Effects Of Continuous Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Sweat Production During Continuous and Interval Aerobic Exercise

INTRODUCTION:Aerobic exercise within the habitable volume of small spacecraft needed for space exploration beyond low Earth orbit is expected to challenge the capacity of environmental control systems. Moisture control is a primary concern. Crewmembers will contribute moisture to the cabin environment in the form of sweat while exercising. The effects of continuous aerobic exercise for improving and maintaining aerobic capacity is well characterized. Likewise, evidence suggests that high intensity interval exercise for shorter durations is also effective in building and maintaining aerobic capacity. METHODS: On separate days, measures of sweat and respiratory responses were made for continuous (30 min of steady state exercise at ∼75% of aerobic capacity) and two interval (4 × 4 min, 8 × 30 s) exercise protocols. RESULTS: We observed that the 4-min and 30-s interval protocols produce 16% and 66% less metabolic water loss vs. the continuous exercise protocol, respectively. These responses were highly correlated with the amount of work performed (R2 = 0.81) and the amount of energy expenditure (R2 = 0.83) during exercise. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that interval exercise may be a useful alternative to continuous aerobic exercise when metabolic water production is an environmental concern. The results may inform the choices of aerobic exercise countermeasure protocols for use in deep space exploration. Ryder JW, Crowell JB, Song HJ, Ewert M. Sweat production during continuous and interval aerobic exercise. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(8):623–628.

Effects of acute resistance exercise with different loads on appetite, appetite hormones and autonomic nervous system responses in healthy young men

Although the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on the appetite has been widely explored, the influence of resistance exercise (RE) with different variables, including training loads, training volume, and inter-set rest, on appetite responses requires further investigation. This study examined the importance of training load in RE-induced appetite regulation, with the total training volume and inter-set rest equalized. In total, 11 healthy young men (age = 23 ± 2 years, body mass index = 22 ± 2 kg/m2) were included. Participants completed 3 trials, namely moderate-load RE (MOD; 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% 8RM), low-load RE (LOW; 4 sets of 15 repetitions at 45% 8RM), and a control (CON; no exercise), in a randomized, crossover design. Subjective appetite ratings; concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and lactate; and the autonomic nervous system activity were evaluated before exercise and 1 h after exercise. The hunger and predicted food consumption ratings, and ghrelin concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly lower in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). The PYY and lactate concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly higher in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). Heart rate variability recovery was slower in the MOD trial. These findings suggest that both moderate-load and low-load RE at equal training volumes and inter-set rest induce similar responses on hunger suppression and orexigenic signals, except for the slower recovery of autonomic modulation after moderate-load RE. Our results suggest that when individuals aim to potentiate appetite suppression after a bout of RE, both moderate- and low-load RE could be applied.

Serum creatine-kinase and extended breastfeeding: Case study

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The World Health Organization recommends infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life. Various factors can affect the maintenance of lactation. Increased physical activity and stress are thought to negatively affect breastfeeding success. The aim of this case study was to examine the effect of high serum creatine-kinase (CK) values and the success of breastfeeding after sports competition. It is assumed that continuous aerobic exercise is a stress for the body that can have a negative impact on lactation and extended breastfeeding. Methods. The level of acute muscle damage (AC) was measured before and after the competition in order to confirm continuous exposure to aerobic exercise. Results. After the competition, elevated serum creatine-kinase levels were noted. Prolactin and TSH values remained within optimal values. Conclusion. Several months of preparation for the competition had an impact on increasing acute muscle damage (AC) after the competition. No negative effect of continuous aerobic exercise on breastfeeding success was observed in this case study.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

The effect of continuous aerobic exercise on serum angiogenic and angiostatic factors in induction model of acute myocardial infarction male rats with coronary artery disease

Background. Aerobic training somewhat corrects endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but the most effective form of exercise is still unclear; therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as an angiogenic factor and endostatin (ES) as an angiostatic factor in male rats with coronary artery disease. Methods. The subjects of the present experimental study were 30 healthy male 2-months old Wistar rats divided into three groups: the experimental group, the control group with coronary artery disease, and the healthy control group. After rupturing 20 of the rats by isoproterenol, 10 rats in the experimental group performed eight weeks of continuous aerobic exercise on a treadmill, with an incremental intensity of 50% in the first session to 78% in the last session, whereas both control groups did not exercise. Seventy-two hours after the final training session, blood samples were taken for serum VEGF and ES indices, and one-way ANOVA with Scheffer posthoc tests was used to compare the mean of variables among the studied groups. Results. The results showed that discontinuous aerobic exercise could increase the blood VEGF in rats with coronary artery disease (P≤0.01), while there was no difference in the level of endostatin in the experimental group compared with control groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion. It seems that continuous aerobic exercises can be used in the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease and might be effective in the process of angiogenesis.

