Effect Of Copper Sulfate Research Articles

Effect of copper sulphate on Cryptocaryon irritans based on metabolome analysis.

Cryptocaryon irritans is one of the most harmful marine parasites in mariculture. Copper sulphate is often used to kill parasites and the influence of copper sulphate on the tomont stage of C. irritans was explored in this study. The results showed that excystment rate was not significantly affected when tomonts were exposed to 5 mg/L (76.7%) and 10 mg/L (78.9%) of copper sulphate for 3 h. However, excystment rate was significantly inhibited when exposed to 15 mg/L (33.3%) for 3 h and 5 mg/L (28.9%), 10 mg/L (33.3%) and 15 mg/L (33.3%) for 6 h. After treatment with high concentrations of copper sulphate, the interior of the tomonts was fuzzy under the microscope, and the division process could not be observed. Metabolomic results combined with preliminary transcriptome analysis results showed that the tomonts were induced to produce linoleate, riboflavin, inositol and other substances under the stress of Cu2+ , which affected the antioxidant mechanism of the body. Using MDA content determination and antioxidant enzyme activity analysis, copper sulphate was found to cause oxidative damage to tomonts by affecting the generation of metabolites, leading to the death of tomonts.

EFECTO DEL SULFATO DE COBRE PENTAHIDRATADO (CuSO4·5H₂O) Y RIZOBACTERIAS EN LA GERMINACIÓN DE JAMAICA (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Heavy metals are perceived as the most persistent and dangerous. Cu is essential for plants, in excess it causes detrimental effects on plants and human health. Plant growth promoting bacteria have been mainly used in agriculture to promote seed germination, plant vigor and growth, and improve crop yields. <strong>Objective:</strong> To analyse the effect of germination in two roselle varieties that were inoculated with extracellular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria of the genus <em>Pseudomonas</em> and in seven solutions of copper sulphate pentahydrate. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Roselle seeds were germinated in copper sulphate solutions, the seeds were inoculated with bacterial suspensions of two strains of <em>Pseudomonas</em> M40 and M67, the germination percentages were determined and vigour tests were also carried out. <strong>Results:</strong> The effect of copper sulphate on germination was significant in the interaction between main factors, but no significance was found in the effect of the strains and their interaction with the varieties. In the vigour tests, significance was detected between factors of stem dry weight, root and stem length, and strains.<strong> Implications:</strong> The tolerance of the seeds to copper sulphate, to know if it has an effect of promoting germination or, on the contrary, inhibits it. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> copper sulphate has the effect of promoting the germination of roselle seeds. Jamaica has a potential effect of phytoremediation of metals in combination with the inoculation of rhizobacteria that promote plant growth.</p>

Glutathione ameliorates the meiotic defects of copper exposed ovine oocytes via inhibiting the mitochondrial dysfunctions

Regardless of the essential role of copper (Cu) in the physiological regulation process of mammalian reproduction, excessive exposure to Cu triggers the meiotic defects of porcine oocytes via compromising the mitochondrial functions. However, the connections between the excessive Cu exposure and meiotic defects of ovine oocytes have not been reported. In this study, the effect of copper sulfate (CuSO4) exposure on the meiotic potentials of ovine oocytes was analyzed. Subsequently, the ameliorative effect of glutathione (GSH) supplementation on the meiotic defects of CuSO4 exposed ovine oocytes was investigated. For these purposes, the in vitro maturation (IVM) of ovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) was conducted in the presence of 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL of CuSO4 supplementation. Subsequently, different concentrations of GSH (2, 4 and 8 mM) were added to the IVM medium containing CuSO4 solution. After IVM, the assay, including nuclear maturation, spindle organization, chromosome alignment, cytoskeleton assembly, cortical granule (CGs) dynamics, mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, epigenetic modification and fertilization capacity of ovine oocytes were performed. The results showed that excessive Cu exposure triggered the meiotic defects of ovine oocytes via promoting the mitochondrial dysfunction related oxidative stress damage. Moreover, the GSH supplementation, not only ameliorated the decreased maturation potential and fertilization defect of CuSO4 exposed oocytes, but inhibited the mitochondrial dysfunction related oxidative stress damage, ROS generation, apoptosis and altered H3K27me3 expression in the CuSO4 exposed oocytes. Combined with the gene expression pattern, the finding in the present study provided fundamental bases for the ameliorative effect of GSH supplementation on the meiotic defects of CuSO4 exposed oocytes via inhibiting the mitochondrial dysfunctions, further benefiting these potential applications of GSH supplementation in the mammalian IVM system and livestock breeding suffering from the excessive Cu exposure.

