Effects Of Cognitive Dissonance Research Articles

Neuromodulation of choice-induced preference changes: the tDCS study of cognitive dissonance.

Difficult choices between two equally attractive options result in a cognitive discrepancy between dissonant cognitions such as preferences and actions often followed by a sense of psychological discomfort known as cognitive dissonance. It can lead to changes in the desirability of options: the chosen option becomes more desirable, whereas the rejected option is devalued. Despite the ample experimental evidence to show this effect, the neural mechanisms and timing of such choice-induced preference changes are not fully understood. In this study, we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modulate the activity of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC), which has been associated with conflict monitoring and choice-induced preference changes in neuroimaging studies. Prior to a revised version of Brehm's free-choice paradigm, participants in two experiments underwent cathodal (inhibitory) or anodal (excitatory) tDCS of the pMFC compared to sham (placebo) stimulation prior to the choice phase. Our results showed that cathodal tDCS significantly decreased the choice-induced preference change relative to a sham, but only in direct comparisons of rejected options. No significant effect of anodal tDCS in comparison with sham was observed. This study replicates the general behavioral effect of cognitive dissonance and provide partial support for the theory of the pMFC contribution to choice-related cognitive dissonance and subsequent preference changes, with possible limitations of an under-sampling for the obtained effect size and an asymmetry in the inhibitory-excitatory effects of non-invasive tDCS.

A neoclassical realist model of overconfidence and the Japan–Soviet Neutrality Pact in 1941

Why did Japan conclude the Japan–Soviet Neutrality Pact in 1941, even though it knew the German-Soviet relations were deteriorating and heading towards a disastrous war? Under the Tripartite Pact, it would be irrational for Japan to approach the USSR, which Germany had decided to invade. This article examines this long-standing puzzle in Japanese diplomatic history (also an anomaly of neorealism) by developing a new neoclassical realist model termed ‘neoclassical realist model of overconfidence’ based on self-deception in evolutionary psychology using scientific realism in the philosophy of science as a metatheoretical foundation. Drawing on neoclassical realism, I argue that Japan’s balancing strategy during 1940–41, which initially reflected the tripolar structure of the international system (independent variable), ultimately resulted in the suboptimal balancing of the Japan–Soviet Neutrality Pact (dependent variable) due to Yosuke Matsuoka’s (Japanese foreign minister) self-deception, including the positive illusion and cognitive dissonance effect (intervening variable).

The effects of cognitive dissonance and self-efficacy on short video discontinuous usage intention

PurposeThe discontinuous usage behavior of short video social media presents an ongoing challenge to platform development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents of intentions to short media discontinuous usage.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a Cognition–Affection–Conation (CAC) framework to analyze short video social media discontinuous intention on the basis of cognitive dissonance theory (CDT) and self-efficacy theory. The empirical evaluation of the research model was conducted using SmartPLS 2.0 and was based on questionnaire data obtained from participants in China.FindingsThe results show information overload and user addiction have a significant positive association with cognitive dissonance, which is, in turn, found to significantly impact discontinuous usage intention. Self-efficacy moderates the relationships between information overload, user addiction, cognitive dissonance and discontinuous usage.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of the factors that influence short video discontinuous usage intention and it achieves this by engaging from a CDT perspective and by applying Self-Efficacy Theory. Theoretical implications for future short video platform research, as well as practical suggestions for short video platform operators and users, are also discussed.

Pengaruh Disonansi Kognitif Terhadap Perilaku Plagiarisme Pada Mahasiswa

Plagiarism is rife in academic activities. Where one of them is the justification of student perceptions of learning achievement. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive dissonance on plagiarism behavior in students. This research intervention uses the theory of Adishesa & Prawiro (2020). This study replicated the intervention by controlling for the mindfulness variable through the “stop plagiarism” poster and 10 items of knowledge about plagiarism from the University of Southern Mississippi. This study used a posttest only two group experimental design. The sampling technique in this study used convenience sampling and obtained 40 students who were then divided into two groups, namely, the experimental group I and the experimental group II. Data analysis techniques used the Mann Whitney test to determine differences in plagiarism scores in the two research groups. The results showed that there were differences in plagiarism scores in the two groups with the Z test = -4.996 and sig. (2-tailed) is 0.00 < 0.05. The results showed that in the experimental group I where participants were given freedom by working on essays at home, the experimental group I got a higher plagiarism score than the experimental group II. Keywords: cognitive dissonance ; plagiarism behaviour ; students

