Effects Of Cocaine Use Research Articles

New Estimates of the Effect of Marijuana and Cocaine Use on Wages

Using the 1984 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study provides an update of several previous cross-sectional estimates of the effect of illicit drug use on wages, as well as the first longitudinal estimates of that effect. The cross-sectional results, which are generally consistent with the surprising findings of previous research, suggest that illicit drug use has a large, positive effect on wages. The longitudinal estimates, which control for unobserved heterogeneity in the sample, are mixed: among men, the estimated wage effects of both marijuana and cocaine use are negative, but among women, the effect of cocaine use remains positive and large. Because the longitudinal model is imprecisely estimated, however, those results are inconclusive.

Cocaine use in Amsterdam in non Deviant Subcultures

Cocaine use was studied in Amsterdam among experienced users not drawn from biased populations of treatment clients, prison inmates, or prostitutes, but from the much larger pool of community based cocaine users. Cocaine use was studied in two samples, 160 in 1987 and 108 in 1991, recruited using snowball sampling techniques. Sixty-four of the 1987 respondents were also reinterviewed in 1991. Data gathered in these three investigations primarily focus on the effects and consequences of cocaine use, circumstances of use, development of level of use, and rules applied to cocaine use in general. The largest single group of users (50%) never exceed a low use level (less than. 5 grams a week). About one in five progress to a high use level of 2.5 grams a week or more during their top period of use. Sustained high level use is rare. There are clear indications that experienced cocaine users tend to diminish their use over time, lace it with periods of abstention, and adjust it primarily to social functions. Negative effects are prevented by a series of rules surrounding use, although no user escapes the occurrence of negative effects altogether.

Cocaine abuse.

To discuss the forms of cocaine that are available and their methods of administration and to review the medical complications of cocaine abuse. Pertinent articles were identified through a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature from 1986 to 1992 and through a manual search of bibliographies of all identified articles. All articles describing complications of cocaine use were either case reports, review articles, or small series. No controlled studies on the subject were available. A qualitative description of reported complications without the use of quantitative methods. Multiple complications of cocaine use have been described and are often related to the method of administration of cocaine. Since the introduction of freebase and "crack" cocaine, new complications have been noted, and nearly all organ systems have been affected. Indirect complications, related to violent behavior and infectious diseases, are also important consequences of cocaine use. Adverse reactions to cocaine use should be considered in the differential diagnosis of various disorders, particularly ischemic events in young adults. The actual frequency of each complication is unknown.

Frequent cocaine users and their use of treatment.

Despite decreases in the number of cocaine users since 1985, the consequences of cocaine use continue to rise. This paper provides descriptive data on frequent cocaine users that will help to explain these diverging trends and enable treatment planners to better predict the types of cocaine users who are likely to seek treatment. Data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse were used to study the characteristics of frequent cocaine users since 1985. The 1991 data were used to compare frequent users with infrequent users and nonusers. Since 1985, frequent cocaine users have become older. In 1991, they were likely to be unemployed (32.4%), unmarried (82.3%), and without health insurance (39.4%). Most were cigarette smokers (86.8%) and marijuana users (88.4%), and 32.0% reported getting drunk weekly. Criminal behavior was more likely among frequent cocaine users than among frequent cocaine users than among infrequent users and nonusers. Almost a third (30.0%) reported drug abuse treatment experience in the past year. Despite the recent decreases in overall prevalence of cocaine use, the need for treatment of cocaine abusers will continue. Treatment must address multiple problems that occur in conjunction with cocaine abuse.

The Impact of Prenatal Marijuana and Cocaine Use on the Infant and Child

The prevalence of cocaine use by pregnant women has been estimated by various researchers to range from 8-17%. Women who use cocaine during pregnancy are usually older and black and use more of other drugs. The effects of prenatal cocaine use on a variety of outcomes have not been substantiated. For each outcome discussed, there are as many reports of no effects as there are reports of detrimental effects. The studies that indicate that there are no effects of exposure are generally more sound methodologically. It is also possible that there are additional investigations of prenatal cocaine use that have not been published because of the hesitancy to publish reports in which no effects have been found. The findings regarding obstetric complications are equivocal. Although some investigators have demonstrated significant effects of cocaine use during pregnancy, particularly on abruptio placentae, many of these relationships disappear when factors such as prenatal care and polydrug use are assessed. The same pattern can be noted for the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on gestational age, growth, and morphology. Significant effects of prenatal cocaine use on these outcomes have been reported by some investigators. However, these results are found generally in studies where poly-drug-cocaine users are compared with non-drug-using women. Such comparisons do not control adequately for other factors in the lifestyles of the cocaine-using woman. There are few significant differences when the offspring of cocaine-using women are compared with those of women who use other drugs. It is difficult to evaluate the effects of prenatal cocaine use on either neonatal neurobehavioral outcomes or on long-term growth and development because of the insufficient number of studies and the equivocal findings. Longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle the effects of cocaine use from the effects of the lack of prenatal care, polydrug use, and the increased risks associated with a drug-using life style.