Effect of copper sulfate on the survival of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) fingerlings

Effect of copper sulfate on the survival of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) fingerlings

Effect of Copper Sulfate On Hematological and Histological Parameters of Freshwater Fish Oreochromis niloticus at Various Sublethal Concentration

Heavy metals pollution is a great environmental problem in recent years throughout the world. Various activities such as domestic, anthropogenic activities, volcanic eruptions and industrial activities which increase their level of heavy metals concentration into the environment. Copper sulfate is used as an algaecide and fungicide in the fields of agriculture and aquaculture being discharged into water bodies and it can affect the aquatic organisms, especially fishes. The present study deals with the effect of copper sulfate on various hematological parameters of the experimental fish Oreochromis niloticus. Oreochromis niloticus is an important freshwater fish in commercial aquaculture. Fish is a significant food component of human food. Fish are the suitable bio-indicators of heavy metal contamination. Heavy metals are oxidative stress inducers in fish and can reflect aquatic contamination. The Objective of the present study was to analyze the hematological effects of heavy metal CuSO4 on the freshwater fish O.niloticus. The LC50 value of copper sulfate found to be 39.2 mg/L. The fish Oreochromis niloticus were experimented for the different sub lethal concentrations of 1/10, 1/20 and 1/30 of copper sulfate for the period of 30 days to get hematological changes. At the end of the experiment the result shows that the Red Blood Cell (RBC) count and the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) were significantly decreased as the sub-lethal concentration of heavy metal Copper sulfate increased, while the level of WBC, MCV and MCH significantly increased. The effect of copper sulfate was observed by histopathological investigation of gill and liver of treated fish. The aim of present study is to investigate the hematological and histopathological effects of copper sulfate for the period of 30 days at various sublethal concentration in various tissues of the freshwater fish O. niloticus.Dietary data were collected in detail through face-to-face interview on tilapia O.niloticus consumption. Intake of fish (g) was computed. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software for Windows and all tests were considered significant at p<0:05.

Biomagnification of Copper Along the Aquatic Food Chain (Artemia franciscana, Danio rerio, and Astronotus ocellatus).

Nowadays, pollution of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals is one of the most important environmental challenges due to toxicity, stability, and bioaccumulation in the environment. Heavy metals accumulate in aquatics and plant tissues and can eventually threaten human health by transmission into the food chain. For this reason, in the present study, the effect of copper sulfate (CuSO4) and its transmission in the food chain of Artemia franciscana, Danio rerio (Zebra), and Astronotus ocellatus (Oscar) were investigated. Initially, lethal concentration of Cu on Artemia was obtained in 24h. In the first step, Zebra fishes fed with Artemia (under copper sulfate exposure (LC50)) and water (clean and 10% of CuSO4) treatments. In the second step, Oscar fishes fed with Zebra (under copper sulfate exposure (LC50)) and water (clean and 10% of CuSO4) treatments. In the last step, the concentration of Cu was measured in liver tissues of Zebra and Oscar fishes. Also, the variation of glucose and enzymes including Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Autologous Conditioned Plasma (ACP) was measured. The results of this study showed that Cu causes histopathological changes liver tissues including hyperemia, necrosis, hepatic portal vein, hepatocyte destruction, nucleolysis, bile stasis, and biliary edema. Also, a strong positive and significant correlation was observed between Cu and increasing glucose and ALT, AST, and ACP.

Effect of Copper Sulphate and Cadmium Chloride on Non-Human Primate Sperm Function In Vitro.

