Effect Of Coagulation Research Articles

Inflammation and Coagulation in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders.

Coagulation factors are intrinsically expressed in various brain cells, including astrocytes and microglia. Their interaction with the inflammatory system is important for the well-being of the brain, but they are also crucial in the development of many diseases in the brain such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. The cellular effects of coagulation are mediated mainly by protease-activated receptors. In this review, we sum up the role of the coagulation cascade in the development of different diseases including psychiatric disorders. In inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, fibrinogen activates microglia and suppresses the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, leading to axonal damage and suppression of remyelination. In ischemic stroke, thrombin activity is associated with the size of infarction, and the inhibition of either thrombin- or protease-activated receptor 1 promotes neuronal survival and reduces the size of infarction. Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease express higher levels of thrombin, which in turn damages the endothelium, increases blood-brain barrier permeability, and induces cell apoptosis. In major depressive disorder, a positive correlation is present between prothrombotic states and suicidality. Moreover, both protein S deficiency and antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with schizophrenia and there is an effect of warfarin on psychosis-free intervals. Studying the coagulation in the brain could open a new door in understanding and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders, and extensive research should be conducted in this field.

Effects of ozonation-enhanced coagulation on effluent organic matter and disinfection byproducts

Effects of ozonation-enhanced coagulation on effluent organic matter and disinfection byproducts

ARGONOPLASMIC COAGULATION IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC RADIATION PROCTITIS COMPLICATED BY BLEEDING

Rationale: Chronic radiation proctitis is a complication of remote radiation therapy used to treat malignant neoplasms of the pelvis, and is often complicated by the development of rectal bleeding. Argonoplasmic coagulation is one of the available endoscopic methods of their treatment, but the effectiveness of its use needs to be studied.Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic argonoplasmic coagulation to eliminate telangiectasias of the rectal mucosa in patients with chronic radiation proctitis complicated by bleeding, and to present a sectoral classification of lesions of the rectal mucosa with telangiectasias.Methods: The article presents the results of treatment of 18 patients with chronic radiation proctitis who underwent argonoplasmic coagulation of telangiectasias of the mucous membrane of the rectum in order to stop bleeding and prevent their occurrence. To assess the effectiveness of treatment, a sectoral classification of the rectal lesion was applied.Results: After argonoplasmic coagulation of telangiectasia of the rectal mucosa, all patients had no rectal bleeding for 6 months. In 13 (72%) patients, there was a sharp decrease in the frequency of blood excretion during defecation, in the remaining 5 (28%) patients there was no blood excretion from the rectum. In the postoperative period, two recurrence of bleeding from the treatment site was observed on the second and seventh days of the postoperative period, which required repeated application of argonoplasmic coagulation.Conclusion: Endoscopic argonoplasmic coagulation is effective in eliminating telangiectasia in patients with chronic radiation proctitis complicated by bleeding. The presented sectoral classification of rectal lesions in chronic radiation proctitis is convenient to use and contributes to the assessment of changes in the mucous membrane of the rectum in dynamics.

Cyanobacteria in late lag and exponential phases suit different pre-chlorination and coagulation strategies.

Pre-chlorination is usually applied to facilitate coagulation process when treating cyanobacteria-laden source waters. However, the responses of cyanobacteria after chlorination were varied in different growth phases, hence how these differences affect the coagulation is not clear. In this study, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) in late lag and exponential phases were selected for comparing the remove effect of cyanobacterial coagulation after varied doses (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mg/L) of pre-chlorination. Results showed that the M. aeruginosa in late lag phase held higher removal efficiencies (48-86%) than those in exponential phase (1-60%). Lower pH and buoyancy, higher Zeta potential and hydrophobicity were beneficial to its coagulation. The application of 0.5-2.0mg/L pre-chlorination in late lag phase did not promote its coagulation, mainly due to the impediment by released hydrophilic humus. In contrast, the remove efficiency increased about 40% with the addition of 2.0mg/L chlorine and 15mg/L polyaluminum chloride (PACl) in exponential phase. The increased macromolecular organic matters, Zeta potential and decreased buoyancy made for this promotion. In addition, the removal of extracellular organic matters, aromatics and microcystin was not that productive after coagulation in exponential phase, but both of chlorination and coagulation could reduce microcystin in late lag phase. The findings suggest that optimizing the application methods of pre-chlorine and coagulant according to the growth phases is necessary for cyanobacterial control.

