Effects Of Cues Research Articles

Examining the Effect of Anthropomorphic Design Cues on Healthcare Chatbots Acceptance and Organization-Public Relationships: Trust in a Warm Human Vs. a Competent Machine

AI-powered healthcare chatbots demonstrate great promise in enhancing communication and fostering stronger relationships between healthcare organizations and their publics. This study conducted an experiment to examine how different anthropomorphic design cues shape chatbot acceptance and organization-public relationships by influencing trust in the chatbot. Results revealed an interesting dynamic: when users interacted with healthcare chatbot featuring human-like cues, they tend to place greater trust in the chatbot that showed warmth rather than competence. Conversely, in interactions with a chatbot embodying machine-like cues, a competent conversation style generated higher levels of trust compared to a warm style. This trust in human-computer interactions further enhanced users’ intentions to continue using the chatbot and follow its recommendations, alongside bolstering relational trust and satisfaction with the healthcare organization. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of human-chatbot interaction and offer practical insights by aligning chatbot design nuances with the broader strategic health communication goals.

Effect of a looming visual cue on situation awareness and perceived urgency in response to a takeover request

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a looming visual cue on situation awareness and perceived urgency in response to a takeover request (TOR), and to explore the underlying mechanisms of this effect through three experiments. In Experiment 1, the optimal size and speed of a red disk were determined, which were effective in capturing looming motion and conveying the urgency of the situation. The results indicated that both looming speed and size ratio had significant effects on situation awareness and perceived urgency. In Experiment 2, the effects of looming stimuli were compared with dimming stimuli, and the results showed that the looming visual cue was more effective in promoting perceived urgency and situation awareness. The results also indicated that the looming visual cue attracted more visual attention than the dimming visual cue, in line with previous studies. Experiment 3 utilized a driving simulator to test the effectiveness of the looming visual cue in promoting fast and appropriate responses to TORs in complex driving scenarios. The results showed that the looming visual cue was more effective in promoting perceived urgency and enhancing situation awareness, especially in highly complex driving situations. Overall, the findings suggest that the looming visual cue is a powerful tool for promoting fast and appropriate responses to TORs and enhancing situation awareness, particularly in complex driving scenarios. These results have important implications for designing effective TOR systems and improving driver safety on the road.

Examining the effect of cannabis cues on cannabis demand in sleep, driving, and typical drug-use contexts

PurposeGiven the expanding legal cannabis market in the U.S., it is vital to understand how context impacts cannabis use. Therefore, we explored the effect of cannabis cues and cannabis-use context on cannabis demand in 79 adults who reported smoking cannabis at least weekly. MethodsParticipants completed a single laboratory session consisting of four hypothetical marijuana purchase tasks (MPTs) involving either a typical use situation or a driving or sleep context. The MPTs were alternated with exposure to cannabis or neutral picture cues based on block randomization by gender. ResultsCannabis cues increased self-reported craving for cannabis (p =.044) but did not significantly alter demand (ps =0.093–0.845). In the driving context, participants demonstrated a significant reduction in cannabis demand, indicated by lower intensity (p <0.001), Omax (p <0.001), and Pmax (p <0.001), breakpoint (p =.003), and higher α (p <0.001). The sleep context was associated with significantly greater α (p <0.006) but nonsignificant effects for other indices (ps =0.123–0.707). Finally, cannabis cues increased Omax (p =.013) and breakpoint (p =.035) in the sleep context but not in the typical-use context. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that cannabis-use behavior is sensitive to contingencies surrounding driving after cannabis use and may also be sensitive to sleep contexts in the presence of cannabis cues. Since this is the first study to examine driving and sleep contexts, we caution against drawing broad conclusions until future research is conducted to replicate these findings.

Effects of memory cue and interest in remembering and forgetting of gist and details.