The influence of issue attitude, value involvement and consumer-company identification on consumers’ reactions to corporate social advocacy: a moderated mediation through cognitive dissonance

PurposeEmploying cognitive dissonance theory, this study examines how consumers’ preexisting attitudes toward an issue, value involvement with the issue and consumer-company identification (CCI) influence their reactions to corporate social advocacy (CSA) through cognitive dissonance.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 conducted a 2 (CSA position: pro vs anti) × 3 (preexisting issue attitude: pro vs neutral vs anti) online quasi-experiment. The CSA messages were created in the context of same-sex marriage(s). Study 2 tested the hypotheses using an online survey in the context of gun control.FindingsThe results indicated that a conflict between consumers’ preexisting attitudes and a corporation’s stance on a controversial issue led to cognitive dissonance, which further led to consumers’ perceptions of the corporation being biased in both studies. Study 1 and Study 2 suggested a mixed effect of cognitive dissonance on participants’ inclination to disidentify with the corporation. Preexisting CCI appeared to have a direct negative influence on cognitive dissonance; however, value involvement and preexisting CCI were not found to significantly enhance the influence of consumers’ attitudes toward CSA on cognitive dissonance.Originality/valueThe study first extended the theoretical discussion of cognitive dissonance to a trendy strategic communication context. The results help public relations practitioners to better understand the segmented public groups and the risk of taking a stance on controversial issues.

Behavioral Responses to Losses Disguised as Wins: A Field Study of Slot Machine Players.

We present the results of a field study examining the effect of losses disguised as wins (LDWs) on subsequent slot machine gambler betting behavior. An LDW occurs when the amount won is less than the amount bet. Using non-experimental, individual transaction gambling data, we examine post LDW betting behavior in a panel of 42,669 gamblers and 17million slot machine plays. The primary empirical findings include: (1) streaks of three LDWs greater than 75% of the original amount bet lead slot gamblers to increase the amount bet on the next spin; (2) streaks of three LDWs less than 25% of the original amount bet results in gamblers decreasing their bet size on the next spin; (3) slot machine gamblers play faster following streaks of three LDWs compared to losses. We interpret these behavioral findings of differing outcomes associated with small versus large LDWs as consistent with a cognitive dissonance effect (Festinger, 1957). Specifically, the disconnect between the amount "won" (actually lost) and the audio and video stimulus produced by the slot machine highlighting the LDW, produces a dissonance-related arousal that players seek to avoid or reduce leading to changes in betting behavior. Our results complement the experimental findings on LDWs and suggest that the size of the LDW matters in examining the impact on gambling behavior.

Cognitive Dissonance, Business Longevity, and Spiritual Values of Business in Bali Post-Pandemic

This study refers to a phenomenon among Balinese business practices that is faced with new situations so that a conflict arises between beliefs and something that must be lived but is considered contrary to attitudes. The new situation is the impact of the pandemic that can affect business continuity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Cognitive Dissonance on Business Longevity and the effect of Cognitive Dissonance on Business Longevity moderated by Spiritual Values. The research method used is quantitative method and purposive sampling as sampling. The data obtained were then processed with SPSS. This study has a sample of 120 respondents who are business practices in Badung, Bali. The results showed that Cognitive Dissonance had a significant effect on Business Longevity. Moreover, there is no moderating effect exerted by Spiritual Value in the relationship between Cognitive Dissonance and Business Longevity. However, this study found that Spiritual Values can have a partial effect on Business Longevity.

