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation in Mice and Rats.

The effects of different dietary fats on hepatic fatty acid oxidation were compared in male ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were fed diets containing 100 g/kg of either palm oil (saturated fat), safflower oil (rich in linoleic acid), an oil of evening primrose origin (γ-linolenic acid, GLA oil), perilla oil (α-linolenic acid) or fish oil (eicosapentaenoic and doxosahexaenoic acids) for 21 d. GLA, perilla and fish oils, compared with palm and safflower oils, increased the activity of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in both mice and rats, with some exceptions. In mice, GLA and fish oils greatly increased the peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidation rate, and the activity of acyl-CoA oxidase and enoyl-CoA hydratase to the same degree. The effects were much smaller with perilla oil. In rats, enhancing effects were more notable with fish oil than with GLA and perilla oils, excluding the activity of enoyl-CoA hydratase, and were comparable between GLA and perilla oils. In mice, strong enhancing effects of GLA oil, which were greater than with perilla oil and comparable to those of fish oil, were confirmed on mRNA levels of peroxisomal but not mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes. In rats, the effects of GLA and perilla oils on mRNA levels of peroxisomal and mitochondrial enzymes were indistinguishable, and lower than those observed with fish oil. Therefore, considerable diversity in the response to dietary polyunsaturated fats, especially the oil rich in γ-linolenic acid and fish oil, of hepatic fatty acid oxidation pathway exists between mice and rats.

The Effect of Different Dietary Fats on the Longevity and Muscle Strength in Drosophila

Fat is an essential source of energy and is important for human growth and development. A high fat diet, however, leads to pathological obesity and associated comorbidities, such as reduced lifespan and muscle strength in both humans and model organisms. In this study we analyzed the effects of four dietary fats on lifespan and overall health using a Drosophila model system, which shares the mechanisms of energy processing, storage, and utilization with humans. One day old wild type male Drosophila were collected and placed on a control diet or high fat diets containing 5%, 10% or 15% of coconut oil (medium chain‐saturated fat), vegetable oil, olive oil, or flax seed oil (all three contain unsaturated fats). Lifespan was determined for 100 flies on each diet. Skeletal muscle performance was evaluated by climbing and flying assays. Among all the groups, flies on a control diet had the greatest survival with a median lifespan of 30.5 days, while flies on a 5% coconut oil diet had the second longest survival time, yielding a median lifespan of 13 days. For all other diets, the median lifespan was 2 days. Flies on the control diet also performed significantly better (p<0.05) in the flying and climbing assays relative to flies on high fat diets. Flies on a 5% coconut oil diet had a significantly higher (p<0.05) muscle strength based on the flying assay compared to flies maintained on 5% diets with unsaturated fats. Interestingly, intestinal permeability measured using the Smurf assay revealed no difference between flies maintained on a control diet, 5% coconut oil diet, and 5% vegetable oil diet, suggesting that the adverse health effects of a high fat diet did not result from the compromised function of the intestine. Taken together, these data indicate that plant based medium chain saturated fats preserved longevity and muscle function better than plant‐based fats containing high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids.Support or Funding InformationFunding Source: University of Memphis SHS Faculty Grant

Dietary fats and cardiometabolic disease: mechanisms and effects onrisk factors and outcomes.

The effect of dietary fats on cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus, has generated tremendous interest. Many earlier investigations focused on total fat and conventional fat classes (such as saturated and unsaturated fats) and their influence on a limited number of risk factors. However, dietary fats comprise heterogeneous molecules with diverse structures, and growing research in the past two decades supports correspondingly complex health effects of individual dietary fats. Moreover, health effects of dietary fats might be modified by additional factors, such as accompanying nutrients and food-processing methods, emphasizing the importance of the food sources. Accordingly, the rapidly increasing scientific findings on dietary fats and cardiometabolic diseases have generated debate among scientists, caused confusion for the general public and present challenges for translation into dietary advice and policies. This Review summarizes the evidence on the effects of different dietary fats and their food sources on cell function and on risk factors and clinical events of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive review but rather to focus on the most important evidence from randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies and to highlight current areas of controversy and the most relevant future research directions for understanding how to improve the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases through optimization of dietary fat intake.