The gist and details of an event are both important for us to establish and maintain episodic memory. On the other hand, episodic memory is influenced by both external and internal factors, such as memory cue and intrinsic motivation. To what extent these factors and their interaction modulate memory and forgetting of gist and detailed information remains unclear. In this study, 29 participants watched film clips accompanied by either gist or detailed cues and rated their interest in these clips. Their memories of gist and detailed information were tested after 10 min, 1 day, and 1 week. The results showed that memory cue modulated the forgetting of gist and detailed memories. Specifically, when gist cues were used, gist memory was forgotten more slowly than detailed memory. When detailed cues were used, detailed memory was forgotten more slowly than gist memory. Differently, the subjective interest in the clips enhanced memory accuracy irrespective of memory type but did not influence the forgetting of gist and detailed memories. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between memory cue and interest, showing that gist cues enhanced memory than detailed cues only for low-interest clips. These results suggest that external and internal factors have differential effects on memory and forgetting, and the effectiveness of external factors depends on the state of intrinsic motivation. The significant interplay of different factors in influencing the remembering or forgetting of gist and detailed memories provides potential ways to enhance memory and retention of gist and detailed information.

Communicative signals during joint attention promote neural processes of infants and caregivers

Communicative signals such as eye contact increase infants’ brain activation to visual stimuli and promote joint attention. Our study assessed whether communicative signals during joint attention enhance infant-caregiver dyads’ neural responses to objects, and their neural synchrony. To track mutual attention processes, we applied rhythmic visual stimulation (RVS), presenting images of objects to 12-month-old infants and their mothers (n = 37 dyads), while we recorded dyads’ brain activity (i.e., steady-state visual evoked potentials, SSVEPs) with electroencephalography (EEG) hyperscanning. Within dyads, mothers either communicatively showed the images to their infant or watched the images without communicative engagement. Communicative cues increased infants’ and mothers’ SSVEPs at central-occipital-parietal, and central electrode sites, respectively. Infants showed significantly more gaze behaviour to images during communicative engagement. Dyadic neural synchrony (SSVEP amplitude envelope correlations, AECs) was not modulated by communicative cues. Taken together, maternal communicative cues in joint attention increase infants’ neural responses to objects, and shape mothers’ own attention processes. We show that communicative cues enhance cortical visual processing, thus play an essential role in social learning. Future studies need to elucidate the effect of communicative cues on neural synchrony during joint attention. Finally, our study introduces RVS to study infant-caregiver neural dynamics in social contexts.

Investigating how prior knowledge influences perception and action in developmental coordination disorder.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterised by a broad spectrum of difficulties in performing motor tasks. It has recently been proposed that a specific deficit in sensorimotor prediction and feedforward planning might underpin these motoric impairments. The purpose of this study was to use a naturalistic object lifting paradigm to examine whether deficits in sensorimotor prediction might underpin the broad spectrum of difficulties individuals with DCD face when interacting with objects in their environment. We recruited 60 children with probable DCD and 61 children without DCD and measured perceptions of heaviness and fingertip force rate application when interacting with objects which varied in their apparent weight. If deficits in sensorimotor prediction do underpin the broad-ranging motor difficulties seen in DCD, we would expect to see a reduced effect of visual size cues on fingertip force rates and illusory misperceptions of object heaviness. We found no evidence of differences in any metrics of sensorimotor prediction between children with (n = 46) and without DCD (n = 61). Furthermore, there was no correlation between any metrics of sensorimotor prediction and motor performance (as assessed by the standard diagnostic movement assessment battery). Illusory misperceptions of object weight also did not appear to differ between groups. These findings suggest that issues with sensorimotor prediction are unlikely to affect the performance of simple real-world movements in those with DCD.

Effects of sound segregation cues on multi-sound intensity discrimination.

