Effect Of Different Additives Research Articles

A Single Step Assembly of Carbon Nanotube Fabric Containing Embedded Copper Particles Produced from Advanced Electrolytic Baths

The electrodeposition of copper particles inside carbon nanotube (CNT) tissues is presented here. Copper electrodeposition inside CNT from aqueous electrolytes has been challenging researchers in recent years, as deposition was mostly restricted to the external surface of the tissue. This work introduces several organic additives, promoting deposition inside the tissue, as well. Electrochemical methods were applied and utilized in order to study the behavior of the CNT in the plating bath, and to analyze the effect of different additives on the deposition of the copper particles. Surface morphology of the coating and the deposits inside the tissue were examined and studies. This work presents an alternative method for the deposition and implementation of copper crystals inside CNT tissue.

Screening of Potential Additives for Alleviating Slagging and Fouling during MSW Incineration: Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Evaluation

The formation of slagging and fouling during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration not only significantly affects heat transfer, but also results in shortened operating cycles. In order to solve the issues, the effect of different additives on the migration and transformation patterns of alkali/alkaline earth metals (AAEM) and chlorine during MSW incineration is screened based on the Gibbs energy minimization method. The effect of potential additives on the ash fusion temperature and combustion reactivity of MSW char is subsequently verified and evaluated by experimental methods. The thermodynamic equilibrium analysis shows that Al(NO3)3, Ca(NO3)2, and Mg(NO3)2 have great potential to increase the ash fusion temperature. The experimental investigation confirms that the addition of Al(NO3)3, Ca(NO3)2, and Mg(NO3)2 significantly increases the ash fusion temperature. The order of increasing the ash fusion temperature by different additives is Mg(NO3)2 > Ca(NO3)2 > Al(NO3)3. The addition of Mg(NO3)2 significantly increased the initial deformation temperature, softening temperature, hemispheric temperature, and flow temperature of ash from 1180, 1190, 1200, and 1240 °C to 1220, 1230, 1240, and 1260 °C, respectively. The addition of Cu(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, and KMnO4 significantly decreases the temperature at the maximum weight loss rate of MSW char, while increasing the maximum weight loss rate. Additionally, Cu(NO3)2 shows the best performance in improving the combustion reactivity of MSW char. The addition of Cu(NO3)2 evidently increases the maximum weight loss rate from 0.49 to 0.54% °C−1. Therefore, it is concluded that Mg(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2 are supposed to be the most potential candidates for efficient additives. This study presents an efficient and economical method to screen potential additives for alleviating slagging and fouling during MSW incineration.

Effect of different additives on the compressive strength of concrete powder based geopolymer

The aim of the research is to produce geopolymer using secondary raw materials. In this research work concrete powder has been used as a raw material for the production of geopolymers, which belongs to the group of construction and demolition waste (CDW). Beside this various additives (silica fume, aerosil, calcium –stearate, metakaolin, and lime hydrate) have been used to improve mechanical strength. In the study the compressive strength of geopolymers of different compositions (7, 28 and 90 days) was tested, and the geopolymerization processes were identified by FT-IR apparatus. Based on the measurement results the combined mixture of metakaolin and aerosil succeeded in producing the highest compressive strength (=59,64 MPa) geopolymer paste.

Opportunities and challenges for the application of biodiesel as automotive fuel in the 21st century

AbstractDepletion of fossil fuel and massive emissions of hazardous greenhouse gases are prompting many researchers to focus on greener renewable fuel such as biodiesel, which has the potential to replace petrodiesel partially. This review covers various aspects related to biodiesel feedstock and its effects on biodiesel characteristics, biodiesel production methods, blending techniques, biodiesel properties, combustion, engine performance, and emission analysis, the effects of different additives on biodiesel characteristics, and some challenges associated with biodiesel. Moreover, different relevant empirical correlations of biodiesel properties and combustion parameters are presented. Despite alkali catalysis being the most adopted transesterification process, lipase catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis are potential processes for future biodiesel production from low‐cost feedstock. Biodiesel has higher viscosity, density, flash point, cetane number, and pour point while having low heating value in comparison with petrodiesel. Most studies conducted on diesel engine led to a reduction in brake power, brake thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and unburned hydrocarbons, and increased brake specific fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen are associated with biodiesel compared to petrodiesel. In brief, biodiesel is comparable to petrodiesel. However, before there is a large‐scale application of biodiesel in the automotive sector it has to overcome some challenges such as its compatibility with engine components, its instability, its effect on engine wear, deposit formation, and clogging of fuel filters and injectors. Increased focus should also be given to second‐generation biodiesel over first‐generation biodiesel because second‐generation biodiesel can offset production costs, reduce deforestation, and solve the food versus fuel problem. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The martensitic transformation behavior and shape memory effect of laser powder bed fusion NiTi alloys influenced by rare earth addition