In order to address the large percentage of unexplained male infertility in humans, more detailed investigations using sperm functional tests are needed to identify possible causes for compromised fertility. Since many environmental and lifestyle factors might be contributing to infertility, future studies aiming to elucidate the effect of such factors on male fertility will need the use of appropriate research models. The current study aimed to assess the effects of two heavy metals, namely copper sulphate, and cadmium chloride, on non-human primate (NHP) sperm function in order to establish the possibility of using these primate species as models for reproductive studies. Our combined results indicated that the functionality of NHP spermatozoa is inhibited by the two heavy metals investigated. After in vitro exposure, detrimental effects, and significant lowered values (p < 0.05) were obtained for sperm motility, viability and vitality, acrosome intactness, and hyperactivation. These metals, at the tested higher concentrations, therefore, have the ability to impair sperm quality thereby affecting sperm fertilizing capability in both humans and NHPs.

Soil invertebrate toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano copper oxide and copper sulphate in soils, with and without biosolids amendment

The fate, toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) was investigated in soil, with and without biosolids amendment, through chronic exposures using the earthworm, Eisenia andrei, and the collembolan, Folsomia candida. The effects of copper sulphate (CuSO4) were included so as to compare the behavior of nCuO to a readily soluble counterpart. The fate of nCuO was evaluated through characterization of dissolved and nano-particulate fractions (via single particle ICP-MS) as well as extractable Cu2+ throughout the duration of select tests. Neither Cu form was particularly toxic to F. candida, but effects on E. andrei reproduction were significant in all treatments (IC50 range: 98 – 149 mg Cu kg−1 dry soil). There were no significant differences in toxicity between the Cu forms, nor in extractable Cu2+ activities, indicative that particle dissolution within the soil and, subsequent activity of Cu2+ was likely the primary mode of toxicity in the nCuO exposures. The presence of biosolids did not significantly alter toxicity of nCuO, but did affect Cu2+ activity over time. Bioaccumulation of total Cu in E. andrei when exposed to nCuO (kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFk): 0.80 with biosolids and 0.81 without) was lower than exposure to CuSO4 (BAFk: 2.31 with biosolids and 1.12 without). Enhanced dark-field hyperspectral imaging showed accumulation of nCuO along the epidermis and gut of E. andrei, with trace amounts observed in muscle and chloragogenous tissue, providing evidence of nCuO translocation within the organism. The present study demonstrates that the current risk assessment approach for trace metals in the environment, based on substance solubility and bioavailability of the dissolved free ion, are applicable for nCuO exposure to soil invertebrates, but that the rate of particle dissolution in different soil environments is an important factor for consideration.

Toxic effects in Aphanomyces brasiliensis and zebrafish embryos caused by oomyceticides.

In fish farming, high losses occur during egg incubation and larviculture due to diseases caused by oomycetes. This study aimed to identify the oomycete species that occurs in zebrafish Danio rerio eggs and to evaluate the oomyceticidal effect of copper sulfate, bronopol and methylene blue on the mycelial growth of this organism, as well as to determine the lethal and sublethal toxicity of these compounds in embryos of D. rerio. The isolates were cultivated in yeast-starch medium to determine the concentration necessary to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (IC50) and 100% (minimum oomyceticidal concentration) after a 96 h exposure to these compounds. In addition, tests with D. rerio eggs were conducted to determine the lethal concentrations for 50% of the organisms (96h-LC50), and the concentrations that inhibited 17% of the eggs hatching (96h-IC17) after 96 h. The organism responsible for the mortality of D. rerio eggs was classified by classical and molecular methods as Aphanomyces brasiliensis, representing the first report of this pathogen in zebrafish eggs. IC50 values could be determined for both bronopol and copper sulfate, whereas methylene blue had low effectiveness against the oomycete. Copper showed high toxicity to D. rerio eggs at low concentrations, while methylene blue and bronopol toxicity was low and similar to each other. The use of bronopol at a concentration of 4.8 mg l-1 for the treatment of zebrafish eggs allows controlling the pathology without causing deleterious effects to the treated organisms.