Micropulse cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma and congenital glaucoma. Part 1: hypotensive effect mechanisms, modern procedure protocol

Micropulse cyclophotocoagulation (MP-CPC) refers to interventions that reduce intraocular pressure by laser exposure on the ciliary body, while the term “coagulation” in its name does not reflect the essence of the procedure, but is inherited from the previous continuous laser version. Unlike other methods that target ciliary body, MP-CPC is considered the safest procedure due to its special laser action mode and the absence of a coagulative effect. In the first part of our review, we would like to focus on the history, mechanisms of action and procedure protocol of micropulse cyclophotocoagulation.

Screening of an Antibacterial and Coagulation Multifunctional Peptide and Its Application in Wound Healing.

As a new type of drug developed in the era of antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have great potential in antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor aspects. Different from the principle of action of antibiotics, AMPs have a better effect on resisting drug-resistant bacteria. We synthesized a peptide library using solid-phase synthesis and successfully screened the antimicrobial peptide RKGAK. AMPs provide effective defense against both bacteria and fungi. Research has found that the lowest inhibitory concentrations of RKGAK against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans are 75 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 300 μg/mL. Not only that, this antibacterial peptide also has certain antiviral and coagulation effects. It is a multifunctional peptide that has great potential in many biomedical fields. It also has the advantages of being less likely to develop drug resistance, low hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity. Loading the peptide into hydrogels has achieved good results in applications that promote wound healing.

Preliminary safety and in vivo efficacy of Acmella oleracea extract‐loaded glycolipid emulsion serum—Effects on ocular irritation, dermal absorption, and facial skin biophysical and microrelief properties

AbstractObjectiveSubstantial efforts have been progressively devoted to developing innovative, safe, and effective topical anti‐aging products that not only improve the appearance of aged skin but also prioritize environmental sustainability and the responsible use of natural resources. Thus, the current study targeted to evaluate novel, natural emulsion/serum comprising new glycolipid emulsifier (lauryl glucoside/myristyl glucoside/polyglyceryl‐6 laurate) and Acmella oleracea plant extract as a model active.MethodsThe developed serum was assessed concerning its stability (freeze–thaw test, accelerated study), safety (in vitro screening of eye irritation potential, dermal absorption study) and efficacy (randomized, active/reference‐controlled, half‐face, in vivo study). Changes in skin biophysical properties, microrelief, roughness, texture, surface, and volume parameters were assessed in the periocular and perioral areas of human volunteers after 2 weeks of product application, utilizing several bioengineering and topography techniques.ResultsThe stability study demonstrated favourable stability profile of the developed serum, with practically unaffected stability‐indicating parameters (apparent viscosity, yield, flow point, storage and loss moduli, loss factor, pH, electrical conductivity) during freeze–thaw cycling and after 3 months of storage at 45°C. The hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized chicken eggs confirmed the absence of ocular irritation potential of investigated serum; no effects of haemorrhage, lysis or coagulation were occurred. Skin permeation study using diffusion cells revealed no permeation of spilanthol from the tested A. oleracea extract‐loaded serum through the pig ear skin into the receptor medium, thus suggesting no absorption into systemic circulation. In vivo efficacy study corroborated beneficial effects of evaluated serum on the condition/appearance of facial skin, at both periocular and perioral areas—significant (p < 0.05) increase in skin hydration (10%–40%) and smoothness (~15%); significant (p < 0.05) decrease in roughness (20%–30%), scaliness (~30%), and wrinkles (~15%)—implying more hydrated, smoother, visibly milder skin.ConclusionThe present findings confirmed the stability, preliminary safety (no ocular irritation, no dermal absorption, and good skin tolerability), and efficacy (improved skin hydration and microrelief) of the A. oleracea extract‐loaded, glycolipid‐based serum, supporting its potential as a safe and effective topical anti‐aging product.

