Effects Of Cognitive Factors Research Articles

Formation Mechanisms, Interrelationships, and Effects of Cognitive Factors on Diet and Physical Activity During the Post-Bariatric Surgery Period: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Compensatory Carry-Over Action Model.

Diet and physical activity (PA) are pivotal behaviors for managing energy balance post-bariatric surgery. Given the need for dual behavioral management, understanding the interplay of cognitive factors influencing these behaviors is crucial. This study applied the compensatory carry-over action model (CCAM) to explore the impact of cognitive factors on behaviors and their subsequent effects on subjective health outcomes. This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients at the third month after bariatric surgery in China. Data on diet and PA status, behavioral cognitive factors (intention, self-efficacy, compensatory belief, transfer cognition), and subjective health outcomes (perceived stress, well-being, quality of life) were collected. Structural equation model (SEM) was employed to test hypotheses in CCAM and assess mediation relationships. Analysis of data from 239 patients revealed the following: (1) Among antecedent cognitive factors, only compensatory belief significantly influenced diet (P<0.001). (2) Intention and self-efficacy directly correlated with their respective behaviors, while compensatory belief affected intention, and transfer cognition impacted self-efficacy (P<0.05), aligning with CCAM hypotheses. (3) PA demonstrated significant influence only on perceived stress (P=0.004), whereas diet significantly affected all subjective health outcomes (P<0.05). (4) Mediation analysis indicated intention partially mediated the relationship between compensatory belief and diet and fully mediated the relationship between compensatory belief and PA. Self-efficacy completely mediated the relationship between transfer cognition and diet and PA. Transfer cognition's carry-over effect did not directly influence behaviors among antecedent cognitions. Interventions should primarily target improving diet by mitigating compensatory belief. Moreover, diet exhibited a more pronounced impact on overall health compared to PA. Consequently, prioritizing dietary intervention over PA intervention is warranted based on the analysis of CCAM and the aim of promoting joint behaviors post-bariatric surgery.

Fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methods of analysing online impulsive buying of organic food: A cognitive-affective decision-making perspective

Buying decisions are influenced by a variety of factors that can give rise to impulsive, unplanned, or even irrational purchases. Research has examined the motivational factors that foster organic food consumption, but no study has explored the relative weights of these factors and whether their effects vary depending on the type of food. This study adopted the cognitive-affective perspective to examine the antecedents of online impulsive buying of organic food using a sample of 452 consumers living in Baghdad, Iraq. The fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methods were used to rank five organic food alternatives. The results revealed that the effects of cognitive factors on organic food purchases differ from those of affective factors.

The effect of cognitive factors on consumer behaviour: A business strategy context study

Health behaviour research is mainly based on the evaluation of the consequences of the behaviour. However, observing the worsening state of public health naturally raises questions about the causes of these trends. There are many factors influencing consumer health behaviour (legal, fiscal, demographic, political, etc.). It is agreed, that the consumer alone can hardly influence all of these mentioned factors (de Vries et al., 2018; Hilz et al., 2019). However, there are social cognitive psychological constructs (e.g., consumer attitudes), that can be partially or fully controlled or managed by the individual. In this article, the cognitive factors that influence consumer health behaviour are evaluated (pharmacy business context). The problem arises, what is the impact of cognitive factors on consumer health behaviour? The quantitative empirical research approach was chosen to reflect the attitudes of the Lithuanian population about health, research sample — 1,000 respondents. The interview was based on the computer-assisted web interview (CAWI). Results suggest, that the information from internet portals, has the most statistically significant impact on the formation of attitudes towards health. A similar tendency is reflected in health behaviour. The results of the study have practical value for pharmacy business companies and medical service companies.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Parenting: Toward a Cognitive/Schema Model

IntroductionAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) runs in families; however, there are mixed results on the interaction effects of parent’s and child’s psychopathology on parenting qualities. Cognitive/schema therapy is a promising treatment approach for adult ADHD; we know little about the effect of cognitive factors on parenting, however.ObjectivesWe aimed to fill this gap by exploring the role of dysfunctional schema modes in the associations between adult ADHD symptoms, child’s externalizing symptoms, and perceived parental competence in a dimensional approach.MethodsA community sample of parents (N=100, mean age=38.25 years, SD=5.73) filled out online questionnaires assessing ADHD symptoms (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale), dysfunctional schema modes (Schema Mode Inventory), perceived parental competence (Parental Sense of Competence Scale), and child’s psychopathology (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire).ResultsIn a multivariate model, higher levels of parental ADHD symptoms were related to higher levels of dysfunctional schema modes. However, neither the child’s externalizing symptoms nor the interaction term of parent’s symptoms by the child’s symptoms had any effect on dysfunctional schema modes. Furthermore, the child’s externalizing symptoms had a direct negative association with parental self-efficacy beliefs, whereas the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and parental self-efficacy was mediated by the detached and overcompensating dysfunctional schema modes.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the activation of dysfunctional schema modes is related to the parent’s but not the child’s psychopathology. The activation of dysfunctional schema modes may play an important role in the self-efficacy beliefs of parents with ADHD. Targeting that cognitive factors may enhance the effect of behavioral parent training programs.DisclosureThis research was supported by National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NKFIH) OTKA-PD-134849 grant.

Cognitive evaluation of capital structure: Effect of cognitive factors on the debt ratio in Mexican construction industry

Cognitive evaluation of capital structure: Effect of cognitive factors on the debt ratio in Mexican construction industry

The Brexit dilemma for small business: European companies respond

Purpose Focusing on the internationalization decisions of firms, this paper aims to investigate how managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) interpret and respond to exogenous shocks in their international sales markets. The authors specifically explore the effects of cognitive factors on French SME managers’ strategic decisions in response to the UK’s decision to leave the EU. Design/methodology/approach The research applies insights gleaned from the field of behavioral strategy, brought to life with illustrative examples of SME managers’ perceptions of Brexit derived from secondary and primary data sources. Findings The authors find that a combination of decision-makers’ previous experience and emotions can help account for their interpretations and strategic responses to Brexit. Practical implications The research highlights the need for managers to be more aware of how their personal characteristics can influence their mindsets and shape how they choose to respond to uncertain and ambiguous developments in foreign markets. Originality/value The research exposes important, behavioral dimensions of decision-making, which remain under-explored in the existing international business literature.

PREDICTING LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN BILINGUAL CHILDREN

AbstractUsing advanced quantitative methods, this article demonstrates that cumulative exposure to the school language is the best language experience predictor of proficiency in that language (as indexed by sentence repetition, lexical semantic, and discourse semantic tasks) in a highly diverse group of 5- to 7-year-old bilingual children in monolingual education. An objective method is proposed to identify the amount of school language experience beyond which bilingual children are likely to perform within the monolingual range, and show that relative passivity in the home language does not translate into better school language proficiency. Socioeconomic status is shown to interact in complex ways with language exposure, such that it is only above a certain level of exposure to the school language that the benefits of a more privileged background have a tangible impact on school language proficiency. To tease apart the effect of environmental predictors from the effect of cognitive factors, memory and cognitive flexibility measures are included as covariates in all analyses.

The analysis of effect of aspiration to growth of managers for SMEs growth case study

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to achieve an integrated understanding of the relationship between the desire of business managers for growth and their behavior toward business growth, with regard to variables affecting this relationship, within the framework of the theory of planned behavior. The main motivation for conducting this study was the lack of studies about the effects of cognitive factors on the growth of SMEs in Iran. In addition, behavior, personality, and specific characteristics of entrepreneurs, which have a great impact on the decision-making process and development of growth strategies, have been less taken into account in previous studies.Design/methodology/approachThe present paper reviews the existing literature on growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), theory of planned behavior as well as previous studies on business growth of SMEs within the framework of planned behavior theory. The conceptual model of the research was compiled from the models of two previous studies. The mixed approach is implemented and the statistical population of the research comprises of the managers of exporting manufacturing SMEs. In the qualitative section, data were analyzed using open codification technique and the partial least squares software package was utilized to conduct the quantitative data analysis.FindingsThe results indicate that the desire of managers for business growth has a direct and positive impact on their behavior toward business growth. This means that the higher the desire of managers for growth, the higher the level of business growth they would achieve because the raising level of desire leads to making a greater effort for achieving the goal. In this study, personality traits of managers, business environment features and business features were analyzed as the factors influencing the desire of managers for business growth.Practical implicationsThis paper will be useful for entrepreneurs, policymakers and researchers given its results about the effects of the desire of managers for growth on the measures and outcomes of business growth. This study suggests that the business environment has an important influence on its growth, and that the environmental dynamism paves the way for the growth of SMEs.Originality/valueMost studies on business growth have focused on economic and political aspects affecting the growth of enterprises, and few studies have dealt with psychological traits of managers. The present study attempted to fill this gap in the literature and add to the very limited number of studies conducted about the effects of psychological factors on business growth. This means that the higher the desire of managers for growth, the higher the level of business growth they would achieve. In other words, higher levels of business growth are indicative of the desire of managers for growth, which itself is influenced by personality traits, business environment features and business features.