Effect of copper sulfate on the external microbiota of adult common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

BackgroundThe environment exerts a strong influence on the fish external microbiota, with lower diversity and increased abundances of opportunistic bacterial groups characterizing cultured fish compared to their wild counterparts. Deviation from a healthy external microbiota structure has been associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial pathogens. Treatment of wild-caught broodstock with copper sulfate for the removal of external parasites is a common aquaculture practice. Despite the microbiota’s importance to fish health, the effects of copper sulfate on mucosal bacterial communities and their ability to recover following this chemical treatment have not been examined. The skin microbiota of adult common snook was characterized from wild individuals (Wild), and wild-caught fish maintained in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) immediately following a month-long copper sulfate treatment (Captive-1), and then two-weeks (Captive-2) and 2 years (Captive-3) after cessation of copper treatment.ResultsThe skin microbiota of wild fish were characterized by high diversity and taxa including Synechocococcus, SAR11, and a member of the Roseobacter clade. Bacterial diversity decreased in Captive individuals during the 2-year sampling period. Captive fish harbored greater abundances of Firmicutes, which may reflect glycan differences between aquaculture and natural feeds. Bacterial taxa with copper resistance mechanisms and indicative of metal contamination were enriched in Captive-1 and Captive-2 fish. Vibrionaceae were dominant in Captive fish, particularly immediately and 2 weeks following copper treatment. Based on our observations and previous literature, our results suggest putatively beneficial taxa amass over time in captivity. Within 2 years, Captive individuals harbored Bacillus which contains numerous probiotic candidates and the complex carbon degraders of the family Saprospiraceae. Predicted butanoate metabolism exceeded that of Wild fish, and its reported roles in immunity and energy provision suggest a prebiotic effect for fishes.ConclusionsThe mucosal microbiota contains bacterial taxa that may act as bioindicators of environmental pollution. Increases in mutualistic groups indicate a return to a beneficial skin microbiota following copper sulfate treatment. Our data also suggests that vastly different taxa, influenced by environmental conditions, can be associated with adult fish without noticeable health impairment, perhaps due to establishment of various mutualists to maintain fish mucosal health.

Differences in the effect of copper sulfate on the mortality rate of Ostracod and Daphnia

Freshwater plankton habitats and its ecosystems are widely used indicators of chemical pollution. Control and estimation of effects induced by substances used in agriculture on freshwater organisms appear to be an important field of science, providing feedback on use of these chemicals. Our preliminary experiments with growing two species from different groups of freshwater crustaceans, Daphnia pulex and Ostracoda, in culture indicated different survival ability related to water quality, overcrowding, and food supply. We hypothesized that copper sulfate (CuSO4), which is a long-established herbicide and pesticide used in pond cleaning, can also have a different mortality rate on these animals. To test this hypothesis, we established and utilized a simple reproducible method via treatment of controlled number of animals with different concentrations of CuSO4. We performed a series of experiments with this chemical and our results indicated that it has different magnitudes of toxicity on two groups of freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia and Ostracoda). We conclude that this method can be helpful in ecological toxicity analysis and may be utilized for wider and more precise studies of different pesticides side effects.

Effect of Copper Sulfate and Sulfuric Acid on Blind Hole Filling of HDI Circuit Boards by Electroplating

Here, in a certain high density interconnect (HDI) printed circuit board, the effect of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid on the filling effect of a blind hole with a certain diameter and depth was investigated by making a blind hole using a CO2 laser drilling machine, filling the blind hole via electroplating by simulating the electroplating line in a Halin cell, and observing the cross-section of a micro blind hole after polishing using metallographic microscope, as well as the effect of hole filling, are evaluated. The results show that, under the conditions of a certain plating solution formula and electroplating parameters (current density and electroplating time), the sag degree decreases with the increase in the copper sulfate concentration. When the concentration of copper sulfate increases from 210 g/L to 225 g/L, the filling effect is good and the sag degree is about 0. However, with the increase in sulfuric acid concentration, the sag increases gradually. When the sulfuric acid concentration is 25–35 g/L, both the sag and copper coating thickness are in a small range. Under appropriate electroplating conditions, a better blind hole filling effect can be obtained. The volume of blind hole has a certain effect on the diffusion and exchange of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid, as well as on the concentration distribution of additives.