Additively manufactured (AM) has attracted extensive research due to its ability to precisely form NiTi alloys with complex structures compared to conventional fabrication processes. However, the strong-plastic mismatch, poor shape memory effect (SME) and functional properties severely limit the wide application of AM-NiTi alloys. Rare earth oxides are common additives to improve the mechanical properties of alloys. This paper is the first to report the effect of different additions of CeO2 (0.03% CeO2, 0.3% CeO2 and 3% CeO2) on the properties of NiTi alloys prepared by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology. The results showed that different amounts of CeO2 seriously affect the transition temperatures (TTs), SME and mechanical strength of LPBF-NiTi alloys. The change of TTs is mainly related to the precipitates formed after the addition of CeO2. The formation of NiCe reduces the Ni content in the matrix and thus increases the TTs, while the generation of CeTi2O6 reduces the content of Ti in the matrix, resulting in a decrease in TTs. The improvement of mechanical properties is mainly attributed to the grain refinement strengthening, precipitate-dislocation interaction and solid solution strengthening after rare earth addition. More significantly, the addition of an appropriate amount of CeO2 (0.03% CeO2) promoted the grain order of LPBF-NiTi alloys and improved the yield strength and SME.

Recent developments in nano-enhanced phase change materials for solar thermal storage

The effective utilization of solar energy is feasible by matching the energy supply to demand with selective solar collectors and energy storage. Solar thermal systems with thermal storage using phase change material (PCM) are beneficial in storing heat for later use. Although PCM has a high energy density due to latent heat, improving its low thermal conductivity is essential for adequate heat storage. Simultaneous improvement of thermal conductivity and maintaining the energy storage density of PCM using additives is a real challenge. The present review discusses the effects of different additives on improving the performance of nano-enhanced PCM. The additives are carbon, graphene, graphite, metals and their oxides, silicon, nanotube/fiber, graphene nanoplatelets, foam, carbon soots, zeolite, MXene, and carbonized kapok fiber. This review examines the preparation, characterization, mechanisms, factors affecting thermal conductivity, and applications of PCMs. Practical and compact energy systems with a selective combination of thermal conductivity enhancements are essential for the thermal energy needs of the domestic and industrial sectors. Few additives exhibit exceptional thermal conductivity by maintaining latent heat due to porous structure. This comprehensive review could help researchers select suitable enhancement additives to the PCM used for solar thermal applications.

Effects of Different Additives on the Quality of Composts Produced from Ordinary Garden Leaf Litter

Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension is a peer-reviewed international scientific journal covering a wide range of subject areas in tropical and subtropical agriculture published quarterly by the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. The journal is also available on the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna website https://www.agri.ruh.ac.lk/tare/index.htm .

Investigation on the knock characteristics in a gasoline direct-injection engine port-injected with water-methanol blends

Combustion knock is one of the key factors limiting the performance of spark-ignition engines, and thus great emphasis is placed on developing methods for effective and efficient knock suppression. The majority of works in this area are focused on the influence of these methods on the engine parameters, while maintaining the same “knock level” represented by a certain statistical parameter of knock combustion. The knock level defined as the mean or other statistical parameter of a stochastic process does not represent its characteristics. Thus, it is not evaluated on a sufficient level to show how different solutions for the knock reduction affect the knock probability distribution; nor is it known whether a universal treatment to characterise this influence can be developed. In this work we aim to fill this gap, and by the analysis of the knock combustion in a single-cylinder direct-injection gasoline engine with co-injection of water, methanol, and their blends, conclude on the effects of different additives on the probability distribution of in-cylinder pressure-related parameters. We also applied a method to normalise the knock phenomenon by a model representation of its probability distribution. The analysis was performed for knock-limited spark advance conditions for different amounts of co-injected water, methanol, and their blends. The method to normalise the knock distribution was based on the log-normal probability distribution, and it was successfully applied to obtain the knock characteristics at a quantified characteristic limit of knock, which was impossible to precisely meet directly in the tests. The results revealed that depending on the co-injected additive and its amount, the knock distribution undergoes slight but systematic changes, in terms of distribution skewness and kurtosis. At the selected knock limit, the injection of methanol resulted in knock characteristics more skewed to the knock limit comparing to the baseline case. Water addition resulted in opposite trends. Blending water and methanol gave a similar knock peak-to-peak distribution as in the gasoline-only case.