Enrichment optimization of Milk Fat Globule Membrane extracts from buttermilk using Response Surface Methodology

This study investigates the effect of rennet-induced coagulation on the composition of Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) extracts from buttermilk using Response Surface Methodology. Optimizing coagulation conditions, such as rennet concentration, incubation time and temperature, significantly affects the protein and lipid fractions of the resulting MFGM extracts. Certain treatments yielded promising results in terms of MFGM concentration and casein removal. Principal Component Analysis showed different compositional patterns in the samples, shedding light on the intricate interaction of factors throughout the coagulation process. Buttermilk wheys (BMWs) characterized by high levels of both lipid and protein MFGM components, are of interest for practical applications. Although the extract with the highest MFGM protein (43.60 g/100 mL) and a medium content of polar lipids (12.98 g/100 g of fat) was found in sample C35min40°C, other BMW, such as those from the treatments C60min30°C, E35min30°C or C35min20°C, were also sufficiently enriched in MFGM associated compounds. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of tailored coagulation conditions for optimizing the nutritional and functional properties of MFGM extracts, offering valuable insights for further nutritional research and potential applications in large-scale industrial processes.

Optimizing Turbidity Reduction in Tofu Industry Wastewater Using Alum Coagulant

The liquid waste generated by the tofu industry is a significant environmental pollutant, particularly contributing to turbidity in rivers, lakes, and other water bodies. One effective method to address this issue is the treatment of wastewater using alum coagulant. This study aimed to assess the turbidity levels of tofu industry wastewater before and after the application of alum coagulant, as well as to determine the optimal dose or concentration of the coagulant. Conducted in January 2024 at the Public Health Laboratory of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, this research employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The data analysis utilized quantitative methods, specifically the ANOVA test, to evaluate the effectiveness of the alum coagulant. The findings revealed that turbidity levels in the tofu industry wastewater decreased following the coagulation process: a concentration of 2 ml resulted in a 22.93% reduction, 4 ml led to a 26.24% decrease, 6 ml achieved a 29.08% reduction, and 8 ml produced a 36.41% decrease. Therefore, the optimal concentration of alum coagulant for effectively reducing turbidity in tofu industry wastewater is determined to be 8 ml, as it demonstrated the highest effectiveness in lowering turbidity levels.

Upgrading the eastern wastewater treatment plant effluent quality in Egypt for reuse by means of in-line coagulation followed by ultrafiltration

ABSTRACT Providing clean water to Egyptian citizens is one target of the 2030 sustainable development goals. Ultrafiltration (UF) has been investigated as an advanced treatment of the largest treatment plant in Alexandria. Although UF membranes have been widely used to treat secondary effluent, fouling remains a major challenge. The effects of green and conventional coagulants on controlling ultrafiltration fouling were examined. Two different dosages of each coagulant and a combination of ferric chloride and sodium ferrate were studied in a bench-scale setup that was built and operated under identical circumstances. The results showed that the combined ferrate and ferric chloride pretreatment had the highest performance in terms of the removal of organics and turbidity as well as the reduction of membrane fouling. Fouling can be managed in terms of the normalized flux drop with only 0.5 mg/L of ferrate, which performs similarly to 2.5 mg/L of ferric chloride. The higher the dosage of alum used, the lesser the fouling control observed. The green coagulant, when used as an in-line coagulant aid/oxidant with ferric chloride at very low doses, has a favorable potential to reduce membrane fouling and improve permeated wastewater quality, making it suitable for Grade A for reuse purposes.

Degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by combined electro-Fenton/zero valent iron/peroxymonosulfate system and coagulation technology

In this study, zero-valent iron (ZVI) is utilized as the source of Fe2+ in the electro-Fenton (EF) reaction and as an activator for peroxomonosulfate (PMS) to construct the EF/ZVI/PMS system, which is combined with coagulation technology to enhance the degradation efficiency of organic pollutants, COD, and TOC, thereby reducing the overall reaction time. In the laboratory experiments, tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) serves as a model for simulated wastewater. The optimization of voltage, ZVI dosage, PMS dosage, electrochemical reaction time, coagulant dosage, and pH levels in the system are optimized through one-way and orthogonal experiments. Employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron spin resonance (ESR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), the synergistic mechanism and degradation pathway of oxidation, coagulation, and adsorption in the combined treatment of ZVI/EF/PMS system and coagulation technology are analyzed. The results show that after EF/ZVI/PMS oxidation treatment, the coagulation performance of wastewater is enhanced, and the subsequent addition of coagulation agents further improves the degradation effect of pollutants through compression of the electric double layer and adsorption and electroneutralization. In addition, the wide applicability of the system to pollutants of different concentrations and types has been verified. The coupling of EF/ZVI/PMS system and coagulation technology overcomes the limitations of low mineralization rates and long treatment times associated with electrochemical oxidation, as well as the inadequate treatment effects of coagulation alone, and provides offering a novel approach for the development of cost-effective and green multi-technology coupling.

Effect of cheese coagulants on American-style natural cheese proteolysis and functional characteristics of process cheese made therefrom

Recombinant bovine chymosin (RBC) is an enzyme routinely used in cheese manufacture. Recombinant camel chymosin (RCC) is a milk coagulant with higher clotting activity and less proteolytic activity for natural cheese manufacture. This study aimed to determine the effect of RCC and RBC on the proteolysis of natural cheese and the functionality of processed cheese (PC). Six American-style natural cheeses were manufactured utilizing two different chymosin treatments and used to produce PC at 1 month of ripening. The natural cheese made using RCC had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower level of primary proteolysis and a lower degree of hydrolysis of αS1-CN and β-CN. The RCC treatment's hot viscosity, hardness, and loss tangent were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the RBC in the PC. These results demonstrate that RCC results in a reduced level of primary proteolysis in a natural cheese, and when utilized in PC, it increases firmness and decreases meltability.

Integration of Coagulation–flocculation(with Natural Coagulant) to Constructed Wetlands for Color Removal from Tequila Vinasses

The aim of this study was to evaluate a natural coagulant, Moringa oleifera seeds (MOC), to reduce the color concentration in treated tequila vinasses (TVs). TV-A was the effluent of horizontal subsurface flow wetlands (HSSFW); TV-B was the effluent of vertical up-flow wetlands (VUFW); and TV-C was the effluent of vertical down-flow constructed wetlands (VDFW). Raw TVs were also with MOC. Jar tests were performed to find the optimal dose and pH value for apparent color (AC) removal. With the optimal dose and pH for each type of TV, tests were performed in triplicate to evaluate the removal of apparent color (AC), true color (TC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and electrical conductivity (EC). For TV-A and TV-B, the optimal values were 1 g/L of MOC and pH 8, and the removals were 52%, 43%, 50% and 72% of AC, turbidity, TC, and TSS, respectively. For TV-C, the optimal values were 2.5 g/L and pH 5, with removals of 66%, 73%, and 98% for AC, TC, and TSS, respectively. For TV-D, the MOC had no coagulant effect in any of the experimental conditions evaluated, probably due to the high concentration of turbidity and TSS in the raw vinasses, which prevented the interaction between MOC and melanoidins. Deeper studies are required to understand and evaluate those factors that influence MOC efficiency so that the coagulation–flocculation process can be optimized.

Effects of Dust Coagulation on Streaming Instability

Streaming instability (SI) in dust has long been thought to be a promising process in triggering planetesimal formation in the protoplanetary disks (PPDs). In this study, we present the first numerical investigation that models the SI in the vertically stratified disk together with the dust coagulation process. Our simulations reveal that, even with the initially small dust sizes, because dust coagulation promotes dust size growth, SI can eventually still be triggered. Specifically, dust coagulation, limited only by dust fragmentation, broadens the parameter boundaries obtained from previous SI studies using single dust species. We describe the various stages of dust dynamics along with their size evolution and explore the impact of different dust fragmentation velocities. Implications of these results for realistic PPDs are also discussed.

