Effects Of Cues Research Articles

Effects of external verbal cueing on countermovement rebound jump performance

ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of three external verbal cues on countermovement rebound jump (CMRJ) performance. Twenty-five recreational athletes completed nine jumps with distinct height, velocity and combined cue focus. A general linear model analysis of variance was used to evaluate systematic bias between conditions (p < 0.05). The height and velocity cues significantly altered jump height and contact times in both jumps during the CMRJ, respectively (p ≤ 0.002). The combined cue significantly reduced contact time while increasing leg stiffness compared to the height cue (p ≤ 0.038). It also increased jump height compared to the velocity cue (p ≤ 0.005) in both jumps, resulting in the highest explosive power and reactive strength values among all conditions. Furthermore, the combined cue enhanced the positive ankle contribution compared to the height cue (p = 0.020) and increased positive hip and negative knee joint work compared to the velocity cue (p ≤ 0.040) in the second jump of the CMRJ. These findings advise practitioners to use the height cue to maximise jump height, the velocity cue to minimise contact times and the combined cue to maximise explosive power and reactive strength.

The effects of verbal cues on EMG activity during a quadriceps setting exercise.

A quadriceps setting (quad set) exercise is commonly utilized following knee injury, but there is great variation in cues that clinicians provide to patients when performing the exercise. To determine if internal, external, or visual cues results in the greatest quadriceps electromyographical (EMG) activity during a quadriceps setting exercise in healthy individuals. Descriptive laboratory study. University research laboratory. Thirty healthy individuals volunteered for this study. Participants were given one of five cues in a randomized order: internal cue "tighten your thigh muscles," internal cue "push your knee down," external cue "push into the bolster," external cue "push into the strap," or visual biofeedback using the cue "raise the value on the screen as high as you can." Normalized vastus lateralis EMG activity. Both visual biofeedback (83.2±24.9%) and "press into the strap" (76.8±24.4%) produced significantly greater (p< 0.001) EMG activity than the push knee down (53.2±27.0%), tighten thigh (52.7±27.3%), or push into the bolster (50.8±26.3) conditions. There was no significant difference (p= 0.10) between the visual biofeedback and "press into the strap" conditions as well as no significant difference (p> 0.38) between the push knee down, tighten thigh, or push into the bolster conditions. If the clinical aim during a quadriceps setting exercise is to obtain the greatest volitional muscle recruitment, the use of visual biofeedback or pressing into a strap is recommended.

Invariant contexts reduce response time variability in visual search in an age-specific way: A comparison of children, teenagers, and adults.

Contextual cueing is a phenomenon in which repeatedly encountered arrays of items can enhance the visual search for a target item. This is widely attributed to attentional guidance driven by contextual memory acquired during visual search. Some studies suggest that children may have an immature ability to use contextual cues compared to adults, while others argue that contextual learning capacity is similar across ages. To test the development of context-guided attention, this study compared contextual cueing effects among three age groups: adults (aged 18-33 years, N = 32), teenagers (aged 15-17 years, N = 41), and younger children (aged 8-9 years, N = 43). Moreover, this study introduced a measure of response time variability that tracks fluctuations in response time throughout the experiment, in addition to the conventional analysis of response times. The results showed that all age groups demonstrated significantly faster responses in repeated than non-repeated search contexts. Notably, adults and teenagers exhibited smaller response time variability in repeated contexts than in non-repeated ones, while younger children did not. This implies that children are less efficient at consolidating contextual information into a stable memory representation, which may lead to less stable attentional guidance during visual search.

Effects of cue and instructor demonstration on the learning of Chinese characters for Chinese as a second language beginners

This study purports to investigate the effects of cue and instructor demonstration on Chinese as a second language (CSL) beginners' Chinese character learning performance, cognitive load, learning motivation and attitude. In the current research, 100 CSL beginners were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, i.e., instructor demonstration cued character, instructor demonstration non-cued character, non-instructor demonstration cued character and non-instructor demonstration non-cued character. Participants were instructed to watch an instructional video and subsequently complete a post-test and a questionnaire. The results show that (1) in the presence of instructor demonstration, the cued characters can noticeably reduce CSL beginners' cognitive load and enhance their learning attitudes towards character learning, enabling them to achieve better performance in character stroke but not in radical and structure, and (2) in the presence of cued characters, the instructor demonstration can noticeably reduce CSL beginners' cognitive load and increase their learning motivation and attitudes towards character learning but can not improve their character learning performance. The findings have significant implications for educators and instructional designers of Chinese and other non-alphabetic languages, such as Kanji and Hangul.