Effects of continuous aerobic exercise on lung function and quality of life with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundDespite the obvious benefits of aerobic exercise for asthmatic patients, controversies persist. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of continuous aerobic exercise on lung function and quality of life of asthmatic patients.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up to May 2019 and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of asthmatic patients intervened with whole body continuous aerobic exercise (moderate intensity, at least 20 minutes and two times a week, over a minimum period of four weeks), in which the endpoint measures were lung function and asthma-related quality of life. A fixed-effects model (I2≤50%) or random-effects model (I2>50%) was applied to calculate the pooled effects according to the I2-and Chi-squared (χ2) test, funnel plots were quantified to present publication bias, and a P value <0.05 was statistically significant.ResultsEventually, 22 trials conformed to the selection criteria. In the aerobic exercise group, the forced expiratory volume improved in one second (FEV1) (I2=10.2%, WMD: 0.12, P=0.011), peak expiratory flow (PEF) (I2=87.3%, WMD: 0.66, P=0.002), forced vital capacity (FVC) (I2=0.0%, WMD: 0.18, P<0.001), FVC/predict (I2=3.9%, WMD: 4.3, P=0.014), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25–75%) (I2=0.0%, WMD: 9.6, P=0.005), Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) (I2=0.0%, WMD: 0.20, P=0.002), and Pediatric Asthma Quality of life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) (I2=72.1%, WMD: 0.81, P<0.001), respectively, while no statistical significance existed in FEV1%predict (I2=36.0%, WMD: 0.68, P=0.312) and FEV1/FVC ratio (I2=0.0%, WMD: 0.27, P=0.443) compared with the control group. When the exercise mode was taken into account, we observed significant improvement in FEV1, PEF, and FVC in the swimming (P<0.05) or indoor treadmill (P<0.05) training group.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis proved that regular continuous aerobic exercise benefits asthma patients on FEV1, PEF, FVC, FVC%pred, FEF25–75%, and quality of life, and was well tolerated, while there were no improvements in FEV1%pred and FEV1/FVC%. As such, swimming and treadmill training may be appropriate options.

Effect of Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Nerve Growth Factor in Diabetic Rats

Background: Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, known as neurons, are produced by neural stem cells. Objectives: This survey aimed to evaluate the effect of long-term aerobic activity on the nerve growth factor (NGF) in diabetic rats. Methods: We divided 84 rats into four groups: (1) healthy control (HC), (2) healthy practice (HP), (3) diabetic control (DC), and (4) diabetic practice (DP). They practiced for 12 weeks in three sessions per week. Results: Based on the outcome of the survey, there was no difference in the level of NGF after one step of exercise (P = 0.860), but there was a significant difference in other steps of practice (P = 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in all steps (4th, 8th and 12th weeks of practice) (P = 0.001), while the eighth weeks and 12th weeks did not differ significantly (P = 0.198). Conclusions: In the whole steps (all weeks of practice), the level of NGF was lower in the healthy control and diabetic control groups than in the control practice and diabetic practice groups. In other words, the higher incidence of diabetes mellitus, and the more time gone (from 4th to 8th and then 12th week), the higher decrease in the level of NGF occurred, so that continuous aerobic exercise could increases the NGF levels.

The Effect of Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Neurodegeneration in Diabetic Rats

Background: In neurodegenerative complications, the function and structure of the neurons undergo a change, which eventually cause the death of neurons. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on neurodegeneration in diabetic rats. Methods: A total of 84 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, including: (1) sedentary control (SC), (2) trained control (TC), (3) sedentary diabetic (SD), and (4) trained diabetic (TD). The exercise protocol in this study comprised of 12 weeks, three sessions per week. Results: There was no significant difference in the level of tau protein hyperphosphorylation in four weeks of training (P = 0.128), however, there was a significant difference in the 8th and 12th weeks of training (P = 0.000). In addition, the results showed that there was a significant difference in tau protein hyperphosphorylation in different stages (4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of training) (P = 0.000). Conclusions: It can be concluded that in all three different time periods (4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of training), the levels of tau protein hyperphosphorylation in the control and diabetes groups were more than those in the training, diabetes, and exercise groups. On the other hand, the higher the incidence of diabetes mellitus, and the more time gone (from 4th to 8th and then 12th week), the higher increase in the level of tau hyperphosphorylation occurred, so that continuing aerobic exercise could reduce the amount of this variable.