Dietary Fat Influences the Expression of Genes Related to Sterol Metabolism and the Composition of Cecal Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Rats.

Numerous studies have evaluated the composition of gut microbiota in experimental animals fed high-fat or low-fiber diets. However, few reports have focused on the effects of different fatty acid (FA) compositions on the diversity of gut microbiota and its metabolites. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different dietary fats on liver mRNA expression levels of genes related to cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism, as well as to investigate cecal microbiota composition and bacterial metabolites composition in rats. Four-week-old male Wistar/ST rats were fed a 15% fat diet for 30 days, including from different sources (soybean oil, lard, menhaden oil, or tuna oil). Then, the rats' cecal microbiota composition was determined by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene using next-generation sequencing. Lard diet drastically decreased the expression level of liver ATP-binding cassette subfamily G genes (Abcg5 and Abcg8 genes) compared with other diets. Menhaden oil diet increased the fecal BA excretion compared with soybean oil and lard diets. Fecal BA excretion tended to be positively correlated with the relative abundance of Firmicutes, and negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. These results have shown that dietary fats with different FA compositions have a different effect on the relative composition of cecal microbiota, and in particular, menhaden oil may have very different effects compared to other experimental fats. The effects of fish oils on the cecal microbiota may differ greatly depending on the ratio of EPA to DHA and the composition of FA other than n-3 polyunsaturated FA. Our results provided new insights on the way different dietary fat sources affect sterol metabolism and alter cecal microbiota composition in rats.

Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women

IntroductionHigh dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), an established risk factor for coronary heart disease. However, there is increasing interest in...

Effects of Diets Differing in Composition of 18-C Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue Thermogenic Gene Expression in Mice Fed High-Fat Diets.

Dietary fatty acids play important roles in the regulation of fat accumulation or metabolic phenotype of adipocytes, either as brown or beige fat. However, a systematic comparison of effects of diets with different composition of 18-C fatty acids on browning/beiging phenotype has not been done. In this study, we compared the effects of different dietary fats, rich in specific 18-carbon fatty acids, on thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet containing 5.6% kcal fat from lard and 4.4% kcal fat from soybean oil (CON) or high-fat diets (HFD) containing 25% kcal from lard and 20% kcal fat from shea butter (stearic acid-rich fat; SHB), olive oil (oleic acid-rich oil; OO), safflower oil (linoleic acid-rich oil; SFO), or soybean oil (mixed oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids; SBO) ad libitum for 12 weeks, with or without a terminal 4-h norepinephrine (NE) treatment. When compared to SHB, feeding OO, SFO, and SBO resulted in lower body weight gain. The OO fed group had the highest thermogenesis level, which resulted in lower body fat accumulation and improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Feeding SFO downregulated expression of lipid oxidation-related genes and upregulated expression of lipogenic genes, perhaps due to its high n-6:n-3 ratio. In general, HFD-feeding downregulated Ucp1 expression in both subcutaneous and epididymal white adipose tissue, and suppressed NE-induced Pgc1a expression in brown adipose tissue. These results suggest that the position of double bonds in dietary fatty acids, as well as the quantity of dietary fat, may have a significant effect on the regulation of oxidative and thermogenic conditions in vivo.

The Effect of Different Dietary Fats on the Fatty Acid Composition of Several Tissues in Broiler Chickens

