Effects Of Deprivations Research Articles

The role of material deprivations in determining ART adherence: Evidence from a conjoint analysis among HIV-positive adults in Uganda.

Despite sustained global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART), adherence to ART remains low. Less than half of those in HIV care in Uganda achieve 85% adherence to their ART medication required for clinically meaningful viral suppression, leaving them at higher risk of transmission. Key barriers to ART adherence include poverty-related structural barriers that are inter-connected and occur simultaneously, making it challenging to examine and disentangle them empirically and in turn design effective interventions. Many people living with HIV (PLWH) make tradeoffs between these various barriers (e.g., between expenses for food or transportation) and these can influence long-term health behavior such as adherence to ART. To be able to estimate the distinct influence of key structural barriers related to poverty, we administered a conjoint analysis (CA) to 320 HIV-positive adults currently taking ART at an urban clinic in Uganda between July 2019 and September 2020. We varied the levels of four poverty-related attributes (food security, sleep deprivation, monthly income, and physical pain) that occur simultaneously and asked respondents how they would adhere to their medication under different combinations of attribute levels. This allows us to disentangle the effect of each attribute from one another and to assess their relative importance. We used regression analysis to estimate the effects of each attribute level and found that food security impacts expected adherence the most (treatment effect = 1.3; 95% CI 1.11-1.49, p<0.001), followed by income (treatment effect = 0.99; 95% CI 0.88-1.10, p<0.001. Sleep and pain also impact adherence, although by a smaller magnitude. Sub-group analyses conducted via regression analysis examine heterogeneity in results and suggest that the effects of material deprivations on expected adherence are greater among those with high levels of existing food insecurity. Results from this CA indicate that external factors inherent in the lives of the poor and unrelated to direct ART access can be important barriers to ART adherence. This study applies a CA (typically administered in marketing applications) among PLWH to better understand individual-level perceptions relating to poverty that often occur simultaneously. Policy interventions should address food insecurity and income to improve adherence among HIV-positive adults.

The effects of sensory deprivations during the initial practice of short piano pieces: An experiment with four students at different academic levels

This article discusses the effects of sensory deprivations during the initial practice of four short piano compositions in both deprivation and postdeprivation situations. Four different experimental conditions were employed: (A) deprivation of the piano, with visual decoding of the score; (B) deprivation of the piano and score, with auditory decoding of a commercial recording of the practiced composition; (C) deprivation of the sound response, with the score being decoded in a turned-off digital piano; and (D) deprivation of the score, with the recording being decoded on an acoustic piano. Four participants, all piano students, were part of the research sample: one who was taking piano classes in the university’s extension program; two undergraduate participants, a sophomore and a senior; and a student in the graduate program. Three participants managed to recreate the auditory information they did not have as a function of the condition of deprivation based on their own manipulations and aural skills. The effects of the deprivations on the four participants while practicing raised their awareness of how to use their personal skills to extract information from their practice sessions and affected their aims regarding the pieces they practiced.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Vigilance, Attention, and Performance During Simulated Train Driving

Sleep deprivation has been cited as a major factor that plays an important role in many incidents in the transportation sector. Sleep-deprived train drivers is a fairly common phenomenon in Indonesia, with local reports indicating a good percentage of train drivers who are sleep deprived prior to work. The present study was aimed at quantifying the effects of sleep deprivation on alertness and performance during prolonged simulated train driving. A total of 12 subjects participated in this study and were asked to sleep for approximately 2 h (sleep deprived) and 8 h (normal sleep) the night before the experimental day. The experiment consisted of driving a train simulator for 4 h on a monotonous route. Fatigue and sleepiness were assessed using Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and Sustained Attention Test (SAT), conducted before and after the driving simulation. Subjective levels of fatigue and sleepiness were determined using questionnaires, while driving performance was measured based on the number of speed-limit violations. Results of this study showed that two hours of sleep was characterized with an initial subjective fatigue and sleepiness measures that were up to two to three times greater than the normal sleep condition. This condition also resulted in poorer driving performance (75% increase in the number of speeding error). While the effects of sleep deprivations on the performance of train driving is probably obvious, the quantitative effects have not been addressed extensively in the literature. It is concluded in this study that the effects of excessive sleep deprivation on fatigue and sleepiness varies, depending on the measures used.

Sleep Deprivation Etiologies Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: Literature Review.