The effects of sound segregation cues on the sensitivity to intensity increments were explored. Listeners indicated whether the second and fourth sounds (harmonic complexes) within a five-sound sequence were increased in intensity. The target sound had a fundamental frequency of 250 Hz. In different conditions, nontarget sounds had different fundamental frequencies, different spectral shapes, and unique frequency regions relative to the target. For targets more intense than nontargets, nontarget characteristics did not affect thresholds. For targets less intense than the nontargets, thresholds improved when the targets and nontargets had unique frequency regions.

Visual Cue Effects on a Classification Accuracy Estimation Task in Immersive Scatterplots.

Immersive visualization in virtual reality (VR) allows us to exploit visual cues for perception in 3D space, yet few existing studies have measured the effects of visual cues. Across a desktop monitor and a head-mounted display (HMD), we assessed scatterplot designs which vary their use of visual cues-motion, shading, perspective (graphical projection), and dimensionality-on two sets of data. We conducted a user study with a summary task in which 32 participants estimated the classification accuracy of an artificial neural network from the scatterplots. With Bayesian multilevel modeling, we capture the intricate visual effects and find that no cue alone explains all the variance in estimation error. Visual motion cues generally reduce participants' estimation error; besides this motion, using other cues may increase participants' estimation error. Using an HMD, adding visual motion cues, providing a third data dimension, or showing a more complicated dataset leads to longer response times. We speculate that most visual cues may not strongly affect perception in immersive analytics unless they change people's mental model about data. In summary, by studying participants as they interpret the output from a complicated machine learning model, we advance our understanding of how to use the visual cues in immersive analytics.

The effects of temporal cues, point-light displays, and faces on speech identification and listening effort.

Among the most robust findings in speech research is that the presence of a talking face improves the intelligibility of spoken language. Talking faces supplement the auditory signal by providing fine phonetic cues based on the placement of the articulators, as well as temporal cues to when speech is occurring. In this study, we varied the amount of information contained in the visual signal, ranging from temporal information alone to a natural talking face. Participants were presented with spoken sentences in energetic or informational masking in four different visual conditions: audio-only, a modulating circle providing temporal cues to salient features of the speech, a digitally rendered point-light display showing lip movement, and a natural talking face. We assessed both sentence identification accuracy and self-reported listening effort. Audiovisual benefit for intelligibility was observed for the natural face in both informational and energetic masking, but the digitally rendered point-light display only provided benefit in energetic masking. Intelligibility for speech accompanied by the modulating circle did not differ from the audio-only conditions in either masker type. Thus, the temporal cues used here were insufficient to improve speech intelligibility in noise, but some types of digital point-light displays may contain enough phonetic detail to produce modest improvements in speech identification in noise.

The effect of gaze information associated with the search items on contextual cueing effect.

Previous research on the mechanisms of contextual cueing effect has been inconsistent, with some researchers showing that the contextual benefit was derived from the attentional guidance whereas others argued that the former theory was not the source of contextual cueing effect. We brought the "stare-in-the-crowd" effect that used pictures of gaze with different orientations as stimuli into a traditional contextual cueing effect paradigm to investigate whether attentional guidance plays a part in this effect. We embedded the letters used in a traditional contextual cueing effect paradigm into the gaze pictures with direct and averted orientation. In Experiment 1, we found that there was a weak interaction between the contextual cueing effect and the "stare-in-the-crowd" effect. In Experiments 2 and 3, we found that the contextual cueing effect was influenced differently when the direct gaze was combined with the target or distractors. These results suggested that attentional guidance played an important role in the generation of a contextual cueing effect and the direct gaze had a special impact on visual search. To summarize the three findings, the direct gaze on target location facilitates the contextual cueing effect, and such an effect is even greater when we compared condition with the direct gaze on target location with condition with the direct gaze on distractor location (Experiments 2 and 3). Such an effect of gaze on a contextual cueing effect is manifested even when the effect of gaze ("stare-in-the-crowd" effect) was absent in the New configurations (search trials without learning).