Effects of cognitive factors on brand attitude and behavioral intention across different fashion pop-up store formats

The aim of this paper is to find which types of pop-up store positively influence consumers and to analyze the factors that affect brand attitude and behavioral intention across different fashion pop-up store formats. The data was collected from 217 respondents in their 20s and 30s and then subjecte...

Insights into the Effects of Cognitive Factors and Risk Attitudes on Fire Risk Mitigation Behavior

Insights into fire risk mitigation behavior are crucial for developing a public-private integrated fire-resistant management strategy that motivates contribution from households to fire risk reduction. This research focus on the effects of both cognitive factors and risk attitudes on fire mitigation behavior. Two cognitive factors are considered: threat appraisal and coping appraisal in the Protection Motivation Theory framework. In particular, the independent influence of the six components of threat appraisal (perceived probability, perceived severity, and fear emotions) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost) on fire risk mitigation behavior are examined. Three different types of fire risk mitigation behavior: maintenance and cautions, structural building measures, and fire insurance policy are considered. This study presents the data of a field survey among three ancient Chinese complexes. Results indicate that coping appraisal and risk attitudes are important variables in terms of risk mitigation behavior. In particular, response efficacy and risk attitudes significantly contribute to the models that explain fire risk mitigation behavior. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of risk mitigation measures should be focused on risk communication, and risk attitudes should be emphasized in estimating fire insurance demand.

Cognitive components of foreign word stress processing difficulty in speakers of a native language with non-contrastive stress

Objectives: Stress “deafness” is a difficulty in the detection of stress pattern changes of second language (L2) words. This study investigated the influence of cognitive factors and L2 proficiency on the processing of L2 stress. Methodology: Fifty-four native speakers of Hungarian, a language with non-contrastive stress, participated in the study; the participants were categorized as not speaking German or having a proficiency at the intermediate or advanced level. They had to recall sequences with increasing length consisting of German pseudowords that differed in either their phonemes (phoneme task) or stress patterns (stress task). Cognitive factors measured included working memory, phonological awareness and inhibitory control. Data and Analysis: The accuracy data obtained in the sequence recall task was analysed with generalized linear mixed modelling. Two separate analyses were performed to investigate the presence of stress “deafness” and the effect of cognitive factors. Findings: Results showed that the stress task led to lower performance than the phoneme task, irrespective of L2 proficiency. Furthermore, the analysis showed different cognitive factors contributing to the performance in the tasks: in the phoneme task, it was working memory, phonological awareness and inhibitory control, while in the stress task, it was only working memory and phonological awareness but not the inhibitory control. Originality: This is the first study to provide evidence about the cognitive background of the stress “deafness” effect, and to suggest the differential role of inhibitory control in phoneme and stress processing. Implications: These findings demonstrate the robustness of the stress “deafness” effect in a language with non-contrastive stress, provide evidence of the effect being independent of L2 proficiency and suggest that speakers of languages with non-contrastive stress do not have the necessary cognitive basis to form accurate L2 stress representations.

Premeditation and Sensation Seeking Moderate the Reasoned Action and Social Reaction Pathways in the Prototype/Willingness Model of Alcohol Use

ABSTRACTBackground: Drinking can occur because of expectations to drink (reasoned pathway) or because of willingness to drink under certain circumstances (reactive pathway). These pathways are thought to be influenced by different cognitions such as alcohol-related attitudes, norms, or drinking prototypes (Gerrard et al., 2008). Impulsive traits reflect individual differences in the influence of reasoned or reactive factors, however little research has investigated whether impulsivity moderates the effects of cognitive factors predicting alcohol use. Objectives: We tested whether differences in three impulsivity traits (premeditation, sensation seeking and negative urgency) moderated associations of reasoned (risk/disapproval attitudes and social norms) and reactive (prototype) pathway variables on expectation/willingness to drink and recent alcohol use. Methods: We collected data from n = 409 college students; the sample was 67% female, 43% Asian American, with Mdnage = 19. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression. Results: Premeditation and sensation seeking moderated reasoned variable effects on expectation and drinking. Among those low on premeditation, risk attitudes were most associated with drinking expectation, with alcohol prototypes most related to recent drinking. These effects declined at higher premeditation levels. Among those high on sensation seeking, risk attitudes were most associated with expectation and drinking, declining at lower sensation seeking levels. There was little evidence of moderation predicting drinking willingness. Conclusions/Importance: Findings imply personality differences may explain association strength between reasoned but not reactive risk behavior pathways with alcohol outcomes. They have ramifications for personalized prevention programs to reduce drinking through cognition change, as alcohol-related cognition influence may differ depending on personality characteristics.