Improved H2SO4‐catalyzed alkylation reaction in a rotating packed bed reactor by adding additives

AbstractThe isobutane/butene alkylation process catalyzed by an acid solution is widely used to obtain high octane number gasoline components. However, limited by the mass transfer and mixing of the acid solution and the hydrocarbon liquid–liquid system, the product performance needs to be improved. Here, the alkylation reaction was strengthened by combining the chemical regulation of the reactant system and process intensification. Three homologs of sulphates and two hydrophilic surfactants were used as additives to regulate the properties of the acid solution, and the effect of different additives on isobutane/butene alkylation was investigated in a rotating packed bed. The Hammett acidity and solubility of isobutane in acid solutions with different additives were measured, and their synergistic effects on alkylation performance were explored. Under relatively mild conditions (the reaction at 8°C and an isobutane/butene ratio of 30:1), an excellent alkylate with a research octane number of approximately 99 was obtained, showing good industrial application prospects.

Application of Additives in Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Tending Shreds Compost in Forest

This study aimed to explore the effects of different additives on tending shreds of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. Two different additives (priming 0.2% and common compost 0.2%) combined with C, N, and P adjustment of raw material treatments were tested on the temperature, moisture, EC, pH, lignocellulose degradation rate, nutrient content, and toxicity of compost. Priming made the compost temperature rise rapidly, and the peak temperature of the composting group with priming reached 51 °C. At the end of composting, the moisture in each treatment from high to low was in the order: common compost > priming > C/N, C/P adjustment only > control group. The increase of EC in the treatments with additives was great, and the peak value of EC in the treatment of priming was 1.30 ms·cm−1, which was 3.9 times higher than that of the control group. At the end of composting, the decomposition rate of cellulose in priming compost was 1.7 times higher than that in the control group, and the hemicellulose decomposition rate in the common compost group was 3.2 times higher than that in the control group. By the end of composting, the pH value of the composts in additive treatments was above 7.0, and the pH value of the priming treatment was the highest (7.5). The highest content of organic matter was found in the priming treatment, which was 52%, 1.7 times higher than that in the control group. The total nutrient content (TN + K2O + P2O5) of additive treatments was higher than 5.0%, and the priming treatment was 2.7% higher than that of the control group. By the end of composting, the germination rate and germination index ranged from 88% to 91% and 60% to 81%. Except for the control group, the C/N ratio of other treatments decreased to below 25. Additives can accelerate the decomposition of raw materials, shorten the composting cycle, and improve the quality of composts, and the effect of adding priming is the most significant.

Waste engine oil and polyphosphoric acid enhanced the sustainable self-healing of asphalt binder and its fatigue behavior

Asphalt self-healing capability is critical to the asphalt industry's sustainable development. The paper attempts to explore the feasibility of waste engine oil (WEO) and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to enhance self-healing of asphalt binder and its fatigue behavior. The different proportion of WEO and PPA were mixed with asphalt to modify asphalt initially. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test were adopted to establish the modulus master curve and evaluate fatigue behavior. With the aim of estimating the healing degree of asphalt binders, evaluating indicators consist of fatigue life recovery, modulus recovery and dissipated energy recovery were adopted based on fatigue-healing test. The phase state transition of asphalt binders related to temperature was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test. Ultimately, to evaluate modification effect of different additives on asphalt binder comprehensively, radar chart method is employed. It can be concluded that the addition of PPA and WEO improves fatigue performance and self-healing of asphalt binder. As for additives with 2% PPA and 2% WEO, 1% PPA and 4% WEO, fatigue life in LAS predicted model presents extreme value, increasing by 1000% and 1150% than original asphalt respectively. The raise of anti-permanent deformation for asphalt modified by WEO/PPA can be attributed to the presence of PPA. Compared with original asphalt, a significant increase of fatigue life recovery, modulus recovery and dissipated energy recovery is observed at asphalt modified with 6% WEO regardless of PPA content. Additionally, the healing indicators increment of the original asphalt is larger than modified asphalt with the extension of the healing time. This is because most of damage of modified asphalt could recover at a relatively short time. Analysis of the DSC indicates that the two peak temperatures of original asphalt are lower than that of modified asphalt. It helps to improve self-healing and fatigue behavior of asphalt binder. Overall, a promising way to promote the sustainable development of asphalt industry is put forward.