The type of fat used in formulating broiler chicken diets can affect growth performance, influence the fatty acid composition of different tissues and has consequences for bird health and nutritional value for the consumer. This study aimes to address the hypothesis of whether these effects are specifically due to the variation in the fatty acid composition of the diets, that is, the proportion of different saturates, monounsaturates (n‐7 and n‐9) or polyunsaturates (n‐3 or n‐6), or other factors (physical properties, solid/liquid and source, plant/animal). A total of 480 male Cobb 500 broilers are fed ad libitum on one of six diets containing 4% w/w of either: beef tallow, flaxseed, corn, canola, macadamia, or coconut oil (eight replicates/treatment) for 6 weeks. At harvest, there are no significant differences in productivity parameters nor in the crude lipid content of different tissues between dietary treatments. There are, however, substantial qualitative differences in the fatty acid profiles of all tissues. The levels of specific fatty acids in all tissues except the brain, are positively correlated with the levels of the same fatty acids in the diet however, the strength of the correlations varied between different fatty acids.Practical Applications: The results of the current study demonstrate that the dietary fatty acids types and proportions largely determines the fatty acid profile in edible tissues (meat, adipose, liver, and heart). The strong correlations and regressions between diet and tissue fatty acid levels validate the ability to predict the tissue fatty acid profile of broilers based on their dietary fat composition. Contrary to our hypothesis, dietary fat type had no influence on the growth parameters which makes us speculate whether such differences in similar studies only become apparent in situations where the birds are also under some level of environmental or social stress. This information will assist poultry feed manufacturers and broiler producers in making decisions about selection of fats with known nutritional and health benefits for inclusion in chicken feed.The relationship between the diet and breast meat fatty acid composition of 6‐week‐old male broilers (Cobb 500) fed diets containing 4% w/w of either tallow, flaxseed oil, corn oil, canola oil, macadamia oil, or coconut oil. Dietary fatty acid intake determined breast meat fatty acid composition with a strong positive linear correlation for 6 all fatty acid groups (saturates, omega‐9 and omega‐7 monounsaturates, omega‐3, and omega‐6 polyunsaturates and trans, R = 0.938–0.999, P < 0.01).

Effects of dietary fats on egg quality and lipid parameters in serum and yolks of Shan Partridge Duck

The effects of different dietary fats with variable levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on egg quality of Shan Partridge Duck, serum, and yolk lipid parameters were examined in this study. A flock of 585 optimal produced ducks were selected and diets enriched with 0.5%, 1%, or 2% fish oil (F)/flaxseed oil (FL)/rapeseed oil (R)/tallow (T) plus basal diet were supplied through a 28-d period. Supplemental fat source and fat level had no effects on egg qualities. Proportions of yolk total cholesterol (TC), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were reduced (P < 0.001), while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs), ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) were increased by fish oil, flaxseed oil, or rapeseed oil. Effects of supplementation increasing DHA and EPA were detected in F, FL, and R. Compared with C, fish oil significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum, flaxseed oil significantly reduced TC and increased very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), rapeseed oil significantly reduced TC and LDL-C in serum and increased VLDL-C, tallow significantly increased LDL-C. It is concluded that unsaturated fatty acids rich diets (fish oil, flaxseed oil, and rapeseed oil) might increase yolk PUFAs, reduce yolk cholesterol, and change serum lipid parameters without evident effect on egg qualities.

Dietary fat preference and effects on performance of piglets at weaning.

ObjectiveAn experiment was to evaluate the interplay of dietary lipid sources and feeding regime in the transition from sow milk to solid food of abruptly weaned piglets.MethodsSoon after weaning, 144 piglets were selected and were trained over a 15 day period to experience gradually reducing dietary fat content from 12% to 6% for lard (L), soybean oil (S), and coconut oil (C) and their feeding behavior and diet preference then tested in a behavior observation experiment. Another 324 weaned piglets were used in three consecutive feeding experiments to measure the effect of different dietary fats on performance and feed choice in the four weeks after abrupt weaning. The lipid sources were used as supplements in a 3% crude fat corn/soya basal diet, with 6% of each being included to form diets 9C, 9S, and 9L respectively, and their effects on performance measured. Combinations of these diets were then further compared in fixed blends or free choice selection experiments.ResultsPiglets pre-trained to experience reducing lipid inclusion showed different subsequent preferences according to lipid source, with a preference for lard at 9%, soybean oil at 3%, and coconut oil at 6% inclusion rate (p<0.001). Following abrupt weaning, whilst after 4 weeks those fed 9C had the heaviest body weights (18.13 kg, p = 0.006). Piglets fed a fixed 1:1 blend of 9C+9S had a poorer feed conversion ratio (FCR = 1.80) than those fed a blend of 9C+9L (FCR = 1.4). The 9C and 9L combination groups showed better performance in both fixed blend and free choice feeding regimes.ConclusionAfter abrupt weaning, they still have dependence on high oleic acid lipids as found in sow milk. A feeding regime offering free choice combination of lipids might give the possibility for piglets to cope better with the transition at weaning, but further research is needed.