Effects of cognitive factors on quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia

One hundred and eighty two outpatients with functional dyspepsia(FD)were enrolled. The cognitive questionnaire and the short form Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI) were used for survey. Spearman analysis showed that the cognitions of symptoms affected by emotion (r=0.284, P=0.006), somatisation symptoms induced by other diseases (r=0.211, P=0.045), and fears of cancer (r=0.217, P=0.039) were positively correlated with NDI scores. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that cognition of symptoms affected by emotion (β=3.709, P=0.009), somatisation symptoms induced by other diseases (β=3.259, P=0.020), need of hospitalization (β=4.533, P=0.006), and need of medication for several years (β=-3.207, P=0.029) were associated with NDI scores. These results suggest that the quality of life might be effected by cognitive factors, and the correction of cognitive mistakes may improve quality of life of FD patients. Key words: Dyspepsia; Cognition; Questionnaires

Acceptance of Corporate Blogs by Internet Users

Social media activities have become part of corporations’ communication strategies, seeking ways to use applications such as corporate blogs and social networks for relating to stakeholders and managing their (online) reputation. This study empirically investigates the application of the technology acceptance model to explain the individual usage of corporate blogs by Internet users. We test the Hypotheses derived from the model using a sample of 992 individuals from Germany, Russia, and the United States. Using structural equation modeling, the effects of cognitive factors on attitude, as well as the effect of attitude on usage intention and subsequently on actual usage are identified. The theoretical and practical implications of this are discussed.

Immigrant groups, vocational training, and employment

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the effect of vocational training on employability for immigrant groups.Design/methodology/approachCognitive test results were computed as factor scores on broad ability variables, and group means were calculated. The effects of cognitive factors and training on employment were investigated in a series of regression equations. The development of employment was estimated in a growth curve model.FindingsThere were considerable group differences in mean cognitive estimates. The influence of training on employment was beneficial for all groups. Training courses at different levels of complexity had different long term effects.Research limitations/implicationsA replication with information on grades or other training outcome measures should be useful. Replication studies with other groups should be conducted, such as replication with a more balanced proportion of male and female participants.Practical implicationsImmigrant groups benefit from vocational training despite entering with lower skills. Different long term influence on employment rates could influence choice of course.Originality/valueThis paper contributes information on cognitive achievements and training outcomes for immigrants in working life, an area where much more knowledge is needed. It provides support for the praxis of granting vocational training to immigrants with language skills considerably below those of comparable native groups. It also shows that courses at different levels of complexity have different long‐term impact, which can be useful information in a cost‐benefit perspective.

Analytical frameworks for measuring the effects of cognitive factors in buying decisions

Most existing mathematical models of consumer choice behaviour assume that individuals’ preferences remain invariant overtime. Although the assumption of invariant preference functions may be reasonable in some choice contexts, consumer preferences are largely influenced by variety-seeking effects. This paper presents three models on consumer choice behaviour, shopping performance and marketplace advantage in buying decisions involving several cognitive and economic determinants affecting consumer behaviour. These models are based on sequential structural equations using interrelated variables and can be applied in research on consumer shopping channel choices based on cognitive characteristics and consumer risk profiles. The framework for measuring the consumer behaviour discussed in this paper provides analytical dimensions for delineating the prediction of intangible variables affecting consumer preferences to optimise the purchase decisions in a given marketplace.

Loudness of non‐steady‐state sounds

Abstract: Basic research in psychoacoustics and its applications are discussed. Psychophysical laws should be robust in order to be used for practical purposes. The importance of the development and use of appropriate psychophysical methods in relation to the present study is introduced. When laboratory findings are applied to real‐life situations, there are various problems that have to be considered. It is necessary to control for complicated variables, to cover a wide area of stimuli, from static stimuli to dynamic stimuli, and to take into consideration the effects of cognitive factors and ecological validity. Using the loudness of non‐steady‐state sounds as an example, the process from basic psychoacoustic research to its practical applications is introduced.