Instructor's direct gaze not body orientation affects learning

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the effectiveness of instructors when presenting content in videos alone. In recent years, researchers have increasingly begun to explore the effects of instructors' social cues (e.g., eye gaze, body orientation, etc.) on learning. However, previous studies exploring the effects of eye gaze have confounded the role of body orientation, while studies exploring body orientation have confounded the role of eye gaze.ObjectivesTo explore the role of direct gaze and body orientation in learning with instructional videos, absent an instructional screen, in a less confounded manner.MethodsA total of 63 subjects were presented select concepts regarding schizophrenia. Eye‐tracking technology combined with current theories of parasocial interaction and social agency was used to explore different social cues that affect learning performance. Students were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: frontal body + direct gaze group (FD group), frontal body + no direct gaze group (FND group), and lateral body + no direct gaze group (LND group).Result and ConclusionsDirect gaze facilitated students' immediate retention and transfer scores, reduced learners' extraneous cognitive load, and guided students' attention to the instructor. However, counter to our expectations, parasocial interaction did not affect social cues.ImplicationsIn both online and offline classes, instruction is expected to be enhanced by focusing on the camera to the extent possible, particularly when instructional screens are absent.

Specifying the role of religion in entrepreneurial action: a cognitive perspective

AbstractResearch on the relationship between religion and entrepreneurship has produced mixed findings. We argue such equivocal findings are partly the result of under-specification of the role of religion in entrepreneurial action. To address this issue, we build on the process perspective of entrepreneurial cognition by simultaneously incorporating mental representations and cognitive resources. Specifically, we theorize a cognitive process that incorporates both framing effects of opportunity cues and religious belief integration based on sanctification into the assessment of feasibility and desirability of entrepreneurial action. Through two within-subject experiments, we find (i) positively framed opportunity cues yield more favorable assessments of entrepreneurial action than negatively framed opportunity cues, and (ii) religious belief integration moderates the relationship between framing and assessments of entrepreneurial action, enhancing perceived feasibility and desirability when information framing is negative. We discuss the implications of our model to research the theological turn of entrepreneurship and a cognitive perspective of entrepreneurial action.

Attentional bias towards happy faces in the dot-probe paradigm: it depends on which task is used

ABSTRACT Two recent articles [Gronchi et al., 2018. Automatic and controlled attentional orienting in the elderly: A dual-process view of the positivity effect. Acta Psychologica, 185, 229–234; Wirth & Wentura, 2020. It occurs after all: Attentional bias towards happy faces in the dot-probe task. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82(5), 2463–2481] report attentional biases for happy facial expressions in the dot-probe paradigm, albeit in different directions. While Wirth and Wentura report a bias towards happy expressions, Gronchi et al. found a reversed effect. A striking difference between the studies was the task performed by the participants. While in Wirth and Wentura, participants performed a discrimination task, they performed a location task in Gronchi et al. In Experiment 1, we directly compared the two versions of the dot-probe paradigm. With the discrimination task, the bias towards happy faces was replicated. However, the location task yielded a null effect. In Experiment 2, we found a cueing effect with an abrupt onset cue in both tasks. However, for the location task a congruence-sequence effect (a typical characteristic of response-priming processes) occurred. This result suggests that in the location task, attentional processes are confounded with response-priming processes. We recommend to generally use discrimination tasks.

Voter Preferences for EU Asylum Policies: The Role of Government Cues

AbstractWe study whether and how governments influence public opinion about immigration policies in Europe. At the European level, conflicts about policy are generally territorial in nature – that is, they involve conflicts between member states, which are represented by their governments. Distinguishing between four types of situations, depending on whether the national governments support or oppose EU policy proposals, we formulate and test hypotheses concerning the positions of incumbent and opposition voters/non-voters on four different asylum-policy proposals in 16 European countries. We test both direct effects of incumbent cues on voters' preferences, and moderating effects, where the cueing affects the way in which individual attitudes to immigration and European integration translate into specific preferences for EU asylum and immigration policies. Our results suggest that voters, indeed, follow the cues provided by their governments when forming their preferences on EU policies.

