Effects Of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation Research Articles

Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on the Modulation of Microbiota and Th17/Treg Immune Response Signaling Pathway in Piglets after Lipopolysaccharide Challenge

BackgroundGlutamine (Gln) has an important effect on the growth performance and immune function of piglets. However, the effect of Gln on intestinal immunity in piglets through modulating the signaling pathways of the helper T cells 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) immune response has not been reported. ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the effect of Gln on piglet growth performance and immune stress response and its mechanism in piglets. MethodsTwenty-four weaned piglets were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 6 replicates each, using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: diet (basal diet or 1% Gln diet) and immunological challenge [saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. After 21 d, half of the piglets on the basal diet and 1% Gln diet received the intraperitoneal injection of LPS and the other half received the same volume of normal saline. ResultsThe results showed that Gln increased average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). Dietary Gln increased the villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus sp., and Ruminococcus sp. while reducing the abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 sp., and Terrisporobacter sp. (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Gln increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the colon and the expression of genes of interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-beta-1, forkhead box P3 while downregulating the expression of genes of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-17A, IL-21, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and rar-related orphan receptor c in ileum (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong association between colonic microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and ileal inflammatory cytokines. ConclusionsThese results suggest that dietary Gln could improve growth performance and attenuate LPS-challenged intestinal inflammation by modulating microbiota and the Th17/Treg immune response signaling pathway in piglets.

Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance, intestinal digestive ability, antioxidant status and hepatic lipid accumulation in Xenocypris davidi (Bleeker,1871)

Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance, intestinal digestive ability, antioxidant status and hepatic lipid accumulation in Xenocypris davidi (Bleeker,1871)

Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on Heat-Induced Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In avian species, heat stress (HS) is usually the result of being exposed to high ambient temperatures, whereas oxidative stress (OS) results from the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The current literature suggests that HS often leads to OS. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of glutamine on the antioxidant status and growth performances in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 13 studies were deemed eligible after an exhaustive search of the literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Briefly, the following criteria were used to select the studies: trials performed on broilers; publication in peer-review journals using English as the text language; and sufficient details about the design and inclusion of dietary glutamine as a treatment for HS. Two main categories of outcomes were extracted from the studies included in the review: growth parameters and OS markers. For the meta-analysis, a random effect model was used when the heterogeneity was higher than 50%, and a fixed effect model was applied otherwise. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD), and mean differences (MD) with their confidence intervals (CI) from the studies revealed that dietary glutamine could increase body weight gain (SMD = 0.70, CI = 0.50 to 0.90, p < 0.05), and feed intake (FI) (SMD = 0.64, CI = 0.43 to 0.86, p < 0.05), and reduce the feed conversion ratio (MD = -0.05, CI = -0.07 to -0.02, p < 0.05) in heat-exposed birds. Additionally, higher glutamine (SMD = 1.21, CI = 1.00 to 1.43, p < 0.05), glutathione (SMD = 1.25, CI = 0.88 to 1.62, p < 0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (SMD = 0.97, CI = 0.58 to 1.36, p < 0.05), and catalase (SMD = 0.94, CI = 0.72 to 1.16, p < 0.05) levels were recorded in the serum, breast, and thigh muscle after supplementation of glutamine. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis revealed that malondialdehydes levels were decreased only in the serum (SMD = -0.83, CI = -1.25 to -0.41, p < 0.001) and thigh muscle (SMD = -1.30, CI = -1.86 to -0.35, p < 0.001) while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was increased in the breast (SMD = 1.32, CI = 0.95 to 1.68, p < 0.05) and thigh muscle (SMD = 1.53, CI = 1.06 to 1.99, p < 0.05). Meta-regression models indicated that longer periods of heat exposure were inversely associated with the effectiveness of dietary glutamine in increasing FI, GPX, and SOD (p < 0.05). Besides, increasing the dietary concentration of glutamine led to higher GPX and SOD levels (p < 0.05). Taken together, results suggest that dietary supplementation of glutamine can effectively mitigate the deleterious effects of HS by enhancing the antioxidant status and increasing growth performances in broilers.

Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on immune cell polarization and muscle regeneration in diabetic mice with limb ischemia.

Diabetes is a chronic inflammatory disorder resulting in endothelial dysfunction which contributes to peripheral arterial disease and limb ischemia. Leukocytes play critical roles in vascular and tissue remodelling after ischemia. This study investigated the effects of dietary glutamine (GLN) supplementation on immune cell polarization in diabetic mice subjected to limb ischemia. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin for 5 consecutive days in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetic mice were fed the AIN-93 diet or an AIN-93 diet in which a part of the casein was replaced by GLN. After 3 weeks of the dietary intervention, mice were subjected to unilateral femoral artery ligation to induce limb ischemia. GLN supplementation enhanced the proportion of anti-inflammatory monocytes and regulatory T cells in the blood. Expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 by activated CD4+ T cells was promoted and prolonged in the GLN-supplemented group. GLN downregulated the percentage of M1 macrophages in muscle tissues which was correlated with lower levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in plasma. The muscle M1/M2 ratio was also reduced in the GLN group. Gene expression of interleukin-6 was suppressed by GLN supplementation, while expression levels of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and myogenic differentiation 1 genes were elevated in post-ischemic muscles. Histological findings also indicated that muscle regeneration was accelerated in the GLN group. GLN supplementation in diabetic mice may exert more-balanced polarization of CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, thus attenuating inflammatory responses and contributing to muscle regeneration after limb ischemia.

Glutamine supplementation improves intestinal cell proliferation and stem cell differentiation in weanling mice.

BackgroundIntestinal stem cells can be differentiated into absorptive enterocytes and secretory cells, including Paneth cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Glutamine is a primary metabolic fuel of small intestinal enterocytes and is essential for the viability and growth of intestinal cells.ObjectiveWhether glutamine supplementation affects the differentiation of intestinal stem cells is unknown.DesignThree-week-old ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) male mice were divided randomly into two groups: 1) mice receiving a basal diet and normal drinking water and 2) mice receiving a basal diet and drinking water supplemented with glutamine. After 2 weeks, the mice were sacrificed to collect the ileum for analysis.ResultsThe study found that glutamine supplementation in weanling mice decreases the crypt depth in the ileum, leading to higher ratio of villus to crypt in the ileum, but promotes cell proliferation of intestinal cells and mRNA expression of Lgr5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing g-protein coupled receptor5) in the ileum. Glutamine has no effect on the number of Paneth cells and goblet cells, and the expression of markers for absorptive enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells.ConclusionThese findings reveal the beneficial effects of dietary glutamine supplementation to improve intestinal morphology in weanling mammals.

Effect of dietary glutamine supplementation associated with threonine levels in the intestinal mucosa of broilers challenged with Eimeria sp. from 22 to 42 days of age

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine and threonine supplementation on the ileal mucosa of broilers aged 21-42 days. Six-hundred and forty-one-day old chicks of the Cobb Slow lineage were utilized in this study. From 1 to 21 days of age, the chicks received a commercial diet; and after 22 days, the broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 ? 4 factorial scheme (challenge and diet), with 4 replications and 20 chicks per experimental unit. At 22 days of age, the challenged broilers received a commercial vaccine against coccidiosis. A commercial diet was utilized as control and three other diets were formulated with reduced crude protein (-3%), and were corrected with the addition of glutamine (Gln) and glutamic acid (Glu) as non-specific nitrogen sources, and finally supplemented with L-Threonine (Thr) at 0.70, 0.80, and 0.85% digestible threonine, respectively. At 28 days of age, diets with Gln/Glu + Thr resulted in greater ileal villi lengths. Challenge with Eimeria sp. reduced the number of goblet cells and increased the duodenal and jejunal crypt depths. At 42 days of age, an interaction was observed between diet and challenge in relation to ileal villi length; better results were observed in the challenged broilers that received 0.85% Gln/Glu + Thr. The mucosal morphology in the ileal villi extremities was preserved in the challenged broilers that received higher Thr levels in their diets. The results suggested that the inclusion of glutamine and threonine affected the morphometry and mucosa of the ileum, thereby improving the mucosal quality.