The Impact of Information Overload of E-Commerce Platform on Consumer Return Intention: Considering the Moderating Role of Perceived Environmental Effectiveness.

The increasingly serious problem of consumers returning goods on e-commerce platforms has brought high costs to the Internet economy, carbon pollution to the environment, and waste of social resources. E-commerce platforms can provide useful information to assist consumers to make rational decisions, but they are often filled with useless, repetitive, and even false excessive information, which will lead to information overload and impulsive decision-making of consumers. Most of the previous literature focuses on reverse logistics, return policy, and consumer behavior tendency, etc. From the perspective of consumers’ perception of information displayed on e-commerce platforms, there are few research endeavors on the formation mechanism of perceived information overload on consumers’ return intention. Taking perceived information overload as an independent variable and consumers’ perceived environmental effectiveness as a moderation variable, this study constructs a chain mediation model that affects consumers’ online return intention. Based on the analysis of the mediating effects of impulsive buying behavior and cognitive dissonance, this study explored the moderating mechanism of consumers’ perceived environmental effectiveness on the chain mediation model. The results show that perceived information overload has a positive influence on online return intention through impulsive buying behavior, and perceived information overload has a positive influence on online return intention through cognitive dissonance. Perceived information overload also positively affects cognitive dissonance through impulsive buying behavior and thus has a significant positive chain mediating effect on consumers’ online return intention. More importantly, this research shows that consumers’ perceived environmental effectiveness can significantly moderate the chain mediation path by reducing the positive effect of the cognitive dissonance on online return intention. On this basis, this study put forward the corresponding managerial implications from the perspectives of consumers and e-commerce platforms.

The Effect of Cognitive Dissonance Caused by eSports Users’ eWOM Information Provision on Self-Rationalization and Recommendation Intention: Focusing on e-Sports Users in Korea and Japan

Purpose: EWOM is an important variable that affects the selection and purchase process of users who enjoy e-sports, and this is likely to lead to other users’ willingness to recommend. However, e-sports users do not always have positive and satisfactory experiences through eWOM. Sometimes you experience dissatisfaction with your choice through eWOM, and you can see that you take various actions to resolve complaints after purchasing to remove uncomfortable feelings. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of cognitive dissonance according to eWOM for users who enjoy e-sports and to examine the structural relationship of e-sports recommendation intention through self-rationalization of users who have experienced cognitive dissonance. Research design, data, and methodology: To verify this research model, an online survey was conducted using structured questionnaires for users from both Korea and Japan who have used e-sports within the last three months. Of a total of 180 questionnaires, 160 copies were used for the final analysis, excluding 20 copies with many unfaithful responses or poor internal consistency. After that, through the process of data coding, the SPSS18 program and the AMOS21 analysis program were used to demonstrate the researched and designed structural equation model. Implications: Summarizing the results of this study, eWOM had a positive (+) effect on both positive and negative inconsistencies in cognitive dissonance. Positive inconsistency was found to have a positive effect on recommendation intention. Negative discrepancies were found to have an effect on self-rationalization, but self-rationalization was found to have no effect on recommendation intention. Finally, it was found that there was a difference between eWOM and e-sports users in Korea and Japan in the structural relationship between cognitive dissonance, selfrationalization, and recommendation intention.

Cognitive Dissonance: A Barrier to Effective Management

Cognitive dissonance is often a barrier to effective management because it can lead library managers to accept a distorted view of “reality” and thus make less effective decisions. This trait is embedded in our genetic heritage from its success in pre-historic times but often causes problems in modern society even if it remains valuable in some situations. Irrational optimism, a common form of cognitive dissonance, invites managers to take greater risks than justified by the facts but can be positive as long as the negative consequences are not high. Similarly, in today’s era of rapid change, a false view of current realities may cause managers to cling to prior successes. Snap judgments are inevitable, but cognitive dissonance often causes managers to avoid changing their minds based on new information. The best antidotes to the negative effects of cognitive dissonance are being open to alternative possibilities, being willing to admit being wrong, seeking out valid research, monitoring the environment for results, and having trusted advisors.