Kinetics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids when co-administered with saturated or omega-6 fats

ObjectiveAbsorption of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) has been shown to be potentiated when consumed with a high fat meal. However, the effect of different dietary fats on n-3PUFA absorption and postprandial kinetics has not been previously studied. MethodIn a randomized cross-over design intervention, postprandial incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into plasma lipids following consumption of a meal rich in either saturated fat or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) was investigated. Healthy adult male and female subjects (n=26) were fed an isocaloric meal containing equivalent amount of either butter or sunflower seed oil supplemented with 1.8grams of LCn-3PUFA (300mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3 and 1500mg docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). ResultsPostprandial plasma lipids were enriched with saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) following consumption of the butter and the sunflower oil containing meals respectively. The increase in plasma 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels over the 6hour study period was similar in both the saturated and the n-6 fat groups. ConclusionThese results suggest that the expected competition between LCn-3PUFA and n-6PUFA at the absorption level is unlikely; therefore competition at the enzymatic level should be primarily responsible for differences in their metabolic and clinical effects.Trial registered with the Australia New Zealand Trial registry as ACTRN12612000654853.

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid, fish oil and soybean oil on PPARs (α & γ) mRNA expression in broiler chickens and their relation to body fat deposits.

An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of different dietary fats (Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fish oil, soybean oil, or their mixtures, as well as palm oil, as a more saturated fat), with a as fed dose of 7% for single fat and 3.5 + 3.5% for the mixtures, on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) gene expression and its relation with body fat deposits. The CLA used in this experiment was CLA LUTA60 which contained 60% CLA, so 7% and 3.5% dietary inclusions of CLA LUTA60 were equal to 4.2% and 2.1% CLA, respectively. Higher abdominal fat pad was found in broiler chickens fed with a diet containing palm oil compared to chickens in the other experimental groups (P ≤ 0.05). The diets containing CLA resulted in an increased fat deposition in the liver of broiler chickens (P ≤ 0.05). The only exception was related to the birds fed with diets containing palm oil or fish oil + soybean oil, where contents of liver fat were compared to the CLA + fish oil treatment. PPARγ gene in adipose tissue of chickens fed with palm oil diet was up-regulated compared to other treatments (P ≤ 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in adipose PPARγ gene expression between chickens fed with diets containing CLA, fish oil, soybean oil or the mixture of these fats. On the other hand, the PPARα gene expression in liver tissue was up-regulated in response to the dietary fish oil inclusion and the differences were also significant for both fish oil and CLA + fish oil diets compared to the diets with palm oil, soybean oil or CLA as the only oil source (P ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the results of present study showed that there was a relationship between the adipose PPARγ gene up-regulation and abdominal fat pad deposition for birds fed with palm oil diet, while no deference was detected in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, as well as CLA on PPARγ down regulation in comparison to a more saturated fat. When used on its own, fish oil was found to be a more effective fat in up-regulating hepatic PPARα gene expression and this effect was related to a less fat deposition in liver tissue. A negative correlation coefficient (−0.3) between PPARα relative gene expression and liver tissue fat content confirm the anti-lipogenic effect of PPARα, however, the change in these parameters was not completely parallel.

Effect of different dietary fats on protein expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) in mammary gland tissue of lactating cows

The present study investigated the effect of three different dietary fats [saturated fat (SAT) (3.1% TMR DM); linseed oil (LINA) (2.7% TMR DM) or sunflower oil (SUNA) (2.7% TMR DM) added with docosahexaenoic acid rich algae (0.4% TMR DM)] on SREBP-1 protein expression in mammary gland tissue of German Holstein cows (n=18) in the context of milk yield, milk fat content and milk fatty acid composition. Prerequisite for this investigation was the development of a Western blot methodology adapted for bovine mammary gland tissue using two different primary antibodies to specifically detect and differentiate between precursor (pSREBP-1, 125kDa) and transcriptionally active SREBP-1 (mSREBP-1, 68kDa).Upon a ten-week feeding intervention, significantly reduced milk fat contents, total saturated fatty acid amounts and single saturated fatty acid concentrations (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) were obtained in LINA and SUNA group, whereas milk yields did not substantially differ between feeding groups. The assumption that the effects of plant oil/DHA rich algae supplementation on milk fat composition were mediated by shifted SREBP-1 protein expression were only confirmed in regard to slightly reduced protein expression levels of pSREBP-1 in SUNA group tissue samples (P=0.087), whereas similar protein expression levels of transcriptionally active mSREBP-1 were found in SAT, LINA and SUNA group.