Additives Altered Bacterial Communities and Metabolic Profiles in Silage Hybrid Pennisetum.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality, nutrient composition, bacterial communities, and metabolic profiles of the silage of hybrid Pennisetum. The experiment was conducted using five treatments, i.e., CK, control group, MA, 1% malic acid of fresh matter (FM) basis, GL, 1% glucose of FM basis, CE, 100 U/g FM cellulase, and BS, 106 cfu/g FM Bacillus subtilis, with six replicates each treatment. After a 120-day fermentation, 30 silage packages were opened for subsequent determination. As a result, all four additives had positive effects on the fermentation quality and nutrient composition of the silage of hybrid Pennisetum. The high-throughput sequencing of V3–V4 regions in 16S rRNA was performed, and results showed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla and that Aquabacterium and Bacillus were the dominant genera. MA, GL, CE, and BS treatment resulted in 129, 21, 25, and 40 differential bacteria, respectively. The four additives upregulated Bacillus smithii but downregulated Lactobacillus rossiae. Metabolic profiles were determined by UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS technology and the differential metabolites caused by the four additives were 47, 13, 47, and 18, respectively. These metabolites played antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory functions and involved in pathways, such as the citrate cycle, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. In conclusion, silage additives promoted fermentation quality and nutrient composition by altering bacterial communities and metabolic profiles. This study provided potential biomarkers for the improvement of silage quality.

Effects of Different Additives on Microbial Community Structure at High Temperature Period During Chicken Manure Composting

Effects of Different Additives on Microbial Community Structure at High Temperature Period During Chicken Manure Composting

Investigation on the effect of different additives on anaerobic co-digestion of corn straw and sewage sludge: Comparison of biochar, Fe3O4, and magnetic biochar

The co-digestion of corn straw and sewage sludge with different additives (biochar, magnetic biochar, Fe3O4) were investigated. The highest cumulative methane yield of 245.15 mL/g VSadded was obtained with the Fe3O4 addition ratio of 5 g/kg, which was 60.47% higher than that of the control run (without additives). The lag phase time was shortened from 5.46 to 3.82 days with a biochar dosage of 5 g/kg. The performance of Fe3O4 on methane production from the co-digestion process was better than that of the biochar and magnetic biochar. The direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) was enhanced with regard to the increased concentration of acetic acid and decreased concentration of propionic acid. Microbial community analysis showed that the Geobacter and Methanosarcina were selectively enriched on the surface of Fe3O4, promoting the DIET and acetoclastic methanogenesis pathway. The cost-benefit analysis proved that the strategy of recycling Fe3O4 additive has the best economic benefit.

Formation of Ferrous Didodecanethiolate in the Mechanochemical Reaction between Dodecanethiol and Metallic Iron and Iron Sulfides: Investigating the Effect of Different Additives and Solvents

Formation of Ferrous Didodecanethiolate in the Mechanochemical Reaction between Dodecanethiol and Metallic Iron and Iron Sulfides: Investigating the Effect of Different Additives and Solvents

Evaluation of Moisture Damage in Asphalt Mixtures at Macro- and Nanoscales

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of different additives on the moisture resistance of asphalt binders using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and to correlate the results with ...

Evaluation of the rejuvenating effect of different additives on bituminous mixtures including hot-recycled RA as a function of the production temperature

The increasing bitumen cost, the growth of the traffic loads and the need to find more sustainable paving practices are forcing agencies to identify new ways to maximise the re-use of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA). If RA could theoretically be 100% recycled, its content in bituminous layers is still restricted in most countries mainly due to legislation limitations and technical issues. In particular, the stiffer and more brittle mixes, usually resulting from RA addition, have raised concerns about the long-term properties of the pavement. In order to further increase the amount of usable RA, rejuvenating additives can be included in the mixtures. The paper deals with the analysis of seven additives, with particular focus on their ability in mitigating the effects of the presence of RA in the mix as a function of production temperature. In particular, FTIR analysis was carried out on the additives to evaluate the differences in their chemical composition. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the mixtures including 50% RA and produced at 140°C or 170°C were investigated. The results showed the reduction of the mixing temperature from 170°C to 140°C determined a slight increase of the air voids content but also allowed a significant decrease of mix stiffness and strength with a contemporary increase of ductility. The mixtures containing 50% RA and the additive had an intermediate behaviour between the mix without RA and the mix with 50% RA and no additive. The additives investigated in this research showed, in most cases, different chemical structures, which reflected in their rejuvenating performance. The comparative analysis of the results from mechanical and chemical tests provided remarkable information about the characteristic properties of a good rejuvenator, particularly the presence of esters and the high flashpoint.