Not to follow because of distrust: perceived trust modulates the gaze cueing effect.

In social life, people spontaneously form stable trustworthiness impressions from faces. However, the precise role of extracting trustworthiness information remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate whether discerning facial trustworthiness influences social interactions. Specifically, it explores the gaze cueing effect (GCE), wherein individuals exhibit quicker responses to targets appearing in the direction of gaze compared to other locations. Given conflicting perspectives in existing literature regarding the potential modulation of trustworthiness on the GCE, two plausible hypotheses are proposed to explain divergent result patterns. The reflexive hypothesis posits that the GCE operates automatically. In contrast, the flexible hypothesis underscores the potential modulatory role of trustworthiness in the GCE. To provide a comprehensive understanding of whether trustworthiness modulates the GCE, we employed face stimuli incorporating trustworthiness information within Posner' s cue-target task. The findings of Experiment 1 revealed that the perception of trustworthiness indeed influenced the GCE. Specifically, when facial stimuli were perceived as trustworthy, they elicited a more pronounced GCE compared to untrustworthy stimuli. This modulation effect was replicated using a different stimulus set in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, we employed the same stimuli as in Experiment 2, setting the trustworthiness information to baseline as a control experiment. The results demonstrated that the trustworthiness modulation effect disappeared, indicating its specificity to the trustworthiness attribute of the stimuli rather than other characteristics. Collectively, these findings lend support to the flexible hypothesis, highlighting that the extraction of trustworthiness information plays a pivotal role in modulating the GCE, consequently influencing social interactions.

The Impact of Color Cues on the Learning Performance in Video Lectures.

This study explores the learning effects of color cues in video lectures and their underlying mechanisms. With the rapid growth of online education, lifelong learning, and blended learning, video lectures have become integral to teaching and learning. Color, a crucial element in visual design, directs attention, organizes content, and integrates information. Evaluating 78 college students, we assessed learning performance by comparing video content with no-color, single-color, and multi-color cues using eye-tracking technology and cognitive load scales. Results indicate that students viewing videos with color cues demonstrated better retention and transfer test performance, while absence or excess of color cues increased cognitive load. These findings have practical implications for video producers and provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing learners' viewing experience and overall effectiveness. This study not only offers an in-depth analysis of color cue utilization in video lectures, highlighting their positive impact on learning outcomes but also introduces fresh perspectives for educational technology and cognitive psychology research. Future investigations should consider color cue effects in diverse cultural contexts and subject areas, exploring varied strategies to optimize the learning experience.

“The Future Is Bright! Is It?”: Investigating Effects of Hopeful Mental Health Content and Endorsement Cues on Social Media

Mental health content on social media usually highlights positive emotions, especially hope. This article presents an experimental study on the effects of hopeful social media posts on Instagram. Drawing on appraisal theory and the phenomenon of spillover effects, we developed a 2 × 2 between-subjects post-test experiment, where we manipulated the message type (i.e., hope message vs. control condition) and the level of endorsement (i.e., high vs. low number of likes) of Instagram posts. Following exposure to our media stimuli, we studied the effects on subsequent levels of hope, life satisfaction, mental health stigma, willingness to disclose about mental health, and willingness to provide support on social media among a sample of n = 479 young adults ( Mage = 20.97 years, SD = 2.10). Our pre-registered analysis revealed no significant main or interaction effects in the predicted direction. We discuss the findings in the context of health communication, reflect the study’s limitations, and provide suggestions for future research.