Sustaining Patient Portal Continuous Use Intention and Enhancing Deep Structure Usage: Cognitive Dissonance Effects of Health Professional Encouragement and Security Concerns.

Sustaining patient portal use is a major problem for many healthcare organizations and providers. If this problem can be successfully addressed, it could have a positive impact on various stakeholders. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, this study investigates the role of health professional encouragement as well as patients’ security concerns in influencing continuous use intention and deep structure usage among users of a patient portal. The analysis of data collected from 177 patients at a major medical center in the Midwestern region of the United States shows that health professional encouragement helps increase the continuous use intention and deep structure usage of the patient portal, while security concerns impede them. Interestingly, health professional encouragement not only has a direct positive influence on continuous use intention and deep structure usage but also lowers the negative impact of security concerns on them. The research model explains a substantial variance in continuous use intention (i.e., 40%) and deep structure usage (i.e., 32%). The paper provides theoretical implications as well as practical implications to healthcare managers and providers to improve patient portal deep structure usage and sustained use for user retention.

The Effect of Cognitive Dissonance on Perceptions of Emotion

The influence of display rules and social norms can interfere with individuals’ abilities to express themselves, other’s abilities to acknowledge their own perceptions and empathetic responses to others in emotionally charged situations. This phenomenon creates inconsistencies in what one believes and what one can outwardly acknowledge, potentially inducing an experience of cognitive dissonance. The presence of cognitive dissonance is broadly defined by the presence of inconsistencies among thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors and is frequently studied in terms of dissonance-alleviating responses. The current study explores the potential dissonance-alleviating responses of being forced to outwardly accept a particular connotation of an image that is not inwardly perceived. Participants (n= 30) were randomly assigned to either a congruency/control condition or a non-congruency/dissonance condition. The two groups were compared post-dissonance or post-control priming based on their emotional acuteness, as measured by the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test (GERT-S). The results of an independent t-test indicate a statistically significant difference between the non-congruency/dissonance condition (M= 22.87, SD= 4.91) and the congruency/control condition (M= 27.2, SD= 3.95) on the GERT-S measure, t(28)= -2.67, p= .013, with an effect size of d ^ = 0.21, indicating a small effect between groups.

Integrating cognitive dissonance and social consensus to reduce weight stigma

Weight stigma is pervasive and has a range of deleterious effects. Among the most promising approaches for modifying this form of stigma are cognitive dissonance and social consensus. Due to their theoretical connection, this study tested the effects of an experimental manipulation of cognitive dissonance blended with social consensus for targeting weight stigma. It also added to research investigating the effects of cognitive dissonance on weight stigma by investigating a broader range of stigma measures. Participants were university students aged 18–35 years (N = 98) who were randomly allocated to one of four experimental conditions: blended cognitive dissonance, standard cognitive dissonance, blended control or standard control. Stigma measures included the perceived characteristics of, affective reactions towards, social avoidance of, and blameworthiness attributed to a higher-weight individual, and general weight stigma. Results showed that those in the cognitive dissonance conditions reported significantly lower weight stigma than those in the non-dissonance, control conditions. Moreover, those in the blended cognitive dissonance condition with higher in-group identification reported less negative affective reactions than those with lower in-group identification. The results provide consistent support for cognitive dissonance as an approach for reducing weight stigma and some additive support for an integrated cognitive dissonance and social consensus approach.

Online Reviews and Consumer Return Intention: Multiple Mediating Effects of Cognitive Dissonance

Online Reviews and Consumer Return Intention: Multiple Mediating Effects of Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance and Disaster Risk Communication

Much of effective disaster risk communications practice is based on the equitable distribution of crisis messaging to the target population. Priority is given, for example, to getting an evacuation message to the most people possible using a language and medium appropriate to that audience. Cognitive dissonance (CD) studies, however, show that well-intentioned disaster management messaging not only can produce an undesirable public reaction, but can also solidify public sentiment to resist or deny that very message. This focused literature review of a modest-sized body of research on the effects of cognitive dissonance on disaster management risk communications will produce two results. First, the research will demonstrate that a basic understanding of CD could help disaster communicators craft more effective messaging and, second, it will introduce a preliminary cognitive dissonance index (CDI) that can be easily plugged into existing crisis communication models. This “upgrade” to existing risk communication frameworks represents an efficient method to close the theory to practice loop and begin to account for the power of CD in our national and international disaster communications.