Experimental study of copper toxicity and some stress biomarkers in Macrobrachium scabriculum (Heller, 1862)

ABSTRACT A laboratory experiment on copper toxicity in Macrobrachium scabriculum or Chameleon shrimp was performed to understand the adverse effect of copper sulfate, commonly used as antiparasitic medication against Ichthyophthirius multifilis or Ick. Mortality rate was observed to be over 80% at dosage of 5 µM and above, equivalent to about 0.32 mg.L−1 or higher of ionic copper. The species exhibited a greater resistance against copper toxicity than many other shrimp/prawn species as its survivability was quite high even under relatively higher copper concentrations. The LC50 value after 168 h of exposure was 3.12 ± 0.13 µM of copper sulfate or 0.78 ± 0.25 mg.L−1 in terms of Cu2+. Lipid peroxidation activity along with catalase and superoxide dismutase was selected as oxidative stress biomarkers. All the three biomarkers appeared to be more or less equally responsive to the stress level. One-way ANOVA performed on the data set ensured the statistical significance of the data with the rejection of null.

Effects of copper sulphate and rumen-protected copper sulphate addition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and hepatic gene expression in dairy bulls

Effects of copper sulphate and rumen-protected copper sulphate addition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and hepatic gene expression in dairy bulls

Effects of copper sulphate and coated copper sulphate addition on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in dairy cows.

Coated copper sulphate (CCS) could be used as a Cu supplement in cows. To investigate the influences of copper sulphate (CS) and CCS on milk performance, nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation, fifty Holstein dairy cows were arranged in a randomised block design to five groups: control, CS addition (7·5 mg Cu/kg DM from CS) or CCS addition (5, 7·5 and 10 mg Cu/kg DM from CCS, respectively). When comparing Cu source at equal inclusion rates (7·5 mg/kg DM), cows receiving CCS addition had higher yields of fat-corrected milk, milk fat and protein; digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF); ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration; activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, pectinase and α-amylase; populations of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes; and liver Cu content than cows receiving CS addition. Increasing CCS addition, DM intake was unchanged, yields of milk, milk fat and protein; feed efficiency; digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and acid-detergent fibre; ruminal total VFA concentration; acetate:propionate ratio; activity of cellulolytic enzyme; populations of total bacteria, protozoa and dominant cellulolytic bacteria; and concentrations of Cu in serum and liver increased linearly, but ruminal propionate percentage, ammonia-N concentration, α-amylase activity and populations of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus decreased linearly. The results indicated that supplement of CS could be substituted with CCS and addition of CCS improved milk performance and nutrient digestion in dairy cows.

Effects of Copper Sulphate on Shoot Multiplication and Rooting of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) (In vitro Study)

Effects of Copper Sulphate on Shoot Multiplication and Rooting of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) (In vitro Study)

Effect of polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat seedlings under copper stress

Aim. To study the effect of polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl) on morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of wheat seedlings in the presence of toxic concentration of copper ions. Methods. The growth-stimulating activity of PHMG-Cl in pure state, as well as in the presence of elevated concentrations of copper ions was studied by phytotesting method using wheat seed as a test culture. Physico-chemical interaction between PHMG-Cl and CuSO4 in water solutions was studied by spectrophotometry. Results. Wheat seed treatment with water solutions of polymeric biocide PHMG-Cl in the concentration range of 0.01–0.1 % causes an increase in the length of roots and shoots by over 50 % after 7 days of incubation. The concentration of PHMG-Cl of 1 % was found to have a depressive effect on growth characteristics of the tested plants. This fact indicates that the phytotoxicity of PHMG-Cl is at least two orders of magnitude lower compared with a common pesticide copper sulfate. Thus, wheat seed soaking in 200 μM (0.003 %) water solution of copper sulfate causes reduced length of shoots and roots (by 65 and 34 %, respectively), as well as reduced weight of shoots (by 20 %) and roots (by 74 %) The analysis of green mass showed signifi cantly reduced content of carotenoids (by 26 %) and water soluble fl avonoids (by 37 %), as well as chlorophyll a/b ratio (by 18 %) that indicates decreased plant metabolic activity. However, the toxic effect of copper sulfate ions signifi cantly diminished in the presence of PHMG-Cl (0.01 %). Thus, the length of shoots and roots was found to increase by 24 and 64 %, respectively, compared to the samples treated with CuSO4. Moreover, the content of pigments and fl avonoids in the green mass of seedlings reached the level of control samples. The results of spectrophotometric studies indicate the absence of physico-chemical interaction between PHMG-Cl and copper sulfate in water solutions. Conclusions. The polymeric biocide PHMG-Cl effectively stimulates growth and development of wheat seedlings in the concentration range of its water solutions of 0.01–0.1 %. In the presence of toxic copper sulfate concentration, PHMG-Cl does not possess the growth stimulating activity. However, the polymeric biocide signifi cantly improves copper stress resistance of plants, and normalizes their morpho-physiological indicators, photosynthetic characteristics and secondary exchange.