Effects of Context Cues on Chinese Consumer Cross-Border Purchase Intention: General vs. Low-Carbon Korean Goods

Purpose - Previous research has emphasized but not empirically investigated the precise effects of cross-border online shopping context cues and overall consumer perception on consumer cross-border purchase intention (CBPI). To address the gap, based on an S-O-R model and valence framework, this study investigates the structural relationship of online context cues →overall consumer perception → consumer CBPI. Design/Methodology - This study conducts a questionnaire study with 308 Chinese participants to test the all hypotheses. Findings - This study reveals that four context cues have positive effects on overall consumer perceived value and increases CBPI. On the contrary, four context cues have negative effects on overall consumer perceived uncertainty, which discourages CBPI for Korean goods. In addition, there is also a significant difference between the general and low-carbon goods shopping process in context cues → overall consumer perception relationship. Originality/value - This study focuses on online shopping context cues to elucidate Chinese consumer information processes for the CBEC marketing mix as a key to improving overall perception and CBPI. In addition, as the moderating role of good type addresses the significant different information process in general and low-carbon goods on overall consumer perception formation, this study scrutinizes how context cue effects are shaped by goods type.

The Effects of Packaging Color and Product Shape on Customer’s Willingness to Buy Chocolates

This study aims to test the effects of two important product visual cues (i.e., packaging color and product shape) on customers’ willingness to buy chocolates in Pakistan. For this purpose, an online experiment-based survey was conducted in Pakistan, which provided 136 usable customer responses. The results suggest customers’ higher willingness to buy chocolates in red or purple color packaging (as compared to yellow color packaging) and in rectangle shape (as compared to round or triangle shape chocolates). In this way, this study extends the available literature on the effects of visual cues of product (i.e., chocolate) on customers willingness to buy, by providing evidence from an emerging market (i.e., Pakistan). Some important managerial implications and limitations of this study appear at the end of this paper.

Effects of hydraulic cues in barrier environments on fish navigation downstream of dams

Understanding how hydraulic cues in the barrier environment affect fish navigation is critical to fish migration in dammed rivers. However, most of the current research on the effects of hydraulic cues on fish navigation focuses on the effects of a single hydraulic parameter on fish migration and usually ignores fish sensory perception and swimming ability. This study presents an effective approach that combines a computational fluid dynamics model of a river with a model of fish behaviour to elucidate the effects of hydraulic cues in the barrier environment on fish migration paths and strategies by simulating the fish's perception of flow direction and their regulation of multiple hydraulic parameters. Four release scenarios for the dam were reviewed and it was determined that the modelled fish movements realistically reflected actual observations. In various scenarios, the target fish (Schizothorax chongi) managed to move upstream to the tailrace downstream of the dam, despite the hydraulic barrier created by the mainstem area of the river; they overcame this obstacle by exploiting low-velocity zones on both sides of the mainstem and in the river's boundary layer. During upstream movement, the target fish preferred areas with flow velocities between 0.7 and 1.0 m/s and a turbulent kinetic energy of less than 0.3 m2/s2 to maintain aerobic activity. Additionally, the effects of alternative turbine release strategies on the fine-motor movement of target fish were reviewed and an optimised strategy was provided that could increase the proportion of target fish entering the fish passage facility from 0% to 53.8% in the original scenario to 82.6%. This study provides a feasible method for the simulation of fish fine motion in complex flow environments as well as a scientific basis for the management of fish resources in dammed rivers.

How does economic status moderate the effect of scarcity cues on attentional performance?

How does economic status moderate the effect of scarcity cues on attentional performance?

The effects of laser cane cues on the freezing of gait of Parkinson's disease patients: can increasing the laser light beam width play a role?

Freezing of gait can be seen in a significant number of people with Parkinson's disease. Disappointingly, the classic standard treatment of Parkinson's disease with dopamine replacement has not shown promising results in improving the freezing of gait. Hence the approach have shifted towards using non-invasive methods to address this problem. To assess the effect of laser cane as a visual cue on the freezing of gait of people with Parkinson's disease and further determine the effect of laser light beam width and color on the freezing of gait. 7 known Parkinson's Disease patients were enrolled in this study, all of whom had at least one episode of freezing at at least one clinical visit. These patients underwent gait analysis in 4 stages: walking without a cane, walking with a thin red light laser cane, a thick red light laser cane, and a green light laser cane. Using laser canes effectively improved nearly all parameters of walking, including right and left stride length, step length, the velocity of movement, and rotation time, compared to walking without a stick. Using different colors of laser cane didn't make any significant difference in improving the freezing of gait of our patients. Nevertheless, increasing the laser light beam width significantly improved almost all walking parameters. This is the first study assessing the effect of laser light beam width on freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease patients and shows promising results in regards to increasing the thickness of laser lights in order to improve walking parameters in Parkinson's disease patients more effectively. Furthermore, this is the second study to evaluate the effect of laser light color, contradicting the previous results by showing no significant correlation between the color of laser light and improvements in walking parameters.