Relationship between the Effect of Dietary Fat on Swimming Endurance and Energy Metabolism in Aged Mice

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different dietary fats on alterations in endurance, energy metabolism, and plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and minerals in mice. Method: Male mice (aged 58 weeks) were fed diets containing 6% safflower oil, fish oil, or lard for 12 weeks. Swimming time to exhaustion, energy metabolism, and plasma IL-6 levels were subsequently determined. Results: Mice fed safflower oil exhibited a marked increase in swimming time compared to the baseline level. Mice fed lard exhibited a significant decrease in swimming time, while mice on a fish oil diet exhibited a small decrease in swimming time. The final swimming time of mice fed safflower oil was significantly longer than that of animals fed lard. This improvement in endurance with dietary safflower oil was accompanied by decreased accumulation of lactate and less glycogen depletion during swimming. In the safflower oil group, muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity increased significantly after swimming, while the plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration decreased significantly. A trend to increased plasma IL-6 levels was observed in sedentary animals on a safflower oil diet compared to those on a lard diet. Conclusions: These results suggest that dietary safflower oil improves the swimming endurance of aged mice to a greater extent than lard, and that this effect appears to involve glycogen sparing through increased fatty acid utilization.

Effect of different dietary fats on hepatic gene expression in transition dairy goats

Eighteen second parity goats were selected for this study and divided in three homogenous groups of six animals each. Starting from week 2 before the expected kidding date to week 3 of lactation animals were fed the experimental diets: C, basal transition diet; PFISH, basal transition diet plus 47 g/day of rumen protected fish oil as source of n-3 fatty acids; HPALM, basal transition diet plus 47 g/day of hydrogenated palm oil (46.30% C16:0, 40.90% C18:0). Live body weight (LBW), body condition score (BCS), dry matter intake (DMI) and energy balance were assessed weekly. Milk yield and milk composition were recorded and analyzed on 4, 7, 15, and 21 days in milk (DIM). Alanine transaminase (ALAT), aspartate aminotrasferase (ASAT), non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and cholesterol plasma contents were measured weekly for all the experimental period. Liver mRNA levels for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARA), acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase very long chain (ACADVL), acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACACA), and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A (CPT 1A) were determined 7 days (±1.43) before and 21 days after kidding by reverse transcription real time (RT) quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Goats from the three experimental groups experienced negative energy balance after kidding with higher levels in both HPALM and PFISH than C ( P ≤ 0.01) while no differences were detected among fat supplemented goats. Performance, milk composition, plasma metabolites and liver enzymes were similar in C, HPALM and PFISH, except for a significant effect of treatment on milk yield ( P ≤ 0.01) in HPALM compared to C goats (3.65 kg/day vs. 2.42 kg/day, P = 0.01) and ALAT content ( P ≤ 0.01) in the first 21 DIM in HPALM than C and PFISH (14.25 IU vs. 17.54 IU and 16.80 IU respectively; P ≤ 0.05). Treatment ( P = 0.08), day of treatment ( P = 0.06), and the interaction among treatment and day of treatment ( P = 0.08) showed tendencies to increased plasma NEFA content in HPALM during the post kidding period respect to PFISH and C. An interaction effect between treatment and day of treatment was found for PPARA ( P = 0.02), CPT1A ( P = 0.05), and ACADVL ( P = 0.05) mRNA levels. At 21 days in milk HPALM showed higher values in PPARA mRNA levels than C. mRNA levels of PPARA, CPT 1A, ACADVL, and ACACA showed trends to increase from 7 days before to 21 days after kidding in HPALM, contrary to PFISH. The present trial shows the effectiveness of hydrogenated palm oil, as an oil mainly containing C16:0 and C18:0, in enhancing mRNA expression of PPARA and selected target genes in liver of transition dairy goat.