Sleep deprivation among patients is a common problem in the intensive care unit (ICU). Studies have tried to find the etiologies of sleep deprivation. Poor sleep quality in the ICU has effects such as delirium, weakening the wound healing, and anxiety. Researches have concluded that the etiologies for sleep deprivation are multifactorial. The aim of this review is to discuss the etiologies of sleep deprivation among ICU patients. This review also aims to discuss effects of sleep deprivations and provide implications for promoting sleep quality in the ICU. For this literature review, ProQuest, MEDLINE, and Up To Date were used to find articles about sleep deprivation among ICU patients. The search was narrowed to articles between 2008 and 2019. A total of 23 articles were included that were found to match the inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that sleep deprivations etiologies among ICU patients can be environmental and nonenvironmental. Sensory overload, sensory deprivation, and patients' care activities are environmental etiologies for sleep deprivation. The nonenvironmental factors include pharmacological, physical, and psychological factors. Sleep deprivation etiologies are multifactorial and have several effects on ICU patients. Sleep protocol and staff training should be introduced to reduce unnecessary interventions by ICU staff. Tele-ICU monitoring can also be introduced to reduce unnecessary interventions where clinicians can monitor patients remotely and therefore enhance sleep in the ICU. During their stay in the ICU, patients can be instructed to wear earplugs and also have aromatherapy massage to reduce stress and enhance sleep quality. More research on the physical pain and the psychological factors using objective methods should be conducted in the future.

A Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Socioeconomic Deprivations on Depression of middle-aged Single-Person Household - A Focus on the Comparison between Single-person and Multi-person Households -

A Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Socioeconomic Deprivations on Depression of middle-aged Single-Person Household - A Focus on the Comparison between Single-person and Multi-person Households -

Effects of alcohol and saccharin deprivations on concurrent ethanol and saccharin operant self-administration by alcohol-preferring (P) rats

Consumption of sweet solutions has been associated with a reduction in withdrawal symptoms and alcohol craving in humans. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of ethanol and saccharin (SACC) deprivations on operant oral self-administration. Alcohol-preferring (P) rats were allowed to lever press concurrently self-administer ethanol (15% vol/vol) and SACC (0.0125% g/vol) for 8 weeks. Rats were then maintained on daily operant access (nondeprived), deprived of both fluids (2 weeks), deprived of SACC and given 2 ml of ethanol daily, or deprived of ethanol and given 2 ml of SACC daily. All groups were then given 2 weeks of daily operant access to ethanol and SACC, followed by an identical second deprivation period. P rats responded more for ethanol than SACC. All deprived groups increased responding on the ethanol lever, but not on the SACC lever. Daily consumption of 2 ml ethanol decreased the duration of the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). Home cage access to 2 ml of SACC also decreased the ADE but to a lesser extent than access to ethanol. A second deprivation period further increased and prolonged the expression of an ADE. These results show ethanol is a more salient reinforcer than SACC. With concurrent access to ethanol and SACC, P rats do not display a saccharin deprivation effect. Depriving P rats of both ethanol and SACC had the most pronounced effect on the magnitude and duration of the ADE, suggesting that there may be some interactions between ethanol and SACC in their CNS reinforcing effects.

Effects of multiple alcohol deprivations on operant ethanol self-administration by high-alcohol-drinking replicate rat lines

Previously, we reported that the expression of an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) under 24-h free-choice alcohol-drinking access in high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) replicate lines of rats is dependent upon repeated cycles of alcohol access and forced abstinence. In the present study, operant techniques (including progressive ratio measures) were used to examine the effects of initial deprivation length and number of deprivation cycles on the magnitude and duration of the ADE in HAD rats to test the hypothesis that repeated deprivations increase the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Adult male HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats were trained in two-lever operant chambers to concurrently self-administer 15% ethanol (v/v) on a fixed-ratio (FR)-5 schedule and water on an FR-1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 1-h sessions. Following 10 weeks of daily 1-h sessions, the HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups ( n = 6–8/group/line): nondeprived, or deprived of alcohol for 2, 5, or 8 weeks. Following this initial period, the deprived groups were given 15% ethanol again in the operant chambers for a 2-week period, following which they were deprived again for 2 weeks (all three deprived groups). Following the fifth deprivation, the rats underwent a progressive ratio test to determine the breakpoints for the nondeprived and deprived groups. The expression of an ADE under operant conditions in HAD rats was dependent upon exposure to repeated cycles of ethanol access and abstinence. Additionally, repeated deprivations increased both the magnitude and the duration of the ADE as indicated by increased responding on the ethanol lever for more sessions. Breakpoint values for the deprived groups were 1.5-fold and twofold higher than the value for the nondeprived group for the HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats, respectively. The results suggest that repeated alcohol deprivations increased the expression of an ADE and the reinforcing effects of ethanol in both HAD replicate lines of rats, and these effects were more pronounced in the HAD-2 line than the HAD-1 line.