Visual Conjoint vs. Text Conjoint and the Differential Discriminatory Effect of (Visible) Social Categories

AbstractDoes learning political candidates’ social categories through visual cues affect voter preferences? This paper explores this question by conducting a visual conjoint survey experiment with 2324 German voters, varying whether respondents received information on candidates through explicit labels or pretested AI-generated candidate pictures. The results confirm our expectations that the way in which social categories are perceived affects preferences, with visual cues having a more significant effect on voter preferences compared to textual cues, leading to more discriminatory preferences for certain social categories. Moreover, we show that the effect of visual cues is moderated by the visibility of social categories, with visible social categories, such as gender binaries and ethnic in-/out-group, eliciting more discriminatory preferences with visual cues. The study sheds light on how visible and invisible social categories affect political candidates’ preferences and emphasizes the importance of considering the intersectionality of social categories and their relationship with ideology.

Audiovisual Perception of Lexical Stress: Beat Gestures and Articulatory Cues.

Human communication is inherently multimodal. Auditory speech, but also visual cues can be used to understand another talker. Most studies of audiovisual speech perception have focused on the perception of speech segments (i.e., speech sounds). However, less is known about the influence of visual information on the perception of suprasegmental aspects of speech like lexical stress. In two experiments, we investigated the influence of different visual cues (e.g., facial articulatory cues and beat gestures) on the audiovisual perception of lexical stress. We presented auditory lexical stress continua of disyllabic Dutch stress pairs together with videos of a speaker producing stress on the first or second syllable (e.g., articulating VOORnaam or voorNAAM). Moreover, we combined and fully crossed the face of the speaker producing lexical stress on either syllable with a gesturing body producing a beat gesture on either the first or second syllable. Results showed that people successfully used visual articulatory cues to stress in muted videos. However, in audiovisual conditions, we were not able to find an effect of visual articulatory cues. In contrast, we found that the temporal alignment of beat gestures with speech robustly influenced participants' perception of lexical stress. These results highlight the importance of considering suprasegmental aspects of language in multimodal contexts.

The impact of social media influencer's age cue on older adults' travel intention: The moderating roles of travel cues and travel constraints

The global aging population brings a growing older traveler market. This study applies social comparison theory to explore how travel influencers' age cues affect older adults’ travel intention through a dual process of assimilation (direct effect) and contrast (mediated by age identity). The moderating effects of travel cues (activity type and presence/absence of companions) and travel constraints are investigated as boundary conditions. Data were collected from older U.S. travelers through three online experiments. The results indicate that older travelers are inclined to visit destinations featured by old (vs. young) influencers, especially those with low intrapersonal or high interpersonal travel constraints. The marketing message is more effective when it features an old influencer pursuing a challenging (vs. relaxing) activity and a young influencer with companions (vs solo travel). The study findings provide valuable insight into leveraging social media influencer marketing for destinations and tourism businesses.

The emotion of sound target modulates the auditory gaze cueing effect

ABSTRACT The auditory gaze cueing effect (auditory-GCE) is a faster response to auditory targets at an eye-gaze cue location than at a non-cue location. Previous research has found that auditory-GCE can be influenced by the integration of both gaze direction and emotion conveyed through facial expressions. However, it is unclear whether the emotional information of auditory targets can be cross-modally integrated with gaze direction to affect auditory-GCE. Here, we set neutral faces with different gaze directions as cues and three emotional sounds (fearful, happy, and neutral) as targets to investigate how the emotion of sound target modulates the auditory-GCE. Moreover, we conducted a controlled experiment using arrow cues. The results show that the emotional content of sound targets influences the auditory-GCE but only for those induced by facial cues. Specifically, fearful sounds elicit a significantly larger auditory-GCE compared to happy and neutral sounds, indicating that the emotional content of auditory targets plays a modulating role in the auditory-GCE. Furthermore, this modulation appears to occur only at a higher level of social meaning, involving the integration of emotional information from a sound with social gaze direction, rather than at a lower level, which involves the integration of direction and auditory emotion.