Mitigating pollutants in textile dye wastewater with Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench: A study on treatment efficacy

Textile wastewater, particularly those containing dyes, presents significant threats to environmental quality and human health. This study assessed the efficacy of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Okra) in removing pollutants from textile dye effluent collected in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. The effluent samples were treated with varying doses of phyto-coagulants (0.02 g, 0.04 g, 0.06 g, 0.08 g, 0.10 g, and 0.12 g), as well as isolated polysaccharides from Aloe vera and Okra, to identify optimal strategies for reducing color, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The findings revealed that the phyto-coagulants, particularly Okra polysaccharides, significantly reduced pollution levels, achieving a 90 % reduction in color, 96 % reduction in TDS, and 82 % reduction in COD. To further understand the mechanism of pollutant removal, GC–MS, FTIR, and Zeta potential analyses were conducted. This study highlights the effectiveness of natural coagulants in mitigating environmental pollution and preventing the entry of harmful chemical contaminants into the food chain. The study supports the potential of Aloe vera and Okra as sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for addressing the environmental challenges posed by textile wastewater pollution.

Strategic Optimization of PFC Coagulation for Saline Water Pre-treatment: Enhancing RO Filtration Efficiency in the Mekong Delta

Abstract This study critically evaluates the application of Poly Ferric Chloride (PFC) as a pre-treatment coagulant in desalination, particularly for enhancing Reverse Osmosis (RO) filtration in the saline-affected Mekong Delta region. The research focuses on the optimization of PFC dosages and pH levels to maximize coagulation efficiency in varying salinity conditions. Through an extensive series of experiments, an optimal coagulation efficiency of 93.7% for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal was achieved with a PFC dosage of 0.7 ml at a pH of 11 in a 5 ppt saline solution. However, increasing salinity levels were found to complicate this relationship, revealing a nuanced interplay between PFC dosage, pH, and salinity. A particularly critical observation was the decreasing effectiveness of PFC as salinity levels rose, indicating a need for escalating PFC dosages in higher saline waters to sustain coagulation effectiveness. The study significantly contributes to the understanding of PFC pre-treatment in water desalination processes, highlighting the compound’s role in improving the input quality for RO systems and extending membrane longevity. These findings are pivotal for designing adaptive water treatment strategies, ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of water purification in salinity-vulnerable contexts.

An experimental model of endoscopic argon plasma coagulation in liquid medium

The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of argon plasma coagulation on the wall of the gastrointestinal tract in experiment. Material and methods. A method of endoscopic argon plasma coagulation in a liquid medium was developed to eliminate the shortcomings of the standard technology. Rabbits, divided into two groups, were used as experimental animals; the developed technology of argon plasma coagulation in a liquid medium was applied in the treatment group, while the standard technology of argon plasma coagulation was used in the control group. Gastroscopy, with focal application of argon plasma coagulation followed by morphological examination of the coagulation zones after 1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days, was performed. Results. Analysis of morphological sections indicates that when using argon plasma coagulation in a liquid medium, the depth of coagulation impact on biological tissues decreases, as well as the severity of inflammatory changes, resulting in faster reparative changes. The obtained results may be of interest for further clinical-experimental research and implementation into clinical practice of modifications of endoscopic argon plasma coagulation.

Identification of conditions for ultrasonic effect on gas-dispersed medium and creation of radiators to increase the efficiency of coagulation in devices with swirling flow