Self-attributed consequences of cocaine use.

This study examines self-attributed consequences of cocaine use in a nonclinical sample of 1,270 young adults. A social learning perspective was used to examine the ability of motivational dimensions of use, as well as use patterns, to predict negative consequences of use. Four scales of negative consequences emerged: Negative Effects, Dependency Symptoms, Physical/Social, and Legal/Interpersonal consequences. Reasons for using cocaine, patterns of use, and their interactions significantly predicted negative consequences of use. Those subjects who endorsed coping reasons for use were more likely, while those who endorsed uplift reasons were less likely, to experience negative consequences.

203 Effects of Cocaine Use on Fetal Blood Flow in Appropriately Grown Fetuses

203 Effects of Cocaine Use on Fetal Blood Flow in Appropriately Grown Fetuses

The effects of cocaine on maternal behaviors in the rat

Although recent research has focused on the behavioral teratology of cocaine, there has been little attention centered on the effects of cocaine use on parenting behaviors after birth. This experiment investigated the effects of cocaine on parental (generally termed maternal) behavior in the rat. Four types of adult rats were tested for these effects over a 10-day testing period: lactating primiparous female dams, primiparous females, nulliparous females, and males. Subjects were injected daily with cocaine (5 mg/kg) or saline. Ten minutes postinjection each subject was placed in a cage with three stimulus pups and nesting material, and observed for several measures of maternal behavior for 5 minutes, including sniffing, licking, and retrieving pups. Subjects were also rated on a maternal behavior scale at 60 minutes and 24 hours postinjection, and on nest quality. Cocaine reduced both the total number and duration of sniffing and licking maternal behaviors, and resulted in a lower maternal behavior rating at 60 minutes compared to saline-treated subjects. Among those subjects that retrieved pups within the first 5 minutes, cocaine-injected subjects retrieved for a longer duration. These results also suggest impaired maternal behavior, since rapid retrievals would have been more efficient in maintaining a nest huddle. Thus, cocaine impaired the parenting ability of both male and female rats, with and without previous parenting experience.

Contrast of treatment-seeking and untreated cocaine abusers.

Eighty-nine cocaine abusers seeking treatment were compared with 89 untreated cocaine abusers recruited through chain referral. The community users reported significantly higher levels of polysubstance abuse, fewer negative consequences of cocaine use, lower levels of participation in adult social roles, and greater involvement with the legal system and illegal activities. The two groups were found to be comparable on measures of severity of cocaine use, utilization of self-control strategies to restrict cocaine use, and rates of current and lifetime psychiatric disorders. Findings suggest that high rates of psychiatric comorbidity among cocaine abusers are not uniquely a feature of clinical populations. Moreover, many of the untreated cocaine abusers were found to be heavy users who might benefit from treatment but who tended to minimize the negative consequences of their cocaine use and who lacked support and pressure to enter treatment.

Gastrointestinal complications of cocaine abuse.

The mechanisms thought to be responsible for cocaine-associated gastrointestinal injury are presented. In addition, the literature available concerning the enteric consequences of cocaine use is reviewed.

Relationship between gestational cocaine use and pregnancy outcome: A meta‐analysis

Despite a growing number of studies that have investigated the reproductive effects of maternal cocaine use, a homogeneous pattern of fetal effects has not been established and there is little consensus on the adverse effects of the drug. We used meta-analysis to evaluate the reproductive risks of cocaine. We reviewed the 45 scientific papers published in the English language dealing with effects of cocaine used during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome in humans, and identified 20 papers eligible for meta-analysis (cocaine use in pregnancy, pregnancy/fetal outcome studies, human studies, original work, cohort or case control studies, control group present, English language). Our analysis revealed that very few adverse reproductive effects could be shown to be significantly associated with cocaine use by polydrug users when compared to control groups of polydrug users not using cocaine [genitourinary malformations; odds ratio of 6.08 (95% CI 1.18-31.3); gestation age: Cohen's d 0.37 (CI 0.2-0.55)]. When the control groups consisted of no drug users, the polydrug users abusing cocaine had a higher risk for spontaneous abortions [odds ration 10.50 (CI 11.74-64.1)]. Similarly, comparison of users of cocaine alone or no drug users revealed a higher risk for in utero death, in addition to genitourinary tract malformations. Analysis of continuous variables (head circumference, gestational age, birth weight and length) revealed that the effect size was dependent upon the nature of the comparison. Comparison of cocaine users to no drug users consistently yielded a medium effect size (Cohen's d) between 0.50 and 0.58, while comparison of polydrug/cocaine users to polydrug/no cocaine users provided effect sizes small to non existent (0.06-0.37). These discrepancies suggest that a variety of adverse reproductive effects commonly quoted to be associated with maternal use of cocaine may be caused by confounding factors clustering in cocaine users.