A novel mouse-friendly cognitive task suitable for use in aging studies.

Tests of cognition in mice frequently employ deprivations or aversive stimuli to motivate learning. Such manipulations may confound interpretation of differences in performance. Concerns arising from the potential confounding are accentuated when the object of the experiment is to compare cognitive function of young and old animals because aging alters many processes that affect maze performance. To assuage some of these concerns, we tested the potential of a novel reward procedure to motivate maze learning. Food-and water-satiated mice of two genetically heterogeneous groups that gained access to their home cage after reaching the goal box of a Lashley III maze attained the acquisition criterion as quickly as did mice motivated by hunger and given food reward. We suggest that "return to home cage" is a useful reinforcer in tests of cognition. This reward procedure is unusual in that it offers an important animal-friendly alternative to the usual ways of motivating cognitive performance, is economical of experimenter time, and may avoid the potentially confounding effects of physiological deprivations and aversive stimuli on maze performance of aged mice.

Children's Trauma and Adjustment Reactions to Violent and Nonviolent War Experiences

According to most studies, more than half of children exposed to war meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although we know that children are adversely affected by atrocities of war, we do not know which specific war events are associated with children's stress reactions. For example, it is unclear whether differences exist in response to violent versus nonviolent war-trauma experiences. This study examined the relationship of violent and nonviolent war experiences to children's trauma reactions and adjustment in a group of children from Bosnia. During the 1994 siege in Sarajevo, 791 children aged 6 to 16 years participated in a study of trauma experience and response, in which assessment questionnaires (Impact of Event Scale, PTSD Reaction Index, Children's Depression Inventory, Child Behavior Checklist, and War Experience Questionnaire) were completed by children and their teachers. In this sample 41% had clinically significant PTSD symptoms. Children were adversely affected by exposure to both violent and nonviolent war-traumas. An additive effect of trauma exposure on trauma reactions was also found. However, many war experiences were not associated with children's adjustment and trauma reactions. Additive effects of violence and deprivations during war may overwhelm the coping skills of children and leave them vulnerable to externalizing and internalizing adjustment difficulties and symptoms of PTSD.

Food, feathers and fluctuating asymmetries

Nutritional, or energetic, stress has been implicated as a causal factor in the inter-individual differences in levels of fluctuating asymmetry in the elongated tails of male swallows (Hirundo rustica). However, there has been no direct experimental test of this hypothesis. We report results from an experiment that has investigated the effects of sequential food deprivations on levels of fluctuating asymmetry in primary feathers and chest plumage of the moulting female European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Birds were housed individually and taken through their full moult by means of photoperiodic manipulation. During this period, some of the birds experienced food deprivations. At regular intervals, we recorded the length of every primary feather, quantified the chest plumage via video-image analysis, and recorded body mass and subcutaneous fat score measurements. We found that increasing levels of nutritional or energetic stress caused larger development asymmetries, which would appear to have increased fitness costs. Primary feather asymmetry showed a negative relation with amount of subcutaneous fat stored during moult and a positive relation with social dominance. This is the first study to show, directly, the importance of energetic stress in the production of feather and plumage asymmetries. Low levels of feather asymmetries were also associated with an indicator of reproductive status (chest `spottiness'). These findings support the recent literature, suggesting that degree of fluctuating asymmetry, even in traits under stabilizing selection, may reveal aspects of individual fitness value.

Women's nutrition: the key to improving family health in developing countries?

The extent and consequences of malnutrition among women in developing countries have received inadequate attention. Conservative estimates suggest that, as of the mid 1980s, 500 million women were anaemic, almost 500 million were stunted as a result of childhood protein-energy malnutrition, about 250 million suffered a range of consequences of severe iodine deficiency, and about 2 million were blind due to Vitamin A deficiency. The human welfare losses associated with women's malnutrition are wide-ranging and severe, including reduced quality of life for women themselves, impaired ability to bear and nurture children, and diminished capacity for domestic and income generating work. In certain parts of the world, most notably in South Asia, an important determinant of malnutrition among women is gender bias against females, both during childhood and adulthood. In addition, throughout the developing world, premature conceptions carry considerable risk to the health and nutritional status of both adolescent girls and their infants. Among adult women, repeated, closely spaced childbearing, inadequate education, lack of access to and control over income, and multiple, excessive demands on their time and physical energy, compound the effects of nutritional deprivations experienced during childhood and adolescence. Given the prevalence, the severity, and the multiple causes of malnutrition among women, it is clear that neither a few narrowly targeted feeding programmes for pregnant and lactating women, nor reliance on the long-term benefits of economic development programmes will be adequate to improve the nutritional status of women in developing countries. Two promising approaches are school-based supplementation programmes for adolescent girls - both to promote catch-up growth during the pubertal growth spurt and to enhance the likelihood of girls remaining in school - and the development and dissemination of technologies and programmes to reduce the extreme demands on adult women's time and energy.