Relevance. The presence and uncontrolled distribution of aerosols of various substances in the air, which have a negative impact on humans, flora and fauna. This problem is especially acute in the extraction, processing and combustion of georesources. The most effective way to solve the problem is the use of high-intensity ultrasonic vibrations, the effect of which on aerosols causes convergence and agglomeration of small particles into large ones. However, at low concentrations, the particle coagulation efficiency is not sufficient to increase the recovery rate of gas treatment equipment. Therefore, there is a need to find new ways to optimize ultrasonic equipment for coagulation of fine particles in order to increase its efficiency. Aim. To determine the optimal conditions for ultrasonic influence on a swirling gas-dispersed flow, ensuring maximum efficiency of agglomeration of highly dispersed particles. Carrying out comparative studies of coagulation of particles when exposed to ultrasonic fields generated by different types of radiators and their combined effects will make it possible to determine the effectiveness of ultrasonic coagulation and the optimal design scheme of ultrasonic exposure. Objects. Coagulation of particles under ultrasonic impact, formed by various types of radiators. Methods. Computer modeling of the generated ultrasonic field using the finite element method using harmonic acoustic analysis. Finite element modeling and design of disk radiators using modal analysis. To determine the characteristics of the aerosol, a Malvern Spraytec Particle Analyzer was used. Results. The results of calculations and experiments have shown that the use of an extended ultrasonic tubular radiator operating on a bending-diametric mode of vibration and forming a ring standing wave with a sound pressure level of 162–165 dB as the main source of ultrasonic impact for devices with swirling flows may be the most energy efficient. Further increase in the efficiency of coagulation can only be achieved by the combined action of a tubular radiator and a longitudinally oscillating radiator. This significantly modifies the field structure and provides not only an increase in the sound pressure level (up to 167 dB), but also in the number of formed nodal surfaces (up to 44).

Factor X consumption attenuates the coagulation effect of emicizumab: a case of severe hemophilia A treated with emicizumab and factor VIII-bypassing agents.

In patients with hemophilia A with inhibitor (PwHA-I), emicizumab drastically reduces bleeding events. However, few studies have investigated the behavior and effects of factor X (FX) in patients who require intensive treatment with factor VIII-bypassing agents (BPA) and emicizumab. A 59-year-old man with HA-I receiving emicizumab prophylaxis was admitted to our hospital because of acute gangrenous cholecystitis. He received percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and laparoscopic cholecystectomy along with repeated administration of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). On day 10, a large hematoma developed around the residual gallbladder. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) suggested poor effect of rFVIIa and reduced activity of emicizumab. Considering that this could be due to consumption of FX, plasma-derived FVIIa/FX agent (pdFVIIa/X) was administered, and ROTEM parameters recovered considerably. The patient was discharged on day 19 uneventfully. Plasma assays revealed that FX antigen level (FX:Ag) was 107.5% at baseline but then decreased. Administration of pdFVIIa/FX restored FX:Ag (pre/post 47.2%/125.5%). ROTEM and thrombin generation assay with in vitro addition of anti-emicizumab antibody suggested that low FX:Ag was responsible for attenuating the effect of emicizumab, and pdFVIIa/FX administration restored coagulation potentials. In PwHA-I receiving intensive treatment with rFVIIa under emicizumab prophylaxis, FX consumption might attenuate the effect of emicizumab.

Constructing a visual detection method for coagulation effect based on image feature machine learning

The coagulation process is influenced by several factors, including turbidity, temperature, pH, and hydraulic conditions. Consequently, optimizing the dosage of coagulants is often time-consuming and challenging. To quickly evaluate coagulation efficacy and optimize coagulant dosage, this study utilized a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to analyze the accuracy of effluent turbidity predictions from floc images at different time intervals. Python OpenCV was employed to develop a program that extracts macro features (e.g., texture) and micro features (e.g., particle size distribution) from the images, and these feature parameters were analyzed using a BP-ANN model. The results of the CNN analysis indicated that the middle to late stages of flocculation are the optimal periods for predicting effluent turbidity, with the highest prediction accuracy of 99.81 % achieved during the middle stage of flocculation. The BP-ANN analysis demonstrated that particle size distribution effectively represents the microscopic characteristics of flocs, achieving a maximum prediction accuracy of 96.94 % in the middle stage of flocculation. Furthermore, combining macroscopic and microscopic features yielded a prediction accuracy of 99.44 % at the end of flocculation using BP-ANN. These findings suggest that machine learning techniques applied to floc images can effectively predict effluent turbidity, offering valuable insights for future water quality prediction and the development of flocculation kinetics models.