Cocaine effects on fetal development: A comparison of clinical and animal research findings

The clinical and animal literature describing the effects of cocaine use during pregnancy is reviewed. The difficulties associated with studying populations using illicit drugs during pregnancy and the multiple risk factors present in cocaine-using pregnant women limit the strength of the drug-associated effects. Nevertheless, cocaine use during pregnancy is associated with a significant number of obstetrical complications, small for gestational age infants and neurobehavioral abnormalities. In animal studies, only the neurobehavioral abnormalities could be demonstrated following the administration of nontoxic doses of cocaine. Furthermore, animal studies indicate that neurochemical changes, including those identified in the neuroendocrine axis, persist into adulthood.

The effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure: Transient or teratogenic?

The use of cocaine and its smoked derivative, crack, is increasing in America. Among those affected are neonates of women who use cocaine during pregnancy. This paper examines the potential effects of maternal cocaine use upon the developing fetus emphasizing neuropsychological and behavioral effects including those that typically persist into early childhood and beyond. Empirical research should continue to explore the effects of maternal cocaine use focusing on whether or not the many detrimental effects of cocaine use during pregnancy are transient, directly teratogenic, or indirect and due to prolonged hypoxia.

The effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure: Transient or teratogenic?

The use of cocaine and its smoked derivative, crack, is increasing in America. Among those affected are neonates of women who use cocaine during pregnancy. This paper examines the potential effects of maternal cocaine use upon the developing fetus emphasizing neuropsychological and behavioral effects including those that typically persist into early childhood and beyond. Empirical research should continue to explore the effects of maternal cocaine use focusing on whether or not the many detrimental effects of cocaine use during pregnancy are transient, directly teratogenic, or indirect and due to prolonged hypoxia.

The cardiovascular effects of cocaine use in pregnancy

The cardiovascular effects of cocaine use in pregnancy

The prevalence and self-reported consequences of cocaine use: an exploratory and descriptive analysis

In this study, prevalence rates for cocaine use were estimated by sex and race, as well as for selected social role and lifestyle characteristics, including educational level, marital status, living arrangements, job type and employment status. Prevalence rates were based on an estimation procedure that made the age-race-sex distributions balanced to that of the nation as a whole. Data were gathered from a multi-site probability sample of adults interviewed in 1981–1984 as part of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (ECA) ( n = 14 333). In addition to prevalence of use, rates of self-reported consequences of cocaine use were generated, by level of cocaine use. Striking differences in prevalence were found by education and marital status, which remained after controlling for age of respondent. Respondents who were employed full-time had a higher prevalence of cocaine use than those who were not. Individuals residing in households at the time of interview had a 6.4% lifetime prevalence of cocaine use, vs. hospitalized respondents (22%) and incarcerated respondents (40%). Cocaine use consequence rates varied greatly across survey sites, with self-reported tolerance (28%–51%) and withdrawal sickness (8%–33%) figuring prominently among sustained daily users.

Cocaine: A Primer for Rehabilitation Counselors

Details of the pharmacology, and physical/psychological consequences of cocaine use are presented. The rehabilitation of cocaine addicts is examined through outpatient and inpatient therapy. Basic guidelines for rehabilitation counselors working with cocaine addicts are provided.

Neurologic Consequences of Cocaine Use

Neurologic consequences of cocaine use frequently present as medical emergencies in the form of stroke, repeated seizures, encephalopathy, acute headache, and unusual transient neurological deficits. The often fatal or disabling neurologic syndromes have only recently been recognized but are now well documented. Cocaine use is a significant cause of stroke in young adults, and the full, long-term ramifications of maternal cocaine use on the fetus will not be known for years to come. Unfortunately, there is not effective treatment other than abstinence, and our understanding of the pathophysiology of cocaine-associated neurologic illness remains limited.

The consequences of cocaine use and abuse : continued

The consequences of cocaine use and abuse : continued

The consequences of cocaine use and abuse : continued

The consequences of cocaine use and abuse : continued