How effective are external cues and analogies in enhancing sprint and jump performance in academy soccer players?

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of external (EC) and internal coaching cues (IC), analogies with a directional component (ADC) on sprint (20 m) and vertical jump performance in academy soccer players (n = 20). A repeated-measures analysis, with post-hoc comparisons, was used to identify any differences between these cues and a neutral (control) cue. Significant differences were found for both sprint (p < 0.001) and jump (p = 0.022) comparisons among cue types. In post-hoc analyses for the 20 m sprint, significant differences were observed between the EC and the IC, favouring the EC (p < 0.01, ES = 1.27 [CI: 0.24, 2.30]), and “away” ADC and the IC, favouring the “away” ADC (p < 0.01, ES = 1.21 [CI: 0.19, 2.22]). No other cues showed significant differences. For vertical jump, there was just one significant difference between comparisons, that being for the “away” ADC vs. the neutral cue, favouring the latter (p = 0.023, ES = 0.4 [CI: −0.04 to 0.84]). It appears that ECs and ADCs are most effective when coaching sprinting performance in academy soccer players. However, simply encouraging maximal effort from a youth athlete also appears to be a reasonable cueing strategy to drive performance in youth athletes.

Social processing modulates the initial allocation ofattention towards angry faces: evidence from the N2pc component.

Previous research has shown that attentional bias towards angry faces is moderated by the activation of a social processing mode. More specifically, reliable cueing effects for angry face cues in the dot-probe task only occurred when participants performed a task that required social processing of the target stimuli. However, cueing effects are a rather distal measure of covert shifts in spatial attention. Thus, it remains unclear whether the social processing mode modulates initial allocation of attention to or attentional disengagement from angry faces. In the present study, we used the N2pc, an event-related potential component, as an index of attentional shifts towards angry faces. Participants performed a dot-probe task with two different target conditions while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. In the social target condition, target stimuli were socially meaningful (schematic faces), and in the non-social target condition, they were meaningless (scrambled schematic faces). The amplitude of the N2pc component elicited by angry face cues was significantly larger in the social target condition than in the non-social target condition. This pattern also occurred for behavioural cueing effects. These results suggest that the activation of a social processing mode due to current task demands affects the initial allocation of attention towards angry faces.

The Effects of Visual Cueing on Students with and without Math Learning Difficulties in Online Problem Solving: Evidence from Eye Movement.

This study investigated the impact of visual cueing on attention guidance, deep-thinking promotion, and performance optimization in arithmetic word problem solving for students with mathematical learning difficulties (MLD). The participants included eight students with MLD and twenty students without MLD who attempted to solve mathematical word problems with and without visual cueing. Eye movements were recorded during the tasks. A repeated-measure design and nonparametric tests were applied to enhance the statistical power of the study. The data analysis results indicated that visual cueing effectively guided and sustained the attention of students with MLD, reducing their off-task duration. However, it showed limited influence in facilitating deep thinking and performance improvement for these students. There were no significant attention-guidance or performance-improvement effects observed in the problem-solving processes of students without MLD, who initially demonstrated better concentration levels and performance. The potential explanations for these findings are further discussed in this paper.

Introducing support for learner control: Temporal and organizational cues in instructional videos