Effects of Cognitive Factors on Perceived Odor Intensity in Adaptation/Habituation Processes: from 2 Different Odor Presentation Methods

The purpose of this study, which comprised 2 experiments, was to investigate cognitive effects on odor perception. An odor was presented using an olfactometer. In Experiment 1 ("continuous" presentation), anethole, an odor unfamiliar to most Japanese individuals, was presented continuously for 1 session (20 min), whereas in Experiment 2 ("intermittent" presentation), odor stimuli were presented 60 times for a short duration (0.2 s) over 4 sessions (24 min, including 9 min of intersession intervals), in which odor duration, temperature, and humidity were strictly controlled and the odor in the nostril was removed immediately after presentation. In each session, participants were asked to continuously evaluate odor intensity. In both Experiments 1 and 2, the participants were informed that the odor was either healthy (healthy-description group) or hazardous (hazardous-description group) prior to the session. The results show that in Experiment 2 (intermittent presentation), the hazardous-description group perceived the odor as more intense than did the healthy-description group, especially during the last 2 sessions. In Experiment 1 (continuous presentation), however, no significant difference in perceived intensity was present between the 2 groups. This study demonstrates the effect of cognitive state on perceived intensity by developing an experimental setting wherein the peripheral adaptation process was reduced and central olfactory processes were emphasized.

Effects of Sensitivity, Criterion Shifts, and Subjective Confidence on the Development of Automaticity in Airline Luggage Screening

We examined the effect of cognitive factors on the development of automaticity in a complex task. Participants (n = 24) performed a luggage screening task where we manipulated stimulus mapping (consistent vs. varied), frame size (small vs. large), memory set size (1 vs. 4) and time constraint, and examined their effects on participants' sensitivities, criterion shifts and confidence. Results revealed that the highest cognitive advantage in terms of high sensitivities and minimal deviations from optimal beta was afforded by the combination of small memory sets and consistent mapping of targets, after extended practice. Varied mapping of stimuli under high memory loads exerted a negative effect on sensitivities and induced a greater shift from optimal beta. The concurrence of high memory loads with varied mapping also led to decreases in confidence that hindered automatic detection of targets. The results have implications for training individuals to develop appropriate decision-making strategies in complex vigilance tasks.

Objective assessment of cognitive factors involved in visceral perception by using event-related cerebral evoked responses to esophageal target stimulation in man.

Evoked potential (EP) studies provide an objective measure of the neural pathways involved with perception of gastrointestinal stimulation. The effects of cognitive factors, such as anticipation or awareness, on EP responses are not known. We compared the EP response to esophageal electrical stimulation with the cortical activity associated with target detection and anticipation of the same stimulus. In 12 healthy men (26.8+/-6 years old), esophageal electrical stimulation (0.2 Hz, 0.2 msec, 15 mA) was applied, and the EP recorded using scalp electrodes. A computerized model of randomly applied target stimuli (1:5 ratio) was used to separately record the EP associated with stimulation and the event-related cognitive EP associated with a dual task-related or anticipated stimulation approach. A periodic electrical stimulus represented the nontarget stimulus and a second electrical impulse (oddball model) or an omitted stimulus (anticipatory model) the target stimulus. The event-related cognitive EP responses were also compared with standard and anticipatory auditory P300 evoked potentials. The esophageal and auditory oddball stimulus approach elicited event-related P300EP in all subjects. P300EP associated with electrical stimulation had a longer peak latency (P < 0.0001) and smaller amplitude than those obtained with auditory stimulation. Anticipatory evoked potentials could be obtained by electrical skipped stimulation in 8 of 12 subjects. These EP were similar to those obtained with omitted auditory target stimulation, although of significantly smaller amplitude than auditory standard P300EP (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the brain response associated with directed effortful processing of discriminate esophageal stimuli consists of a large event-related potential (P300EP). Anticipatory stimulation produces a similar event-related cortical response, which is associated with attention to and awareness of the actual stimulus. The P300EP to gastrointestinal stimuli may provide an objective and powerful electrophysiological tool for the assessment of the cognitive factors associated with visceral perception.