Interactive cue matters: The moderation role of situational factors in the effects of user comments on news sharing

Communicators often find it challenging to prioritize the public and manage their comments during risk communication. This study explored the effects of comments as interactivity cues on news diffusion while considering situational factors under the framework of the Situational Theory of Problem Solving in the context of the US-China trade conflict. For this purpose, the researchers conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of interactivity cues and public segmentations on news sharing. The findings suggest that comments elicit different news-sharing behaviors among different segments of the public. The aware public shares more news than the activists/active public who are more likely to share when exposed to news posts with disabled comments than those with enabled comments. The results regarding the different segments of the public suggest the absence of the latent public in hot issues. Furthermore, the results suggest that message attributes have a limited effect on individuals’ information-processing behavior unless considering situational factors. The theoretical contributions and practical implications for communicators are further discussed.

Age-related contextual cueing features are more evident in reaction variability than in reaction time.

Visual-spatial contextual cueing learning underpins the daily lives of older adults, enabling them to navigate their surroundings, perform daily activities, and maintain cognitive function. While the contextual cueing effect has received increasing attention from researchers, the relationship between this cognitive ability and healthy ageing remains controversial. To investigate whether visual-spatial contextual cueing learning declines with age, we examined the contextual learning patterns of older (60-71 years old) and younger adults (18-26 years old) using a contextual-guided visual search paradigm and response variability measurements. We observed significant contextual learning effects in both age groups, impacting response speed and variability, with these effects persisting for at least 24 days. However, older adults required more repetitions and memorised fewer repeated stimuli during initial learning. Interestingly, their long-term memory maintenance appeared stronger, as their contextual facilitation persisted in both response speed and variability, while younger adults only persisted in response speed but not variability. Overall, our results suggest an age-related complex and diverse contextual cueing pattern, with older adults showing weaker learning but stronger long-term memory maintenance compared with younger adults.

Effects of conflicting emotional cues on toddlers' emotion perception.

The communication of emotion is dynamic and occurs across multiple channels, such as facial expression and tone of voice. When cues are in conflict, interpreting emotion can become challenging. Here, we examined the effects of incongruent emotional cues on toddlers' interpretation of emotions. We presented 33 children (22-26 months, Mage = 23.8 months, 15 female) with side-by-side images of faces along with sentences spoken in a tone of voice that conflicted with semantic content. One of the two faces matched the emotional tone of the audio, whereas the other matched the semantic content. For both congruent and incongruent trials, toddlers showed no overall looking preference to either type of face stimuli. However, during the second exposure to the sentences of incongruent trials, older children tended to look longer to the face matching semantic content when listening to happy vs. angry content. Results inform our understanding of the early development of complex emotion understanding.

Synergy and medial effects of multimodal cueing with auditory and electrostatic force stimuli on visual field guidance in 360° VR

This study investigates the effects of multimodal cues on visual field guidance in 360° virtual reality (VR). Although this technology provides highly immersive visual experiences through spontaneous viewing, this capability can disrupt the quality of experience and cause users to miss important objects or scenes. Multimodal cueing using non-visual stimuli to guide the users’ heading, or their visual field, has the potential to preserve the spontaneous viewing experience without interfering with the original content. In this study, we present a visual field guidance method that imparts auditory and haptic stimulations using an artificial electrostatic force that can induce a subtle “fluffy” sensation on the skin. We conducted a visual search experiment in VR, wherein the participants attempted to find visual target stimuli both with and without multimodal cues, to investigate the behavioral characteristics produced by the guidance method. The results showed that the cues aided the participants in locating the target stimuli. However, the performance with simultaneous auditory and electrostatic cues was situated between those obtained when each cue was presented individually (medial effect), and no improvement was observed even when multiple cue stimuli pointed to the same target. In addition, a simulation analysis showed that this intermediate performance can be explained by the integrated perception model; that is, it is caused by an imbalanced perceptual uncertainty in each sensory cue for orienting to the correct view direction. The simulation analysis also showed that an improved performance (synergy effect) can be observed depending on the balance of the uncertainty, suggesting that a relative amount of uncertainty for each cue determines the performance. These results suggest that electrostatic force can be used to guide 360° viewing in VR, and that the performance of visual field guidance can be improved by introducing multimodal cues, the uncertainty of which is modulated to be less than or comparable to that of other cues. Our findings on the conditions that modulate multimodal cueing effects contribute to maximizing the quality of spontaneous 360° viewing experiences with multimodal guidance.