The sensory basis of fish schools: Relative roles of lateral line and vision

Quantitative analyses of the effects of temporary blindfolding (BL) or lateralis section (LS) on the schooling performance of saithe (Pollachius virens) are reported. Comparison of effects of the sensory deprivations on school structure and dynamics allow determination of the relative roles of the lateral lines and vision in normal schooling. Extended 3-dimensional records were made of the positions of sensorily deprived individuals in normal schools as well as whole schools with sensory treatments. 1. Blinding had little effect on the position experimental fish took up with respect to their neighbors within the school (Fig. 2). In contrast, lateralis section resulted in a great increase in the frequency of neighbors at 90° bearing (directly alongside) (Fig. 2). 2. Both BL and LS fish exhibited different characteristic nearest neighbor distances (NNDs) than controls, with blinding increasing NND and lateralis section decreasing NND (Fig. 4). 3. Importance of the lateral line in transmission of a fright response and sudden velocity changes within a school is demonstrated by experiments in which schools were intentionally startled. In schools of LS fish there exist significant relationships between latency to startle and the distance and angle between a fish and the startling object. Such relationships are not seen in normal schools: with intact lateral lines, fish respond with similar latencies to objects in all directions (Fig. 5). 4. Fish which are blindfolded are able nonetheless to match short-term changes in velocity of their neighbors and actually show higher correlations than do controls (Fig. 8 b). Lateralis section does not reduce correlations between fish and neighbors (Fig. 8 d) probably because LS fish take up positions at which they can best determine neighbors' velocities by vision alone.

Studies on the Gametophyte Nutrition of the Cosmopolitan Species Funaria hygrometrica and Weissia controversa

Populations of the cosmopolitan moss species Funaria hygro- metrica Hedw. and Weiscia controversa Hedw. were examined to determine the existence of inter- or intra-specific differences in response to the nutrient environment. Little intra-specific variation was observed. Both species had optimum growth at pH 8.0-8.5; Weissia was less tolerant than Funaria of extremes in pH. The nutrient concentrations in IN BBM (Bold's Basal Medi- um) generally produced maximum growth in Funaria while Weissia had lower requirements for iron, phosphorus and certain forms of nitrogen. The relative tolerance of these species for high pH and nutrient levels may account for the preference of Funaria for burned-over areas and for the more limited habitat distribution of Weissia. While much work has been carried out during the last century to elucidate the role of nutrients in flowering plants, very little attention has been directed towards this aspect of bryology. Richards (1959) noted the lack of information concerning the min- eral economy of bryophytes, and fifteen years later, Anderson (1974) also commented that the mineral economy in bryophytes was poorly understood, not only in terms of levels of nutrients required, but also of the sources of minerals and method of ab- sorption. Fulford et al. (1947) examined the effects of certain nutrient deprivations on Leu- colejeunea; Voth and Hamner (1940) performed similar studies on Marchantia. Hoff- man (1966a,b) made a preliminary examination of nutrient deficiency in Funaria of Washington and Idaho. Because of the nature of these experiments, however, none of these investigators was able to demonstrate the levels of requirement for the various ions. An attempt was made by this author, therefore, to establish in Funaria hygro- metrica Hedw. and Weissia controversa Hedw. the requirements for macronutrients and to determine optimum levels for growth, differentiation and maximum productiv- ity, as indicated by the chlorophyll content. These studies were performed on clones from five populations of Funaria and four populations of Weissia to determine wheth- er there were any inter- or intra-generic differences in response to the nutrient con- ditions.

Race, Class, and Perceptions of Affluence

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of race, education, and income on perceptions of the extent of affluence in the United States. The analysis uses survey data from a probability sample of Hamilton County, Ohio, adults. Race, education, and income are each found to have significant additive effects on affluence perceptions. Blacks, less educated people, and people with less income tend to perceive greater affluence. The analysis suggests the importance of considering perceptions of the total distribution of rewards when considering the effects of deprivations.