Effects of Dietary Fat and Yeast Culture Supplementation on Total Tract Digestibility by Horses

AbstractThe effects of different dietary fats on apparent total tract digestibility in growing horses were examined using an incomplete Latin square design in Exp 1. Four yearling horses — 2 fillies and 2 — were fed a completely pelleted diet containing different types of fat: no supplemental fat (control); 10% hydrogenated fat; or 10% soybean oil (SO). Horses consuming the control treatment had greater (P < 0.05) digestibility of DM, OM, total dietary fiber, and GE than did those fed the supplemental fat treatments. Horses consuming the SO treatment had greater (P < 0.05) digestibility of DM, OM, CP, fat, total dietary fiber, and GE than those consuming hydrogenated fat. The SO treatment had the least negative effect on nutrient digestibility compared with the control treatment. In Exp. 2, 8 horses were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of yeast culture (YC) supplement on nutrient intake and total tract nutrient digestion when highfat and low-fat diets were fed. The lowfat treatments had greater (P < 0.05) digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and GE than high-fat treatments. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in nutrient digestibility of treatments containing YC compared with no YC. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between fat supplementation and YC supplementation. No effects of yeast culture supplementation on nutrient digestibility were noted when high-fat or low-fat diets were fed.

흰쥐의 간장 및 혈청 지질농도와 임상생화학적 지표에 미치는 식이섬유 및 식이지방 급원을 달리한 식이 투여의 영향

본 실험에서는 Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐의 간장 및 혈청 지질 농도와 임상생화학적 지표에 미치는 식이지방원 및 식이섬유원을 달리한 식이를 급여한 영향을 검토하였다. 실험 식이군은 5% corn oil＋5% cellulose 함유 CO군, 10% corn oil＋10% 차전자피 함유 CO＋PH군 및 10% lard＋10% 차전자피 함유 LA＋PH군인 3군으로 나누었으며 실험식이와 물은 6주간 자유급여시켰다. 체중 증가량 및 식이 효율은 CO군에 비해 LA＋PH군에서 유의적으로 증가하였고, CO＋PH군에서는 유의적인 증가경향을 보였다. 식이 섭취량 및장기 중량은 실험군간에 차이가 없었다. 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 농도는 CO군에 비해 CO＋PH군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으나, LA＋PH군과는 차이가 없었다. 혈청 중성지방 및 인지질 농도는 CO군에 비해 CO＋PH군 및 LA＋PH군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 간장 콜레스테롤 농도는 LA＋PH군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈청 임상생화학적 지표 중 glutamic pyruvic transaminase 활성은 LA＋PH군에서 유의적으로 높았으며, lactate dehydrogenase 활성 및 blood urea nitrogen은 오히려 LA＋PH군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 다른 혈청 임상생화학적 지표 중 총 단백질, 알부민, 포도당, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 및 lactate dehydrogenase 활성은 각 실험군간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 식이 차전자피에 의한 혈중 지질 농도의 저하효과는 식이지방원 lard 첨가군에 비해 corn oil 첨가군에서 더욱 현저하였다.

Influence of dietary fat, on fatty acid composition and sensory properties of dry-cured Parma ham

A feeding trial with 27 pigs was performed in order to estimate the effect of different dietary fats on the fatty acid composition, flavour and sensory properties of dry-cured Parma hams, ripened for 16 months. The animals received a pelleted diet supplemented with different fat sources: tallow (TA), corn oil (CO), and rapeseed oil (RO). The sensory quality of the hams was evaluated by means of sensory analyses and by instrumental procedures such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the volatile aroma compounds. A treatment effect was detected for linolenic acid in RO vs. CO and TA hams ( P<0.01) and for MUFA content ( P<0.01) that was higher in RO and TA compared with CO. The results of panel test showed a significant difference ( P<0.05) between TA vs. CO and RO hams. Volatile compounds showed limited differences even if in CO group the amount of singular compound is higher than TA and RO.