La dissonance cognitive et disciplinaire de la psychanalyse

ContextSince the founding of the discipline, psychoanalysis has been the subject of dissensions, conflicts, and ruptures that have had a considerable impact on disciplinary and group cohesion, on theoretical constructs, and even on individual constructions during treatment. The defence mechanisms used at the group level, in intra- and intergroup relationships, suggest the existence of a problem of boundaries. The presence and the effects of cognitive dissonance and sociocognitive conflicts (concepts from social psychology) have never been studied in relation to the organization of psychoanalysis. One of the main dissonances seems to be generated by the confrontation of psychoanalysis with scientific theories and, more broadly, with pluridisciplinarity. ObjectiveThis analysis aims to provide transdisciplinary answers to a series of questions regarding implicit cognitive dissonance, its consequences, and its theoretical and clinical resolution in psychoanalysis. MethodWe based this work on the cross-examination of testimonies, of critical points of view of psychoanalytic psychopathology, and of theories exploring models related to dissonance and sociocognitive conflict in social psychology. ResultsThis research highlights that psychoanalytical “suffering” is evident both in successive conflicts and in the marginal place occupied by psychoanalysis in society and in academic circles. Reputable psychoanalysts who are members of recognized psychoanalytical societies underline the totalitarian, dogmatic, and sectarian functioning of these societies, as well as their impermeability to third parties; the organizational life of psychoanalysis is understood here as doubly paradoxical and based on a twofold limit. The hypothesis of a psychoanalysis of limits is explored using the structural and psychodynamic models proposed by psychoanalytic theory; our research reveals the flaws and defences associated with this type of organization. Social psychology provides a key to understanding the relationship between difficulties related to boundaries and beliefs, and their consolidation as a resolution of both conflicts and cognitive dissonance. ConclusionThe author suggests the development of a theoretical and clinical model for the reconstruction of the individual at the intersection of holistic, bio-psychosocial, and even environmental perspectives, making it possible to capture all the interactions that constitute a primary and more current subjective history. The reduction of cognitive dissonance and the development of a permeable epistemic and social boundary in the psychoanalytic realm have a series of advantages, including: the creation of a logical (scientific) boundary protecting the therapeutic setting from the folie à deux and its excesses; better access to the discipline; the possibility of fruitful interdisciplinary dialogues; the reduction of intra- and intergroup conflicts, etc.

Cognitive dissonance: how self-protective distortions can undermine clinical judgement.

When errors occur in clinical settings, it is important that they are recognised without defensiveness so that prompt corrective action can be taken and learning can occur. Cognitive dissonance - the uncomfortable tension we experience when we hold two or more inconsistent beliefs - can hinder our ability to respond optimally to error. The aim of this paper is to describe the effects of cognitive dissonance, a construct developed and tested in social psychology. We discuss the circumstances under which dissonance is most likely to occur, provide examples of how it may influence clinical practice, discuss potential remedies and suggest future research to test these remedies in the clinical context. We apply research on cognitive dissonance from social psychology to clinical settings. We examine the factors that make dissonance most likely to occur. We illustrate the power of cognitive dissonance through two medical examples: one from history and one that is ongoing. Finally, we explore moderators at various stages of the dissonance process to identify potential remedies. We show that there is great opportunity for cognitive dissonance to distort judgements, delay optimal responses and hinder learning in clinical settings. We present a model of the phases of cognitive dissonance, and suggestions for preventing dissonance, reducing the distortions that can arise from dissonance and inhibiting dissonance-induced escalation of commitment. Cognitive dissonance has been studied for decades in social psychology but has not had much influence on medical education research. We argue that the construct of cognitive dissonance is very relevant to the clinical context and to medical education. Dissonance has the potential to interfere with learning, to hinder the process of coping effectively with error, and to make the accepting of change difficult. Fortunately, there is the potential to reduce the negative impact of cognitive dissonance in clinical practice.