Copper affects steroidogenesis and viability of human adrenocortical carcinoma (NCI-H295R) cell line in vitro

Copper is an environmental risk factor, which has various effects on reproductive endocrinology. In this study human adrenocortical carcinoma (NCI-H295R) cell line was used as an in vitro biological model to study the effect of copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) on steroidogenesis and cytotoxicity. The cell cultures were exposed to different concentrations (3.90, 62.50, 250, 500, 1000 µM) of CuSO4.5H2O and compared to control group (medium without CuSO4.5H2O). Cell viability was measured by the metabolic activity assay. Quantification of sexual steroid production directly from the medium was performed by ELISA assay. Following 48 h culture of NCI-H295R cell line in the presence of CuSO4.5H2O a dose-dependent depletion of progesterone release was observed even at the lower concentrations of CuSO4.5H2O. The lowest levels of progesterone were detected in groups with the higher doses (≥ 250 µM) of CuSO4.5H2O, which elicited significant cytotoxic action. Testosterone production decreased significantly, and this decline was more prominent in comparison to that of progesterone. The lowest release of testosterone was recorded at 1000 µM of CuSO4.5H2O. The cytotoxic effect of CuSO4.5H2O was evident at all concentrations used in the study. The presented data suggest that copper has detrimental effects on sexual steroid hormones and consecutively on reproductive physiology.

Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveals metabolic pathway alteration in mouse spermatogonia with the effect of copper exposure

Copper is a widespread heavy metal in environment and has toxic effects when exposed. However, study of copper-induced male reproductive toxicity is still insufficient to report, and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Keeping in view, RNA-Seq and metabolomic were performed to identify metabolic pathways that were distressed in mouse spermatogonia with the effect of copper sulfate, and the integrated analysis of the mechanism of copper administered GC-1 cells from metabolomic and transcriptomic data. Our results demonstrated that many genes and metabolites were regulated in the copper sulfate-treated cells. The differential metabolites analysis showed that 49 and 127 metabolites were significantly different in ESI+ and ESI- mode, respectively. Meanwhile, a total of 2813 genes were up-regulated and 2488 genes were down-regulated in the treatment groups compared to those in the control groups. Interestingly, ophthalmic acid and gamma glutamylleucine were markedly increased by copper treatment in two modes. By integrating with transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we revealed that 37 and 22 most related pathways were over-enriched in ESI+ and ESI- mode, respectively. Whereas, amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism play essential role in the potential relationship between DEGs and metabolites, which suggests that amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism may be the major metabolic pathways disturbed by copper in GC-1 cells. This study provides important clues and evidence for understanding the mechanisms responsible for copper-induced male spermatogenesis toxicity, and useful biomarkers indicative of copper exposure could be discovered from present study.

Effect of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) on Freshwater Snail, Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805: A Histopathological Evaluation.

In this study, freshwater snail (Physa acuta) was investigated to determine histopathological effects of CuSO4 on digestive gland, foot, mantle and ovotestis under laboratory conditions. The snails were exposed to different sublethal concentrations of CuSO4 (0.05mg/L, 0.1mg/L and 0.2mg/L) periods of 10, 20 and 30days. The relationship between CuSO4 concentration and mortality rate in snails was calculated as Y = 8.8 + 125.14X, R2 = 0.9444. The histopathological examinations revealed that CuSO4 caused significant histopathological changes in all the tissues of the snail. The severity of these lesions in tissues increased with increasing CuSO4 concentration and duration of exposure. The results showed that freshwater snail, Physa acuta can be considered to be a suitable bioindicator to demonstrate the toxic effect of copper in aquatic environments.