Effect of different additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of growing pullets fed diets from two varieties of cassava root meal

Cassava is higher in supply of carbohydrates than maize and can potentially replace maize as a veritable energy source in poultry diets. A five-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of two varieties of cassava root meal (CRM) with various additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of pullets. Two hundred and forty 16-weeks old point of lay birdswere allotted to eight dietary treatments in a 2x4 factorial arrangement of white (TME 419) and yellow (ITA/IBD/1368) CRM supplemented with no additive, amino acids (methionine and lysine), enzyme and amino acids+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Growth measurements were recorded from 17 weeks till the start of lay at 21 weeks old and data on reproductive traits were also recorded in each treatment. Variety effect showed improved (p<0.05) live weight gain at a reduced cost in growing pullets fed with diets containing white cassava than yellow. Supplementing white cassava root meal (WCRM) and yellow cassava root meal (YCRM) with additives did not promote growth of the pullets. Pullets fed with diet containing WCRM supplemented with A.A laid the first egg at an earlier age with lower (p<0.05) body weight.In conclusion, feeding white cassava root meal with no additive to growing pullets improved live weight at a reduced cost, although supplementing white cassava root meal with amino acids resulted in the birds coming to lay earlier.
 
 
 Le manioc est plus riche en glucides que le maïs et peut potentiellement remplacer le maïs en tant que véritable source d'énergie dans l'alimentation des volailles. Une expérience de cinq semaines a été menée pour étudier l'effet de la supplémentation alimentaire de deux variétés de farine de racine de manioc (CRM) avec divers additifs sur les performances de croissance et les caractéristiques de reproduction des poulettes. Deux cent quarante oiseaux de point de ponte âgés de 16 semaines ont été répartis en huit traitements diététiques dans un arrangement factoriel 2x4 de CRM blanc (TME 419) et jaune (ITA/IBD/1368) supplémenté sans additif, d'acides aminés (méthionine et lysine ), enzyme et acides aminés+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Les mesures de croissance ont été enregistrées à partir de 17 semaines jusqu'au début de la ponte à 21 semaines et des données sur les traits de reproduction ont également été enregistrées dans chaque traitement. L'effet de variété a montré une amélioration (p<0,05) du gain de poids vif à un coût réduit chez les poulettes en croissance nourries avec des régimes contenant du manioc blanc plutôt que du jaune. La supplémentation de farine de racine de manioc blanche (WCRM) et de farine de racine de manioc jaune (YCRM) avec des additifs n'a pas favorisé la croissance des poulettes. Les poulettes nourries avec un régime contenant du WCRM supplémenté en AAont pondu le premier œuf à un âge plus précoce avec un poids corporel inférieur (p<0,05). l'ajout d'acides aminés à la farine de racine de manioc blanc a permis aux oiseaux de pondre plus tôt

Study on the effect of different additives on improving the thermal conductivity of organic PCM

ABSTRACT Graphite (Grp) powder, nano-silicon (Si) powder, nano-copper (Cu) powder, nano-tungsten (Wu) powder, and nickel (Ni) powder were selected as the additives in this study. Meanwhile, stearic acid (SA), paraffin wax (P), and a P-SA mixture were added in 5%, 15%, 30%, and 50% proportions, to prepare 63 combinations of composite Phase Change Materials (PCM). The variation of thermal conductivity of the 63 sorts of composite PCM were studied experimentally. The aim of study was to understand the impact of the five additives on the thermal conductivity of the PCM. The results show that each of the additives can facilitate in the thermal conductivity of the PCM, and through 500 heating and cooling cycles, the fluctuation range is still less than 10%. Among the additives tested, graphite powder displayed the best performance. The addition of tungsten powder to the PCM resulted in poor fusibility, and the lowest increase in thermal conductivity.

Effect of different additives on freezing characteristics and stability of GnP-aqueous-based PCM for cold thermal storage

Effect of different additives on freezing characteristics and stability of GnP-aqueous-based PCM for cold thermal storage