Influence of dietary glutamine supplementation on performance, biochemical indices and enzyme activities in broilers with cold-induced ascites

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on performance and biochemical indices of broilers with cold-induced ascites. A total of 240 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to three treatment groups, with four replicate pens per treatment and 20 birds per pen. The control birds were kept in a thermoneutral chamber and fed a basal diet, whereas the other two experimental groups were kept in a cold chamber to induce ascites and fed the basal diet supplemented with either 0 or 100 mg of glutamine/kg. The cold-treated birds consumed less (P &lt; 0.05) feed and had lower (P &lt; 0.05) weight gain compared with the control birds. Dietary glutamine supplementation had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on broiler performance. The cold-treated birds had higher (P &lt; 0.05) right ventricle to total ventricle ratio and mortality due to ascites compared with the control birds. However, mortality due to ascites and right ventricle to total ventricle ratio was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) by dietary glutamine supplementation. The cold-treated birds had higher (P &lt; 0.05) red blood cell counts, haematocrit percentage and haemoglobin concentration compared with the control birds at 21 and 42 days of age. The activities of plasma lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in cold-treated birds compared with the control birds at 42 days of age, but dietary glutamine supplementation reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase near to the control levels. The plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase activities were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in cold-treated birds compared with the control birds at 21 and 42 days of age, whereas the reverse was true for malondialdehyde concentrations. The glutathione peroxidase activity was increased (P &lt; 0.05), whereas the malondialdehyde concentration was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by dietary glutamine supplementation compared with the cold-treated birds at 42 days of age. The results indicated that the beneficial effect of glutamine is probably related to its ability to maintain near to normal free radical scavenging enzymes and the level of glutathione peroxidase bioactivity, thereby protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage via decreased lipid peroxidation.

Effects of dietary glutamine on survival, growth performance, activities of digestive enzyme, antioxidant status and hypoxia stress resistance of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther) post larvae

Abstract A 30-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on survival, growth performance, activities of digestive enzyme, antioxidant abilities and hypoxia stress tolerance of larval half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis (35 days after hatching, 10.64 ± 0.86 mg). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated with supplementation of graded levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% dry diet) of glutamine (with free dietary glutamine estimated to be about 0.03, 0.46, 0.91, 1.73% dry diet), and were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of post larvae (150 post larvae per tank) to apparent satiation five times daily. The results indicated that, survival and growth performance of fish fed all glutamine-supplemented diets were significantly increased compared to the control group (P 0.05). Fish fed diets supplemented with 0.5–2.0% glutamine showed significantly higher GPX expression and lower CAT expression than those in fish fed the control diet (P C. semilaevis post larvae through improving activities of digestive enzyme, enhancing antioxidant abilities and hypoxia stress resistance. The optimal dietary free glutamine level based on SGR for C. semilaevis post larvae in the present study was estimated to be approximately 0.63% dry diet. Statement of relevance The present study mainly investigated effects of dietary glutamine on growth performance, antioxidant ability and stress resistance of half-smooth tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis ) post larvae. Our findings have showed that dietary glutamine could improve growth performance of C.semilaevis post larvae, and for the first time revealed that dietary glutamine could modulate gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in C. semilaevis post larvae. The results are reliable and of both theoretical and practical importance. The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed.I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Aquaculture.

LB003-MON: The Effect of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis in Patients with Esophagogastric Cancer