AbstractInstructional videos risk overloading learners' limited working memory resources due to the transient information effect. Learner control is one way to mitigate this concern, but has shown almost zero overall effect and considerable heterogeneity. Consequently, it is essential to identify when learner control is most beneficial. The present study examined the influence of cues on learners' behaviour, cognitive process, metacognition and learning performance in an interactive learning environment. Employing a 2 (temporal cues: without vs. with) × 2 (organizational cues: without vs. with) between‐subject design, 117 participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: no cues, temporal cues, organizational cues and temporal cues + organizational cues. Among these, temporal cues (ie, progress bar) serve as time‐related signals designed to regulate pacing, and organizational cues (ie, table of contents) provide a structural framework for the content. Significant cueing effects were observed for both cue types at germane cognitive load and transfer. Notably, our results indicate that organizational cues effectively guide learners' attention towards the underlying structure, thus promoting cognitive processing. These unique benefits are evident in improved topic recall, retention and monitoring accuracy. Importantly, combined temporal cues and organizational cues were seen to not only allow learners to exhibit more engagement behaviours (ie, skimming) but also assist learners in accurately judging their learning. These findings strongly support the recommendation to use cues to enhance the effectiveness of learner control. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Instructional videos may overload limited working memory resources due to the transient information effect. The overall effect of including learner control within educational technology was almost zero (g = 0.05) but showed higher heterogeneity. It is unclear whether embedding various cues in an instructional video improves the effectiveness of learner control. What this paper adds Both temporal and organizational cues aided in increasing learners' germane cognitive load and enhancing their transfer. Organizational cues helped learners understand the underlying structure, thus facilitating deeper cognitive processing, improved metacognition and ultimately boosted learning performance. Combined temporal and organizational cues lead to engagement behaviours and accurate self‐monitoring. Implications for practice and/or policy Providing instructional support is important in assisting learners with the complexities of learner‐controlled instruction. Embedding cues help learners process the content deeply by giving learners control over the instructional video.

The effects of external cues on cross-border e-commerce product sales: An application of the elaboration likelihood model.

In response to the soaring demand for imported goods among Chinese consumers, this study innovatively investigates the role of external cues on consumer behavior on cross-border e-commerce platforms, utilizing advanced data crawling techniques to extract data from Tmall Global. Guided by the Elaboration Likelihood Model, this research unveils key determinants affecting consumer purchasing decisions, contributing novel insights to e-commerce literature and methodologies. Our analysis discovers that increased picture comments significantly boost sales and that source credibility, product collections, and price discounts also play pivotal roles, especially for experiential products. We further explore a nuanced, inverted U-shaped relationship between product title length and sales, offering a foundational understanding of non-linear relationships in consumer behavior and presenting practical implications for enhancing marketing strategies. This study, while acknowledging limitations like data access constraints, provides strategic insights into optimizing product information presentation and broadens understanding of consumer decision-making processes, thus adding substantial value to ongoing e-commerce discourse.

A closer look at geographical indicators: how food labels influence product values, authenticity and willingness to pay premium prices

PurposeThe effects of country-of-origin (COO) cues on product evaluations are well documented. However, research on the relative effects of COO compared to other geographical indicators, such as region-of-origin (ROO), on food purchases is still limited. This study investigates how geographical origin labels influence consumers' perceptions of product value and authenticity of foreign food, as well as subsequent purchase intention (PI) and willingness to pay premium prices (WTPPP). The moderating role of health consciousness on these relationships is also examined due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a between-subjects experimental design conducted with 300 middle- and high-income Chinese consumers aged between 25 and 50 years. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling.FindingsWhilst under both COO and ROO cues, all five product values positively influenced consumers' WTPPP, only functional, economic and novelty values influenced PI. The ROO cue performed significantly better than the COO cue in eliciting functional, economic and novelty value perceptions, which triggered stronger PI and willingness to pay a premium price. These relationships were mediated by product authenticity (PA) and moderated by consumers' health consciousness (HC).Practical implicationsBecause food labels provide salient product information that facilitates consumers' evaluation of products, marketers should assess which product value perceptions they wish to enhance and then choose the appropriate geographical indicators for their labelling strategies.Originality/valueThis study identifies the effects of COO and ROO cues on product values, authenticity, PI and WTPPP. It also provides valuable insights into the role of HC on consumers' purchase decisions, which also aids in understanding the impact of global crises on food purchases.