Does cognitive dissonance occur in older age? A study of induced compliance in a healthy elderly population.

Does cognitive dissonance change as people age? Although cognitive dissonance has been one of the most widely studied theories in psychology, scant research has investigated the experience of dissonance over the life span and, to our knowledge, no prior research has investigated its effects in healthy older adults. The current study is the 1st empirical test of cognitive dissonance in an elderly population. We found that, consistent with dissonance theory, older adults showed effects of cognitive dissonance as measured by attitude differences in the direction of attitude-discrepant behavior in a classic induced compliance paradigm. Implications for the development of prohealth, dissonance-based interventions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Post-truth: conceptual and praxiological dimensions

The article raises the problem of post-truth that is interpreted in conceptual and praxeological dimensions. The author proves that post-truth is an information and political technology that operates through the use of mechanisms of mixing the true with the false, emotionalizing, politainment, populism, cognitive distortions of mass consciousness, actualization and objectification of desires in order to ensure the sympathy of a wide audience to its source, as well as the legitimization of a certain kind of policy and its subjects. In contrast to the truth, which correlates with objective truth, post-truth, presenting an alternative view and assessment of reality, relies on the irrational aspects of human consciousness and behavior, his/her selfish interests, finding justifications for its existence in the effectiveness and efficiency of its action. The assertion of post-truth as a single correct interpretation of reality is helped by the effect of the spiral of silence and the effect of cognitive dissonance. The attitude to post-truth is determined by the place in the structure of power relations that generate and maintain the corresponding narrative. From the standpoint of the subject, a post-truth narrative is defined by its effectiveness and efficiency. From the recipient’s point of view, a post-truth narrative is defined by its ability to satisfy desires, interests, and feelings. In the socio-political space, post-truth plays a role as a new type of propaganda, which justifies the morally questionable policy of future benefits of its implementation for the majority of society to the detriment of political rivals, as well as national and religious minorities. In fact, the era of post-truth is determined by the fact that politics ceases to focus on universal justice, becomes a politics of disregard for minorities and citizens of other countries.

Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Dissonance (Revised): An EEG Study.

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that our preferences are modulated by the mere act of choosing. A choice between two similarly valued alternatives creates psychological tension (cognitive dissonance) that is reduced by a postdecisional reevaluation of the alternatives. We measured EEG of human subjects during rest and free-choice paradigm. Our study demonstrates that choices associated with stronger cognitive dissonance trigger a larger negative frontocentral evoked response similar to error-related negativity, which has in turn been implicated in general performance monitoring. Furthermore, the amplitude of the evoked response is correlated with the reevaluation of the alternatives. We also found a link between individual neural dynamics (long-range temporal correlations) of the frontocentral cortices during rest and follow-up neural and behavioral effects of cognitive dissonance. Individuals with stronger resting-state long-range temporal correlations demonstrated a greater postdecisional reevaluation of the alternatives and larger evoked brain responses associated with stronger cognitive dissonance. Thus, our results suggest that cognitive dissonance is reflected in both resting-state and choice-related activity of the prefrontal cortex as part of the general performance-monitoring circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Contrary to traditional decision theory, behavioral studies repeatedly demonstrate that our preferences are modulated by the mere act of choosing. Difficult choices generate psychological (cognitive) dissonance, which is reduced by the postdecisional devaluation of unchosen options. We found that decisions associated with a higher level of cognitive dissonance elicited a stronger negative frontocentral deflection that peaked ∼60 ms after the response. This activity shares similar spatial and temporal features as error-related negativity, the electrophysiological correlate of performance monitoring. Furthermore, the frontocentral resting-state activity predicted the individual magnitude of preference change and the strength of cognitive dissonance-related neural activity.