multidisciplinary nutrition intervention project at a major urban general hospital in Hanoi. Methods: Cross-sectional data from patients aged 31 d 90 y hospitalized in seven key wards were obtained using a one-day survey method in 2010 and repeated in 2013. Data included age, sex, admission type, route of feeding, days of hospitalization, actual or recall weight and height, and nutrition Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) scores. Unavailable patientsand those expected to be discharged within 24 hours were excluded. Malnutrition was defined based on WHO references. Kappa and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: The 2010 and 2013 samples consisted of 674 (57% male) and 791 (58% male) patients. At baseline, 18% (19/106) children were wasted, 13% (14/106) stunted, 4% (4/106) overweight and 0% obese, while 33% (179/536) adults were underweight, 5% (29/536) overweight and 1% (4/536) obese. Using SGA at baseline, 48% (52/108) children and 50% (268/542) adults were at nutrition risk (Fair agreement, Kappa 0.21 [0.06 0.35], p < 0.01). Inpatients in 2013 vs. 2010 differed by admission type, weight documentation, and feeding route (P< 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding variables including sex, age, missing actual weight (or height), and days of hospitalization, patients admitted in 2013 vs. 2010 were 23% less likely to be malnourished (OR: 0.77 [0.61 0.98]). Using this adjusted model, the hazard ratio of malnutrition in children <5 y was 75% lower (OR: 0.25 [0.13 0.49]) and 2.6 times higher in adults 19 24.9 y (OR: 2.57[1.62 4.10]) compared to adults age 25 65 y. Conclusion: The risk of malnutrition in a major Vietnamese general hospital improved over a three-year period of nutrition intervention and was highest in young adults. Prospective studies are needed.

The effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens reared under hot conditions

The effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens reared under hot conditions

Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on Nutrient Absorption and Activity of Enzymes Involved in Glutamine Metabolism and Energy Production in the Jejunum of Weaned Piglets

Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on Nutrient Absorption and Activity of Enzymes Involved in Glutamine Metabolism and Energy Production in the Jejunum of Weaned Piglets

Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on the Body Composition and Protein Status of Early-Weaned Mice Inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

Glutamine, one of the most abundant amino acids found in maternal milk, favors protein anabolism. Early-weaned babies are deprived of this source of glutamine, in a period during which endogenous biosynthesis may be insufficient for tissue needs in states of metabolic stress, mainly during infections. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on the body composition and visceral protein status of early-weaned mice inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Mice were weaned early on their 14th day of life and seperated into two groups, one of which was fed a glutamine-free diet (n = 16) and the other a glutamine-supplemented diet (40 g/kg diet) (n = 16). At 21 days of age, some mice were intraperitoneally injected with BCG. Euthanasia was performed at the 28th day of age. BCG inoculation significantly reduced body weight (P < 0.001), lean mass (P = 0.002), water (P = 0.006), protein (P = 0.007) and lipid content (P = 0.001) in the carcass. Dietary glutamine supplementation resulted in a significant increase in serum IGF-1 (P = 0.019) and albumin (P = 0.025) concentration, muscle protein concentration (P = 0.035) and lipid content (P = 0.002) in the carcass. In conclusion, dietary glutamine supplementation had a positive influence on visceral protein status but did not affect body composition in early-weaned mice inoculated with BCG.

Effect of dietary glutamine supplementation on Salmonella colonization in the ceca of young broiler chicks

Live poultry is an important vehicle for transmitting Salmonella Typhimurium to humans that have salmonellosis. It is therefore imperative to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium levels in the gastrointestinal tract of live chickens. Glutamine is an established immunonutrient that is capable of alleviating disease conditions in humans and rats. Thus, 2 experiments that used Ross broiler chicks were conducted to evaluate the effect of glutamine supplementation at 1% level of the diet on cecal Salmonella Typhimurium levels in young broiler chicks. Experiment 1 consisted of i) treatment 1 (control, CN), in which chicks were given an unmedicated corn-soybean meal basal starter diet without glutamine supplementation or Salmonella Typhimurium challenge; ii) treatment 2 (CST), in which chicks were given the same diet as CN but challenged with 3.6 x 10(6) cfu Salmonella Typhimurium/mL at 3 d of age; and iii) treatment 3 (GST), in which chicks were given the unmedicated corn-soybean meal basal starter diet supplemented with glutamine at 1% level, and challenged with 3.6 x 10(6) cfu at 3 d of age. Experiment 2 used similar treatments (CN, CST, and GST), except that chicks in CST and GST were challenged with 7.4 x 10(7) cfu Salmonella Typhimurium/mL, and a fourth treatment was added. The fourth treatment consisted of chicks that were not challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium but given the same diet as in GST. Duration of each experiment was 14 d. Growth performance of chicks was monitored weekly, and cecal Salmonella Typhimurium concentration was microbiologically enumerated on d 4, 10, or 11 postchallenge. Results showed that glutamine supplementation improved BW and BW gain in experiment 2 (P < 0.05) but did not reduce cecal Salmonella Typhimurium levels in either experiment (P > 0.05). The optimum supplemental level of glutamine that will enhance intestinal resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium colonization should be determined.

Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide administration

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical syndrome associated with respiratory dysfunction, and neutrophils are considered to be central to the pathogenesis of ALI. This study investigated the effects of glutamine (Gln) on neutrophil recruitment in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard diet either with casein as the nitrogen source or with 25% of total nitrogen replaced by Gln. After 10 days, intratracheal instillation of LPS was used to induce ALI. Mice were killed at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after LPS administration (n = 10/group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissues were collected for further analysis. The results showed that, compared with the control group, lipid peroxide levels in the lungs were higher at 12 and 24 h after LPS administration in the Gln group. CXC chemokines as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly elevated and reached peaks at 6 h in the Gln group, which was earlier than in the control group. Histopathological findings showed that the thickening of alveolar septal space was extensive in the Gln group 24 h and 2 wk after LPS. Also, greater amounts of collagen had accumulated in lung tissue in the Gln group. This study indicates that dietary Gln administration resulted in higher inflammatory cytokine production, with more neutrophils recruited at the early stage of ALI. These results were consistent with the histopathological findings that Gln supplementation causes more severe interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in a model of ALI induced by LPS.

Gene Expression Is Altered in Piglet Small Intestine by Weaning and Dietary Glutamine Supplementation 3

Dietary supplementation of glutamine prevents intestinal dysfunction and atrophy in weanling piglets, but the underlying mechanism(s) are largely unknown. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that weaning or glutamine may modulate expression of genes that are crucial for intestinal metabolism and function. In Expt. 1, we obtained small intestine from 28-d-old pigs weaned at 21 d of age and from age-matched suckling piglets. In Expt. 2, piglets were weaned at 21 d of age and then had free access to diets supplemented with 1% L-glutamine (wt:wt) or isonitrogenous L-alanine (control). At d 28, we collected small intestine for biochemical and morphological measurements and microarray analysis of gene expression using the Operon Porcine Genome Oligo set. Early weaning resulted in increased (52–346%) expression of genes related to oxidative stress and immune activation but decreased (35–77%) expression of genes related to macronutrient metabolism and cell proliferation in the gut. Dietary glutamine supplementation increased intestinal expression (120–124%) of genes that are necessary for cell growth and removal of oxidants, while reducing (34–75%) expression of genes that promote oxidative stress and immune activation. Functionally, the glutamine treatment enhanced intestinal oxidative-defense capacity (indicated by a 29% increase in glutathione concentration), prevented jejunal atrophy, and promoted small intestine growth (+12%) and body weight gain (+19%) in weaned piglets. These findings reveal coordinate alterations of gene expression in response to weaning and aid in providing molecular mechanisms for the beneficial effect of dietary glutamine supplementation to improve nutrition status in young mammals.

Dietary glutamine supplementation improves structure and function of intestine of juvenile Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary glutamine supplementation on juvenile Jian carp growth performance, structure and function of intestine. Six experimental diets supplemented 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0% l-glutamine were fed to three-replicate groups of fish (mean weight: 7.78 ± 0.02 g) for 80 days. Glutamine supplementation improved weight gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, intestinal weight, fold height and digestive enzyme activities ( P < 0.05). These results provide an experimental basis for use of glutamine in improving growth performance, intestinal structure and function of juvenile Jian carp.

Prophylactic effect of dietary glutamine supplementation on interleukin 8 and tumour necrosis factor α production in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis

Background—It is well established that glutamine supplemented elemental diets result in less severe intestinal damage in experimental colitis. However, few studies have examined the mode of action of glutamine in...