Chemical Effects Research Articles

Psyllium: A Nutraceutical and Functional Ingredient in Foods.

Psyllium is an excellent natural source of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. It has been used as a nutraceutical and functional ingredient in foods. Many efforts have been made to understand and improve its physicochemical, biological, and functional properties to promote its food applications. This manuscript reviews and discusses the current knowledge of psyllium, focusing on its health benefits, utilizations as a functional additive in foods and hydrogel delivery carrier, approaches to modify its molecular and chemical structures, nonfood utilizations, and potential side effects and toxicity. Perspectives on future research and development of psyllium are also provided. This review may serve as a scientific foundation for improved food application of psyllium to enhance human health and food quality.

Investigating chemical risk in green and loggerhead turtles foraging in Moreton Bay using species-specific cell-based bioassays.

Differences in trophic level may result in differences in chemical exposure between species of sea turtles, as pollutants may bioaccumulate differentially in diet items. It is, therefore, crucial to understand species-specific differences in exposure and effect to accurately assess chemical risk to individual species. This study used blood collected from green and loggerhead turtles foraging in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, to assess differences in chemical exposure and effect of two species foraging in the same area at different trophic levels. Organic contaminants were extracted from green and loggerhead turtle blood samples and assessed for cytotoxicity in species-specific cell cultures. The results indicated that chemical exposure to organic contaminants was similar between the two species, despite differences in trophic level. Overall, chemical risk was relatively low in both species, but temporal changes in toxicity observed in other similar studies illustrate the importance of ongoing toxicological assessments of sea turtle populations.

Chemical kinetic study of lean-burn and NO/N2O behaviors on ethanol/ammonia cracked gas.

Ammonia (NH3) holds promise as a carbon-free fuel. Blending it with highly reactive fuels could efficiently alleviate issues such as slow burning rates and narrow flammability ranges. Ethanol (C2H5OH) offers the advantage of carbon neutrality and has a high-octane rating. Ammonia cracking is an efficient way to on-line hydrogen generation, mitigating storage and transportation concerns. This work aims to research the combustion of ammonia/ethanol blends with ammonia cracking. To achieve highly accurate predictions for these fuel blends, a detailed combustion chemical kinetic mechanism with 126 species and 1453 reactions for NH3, C2H5OH, H2, and their blends was developed. This mechanism underwent extensive validation against experimental measurements reported in the literature, including laminar burning velocity (LBV) at initial temperatures ranging from 298 to 473K, pressures from 1 to 5atm, and equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1.6, as well as ignition delay time (IDT) at initial temperatures from 820 to 2500K, pressures from 1.2 to 60atm and equivalence ratios from 0.3 to 1. Additionally, a simplified mechanism containing 73 species and 449 reactions was developed using a couple of mechanism reduction methods. The effect of adding ethanol on LBV was investigated under laminar burning conditions, and the decoupling of thermal, chemical, and transport effects was studied. Considering the complexity of fuel composition for the blends, a modified Metghalchi-Kech power law formula was performed, which exhibits a highly linear correlation with LBVs of the blended fuels when coupled with the sum of maximum mole fractions for OH/O/H/NH2. Furthermore, NO and N2O behaviors were also investigated for various fuel blends and initial conditions. It was found that the a higher NH3 cracking ratio tends to help to reduce the NO generation, and thermal NO is higher at elevated initial temperature and pressure. N2O is easily produced under lean-burn condition.

Nanoplastic in aqueous environments: The role of chemo-electric properties for nanoplastic-mineral interaction.

Due to increasing plastic production, the continuous release of primary and secondary nanoplastic particles (NPs, <1μm) has become an emerging contaminant in terrestrial environments. The fate and transport of NPs in subsurface environments remain poorly understood, largely due to the complex interplay of mineralogical, chemical, biological, and morphological heterogeneity. This study examines interactions between abundant subsurface minerals and NPs under controlled water chemistry (1mM KCl, pH5.5). These conditions minimize potential chemical effects from ions in solution, isolating the impact of mineral complexity. Surface-modified polystyrene nanoparticles (-COOH and -NH2 functional groups) are proxies for degradation products and organic associations found in environmental plastics. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions using DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) double-layer force models. Despite all studied minerals maintaining negative surface charges across varying pH, electrostatic double-layer (EDL) interactions played a minor role in NP attachment. Instead, mechanisms such as specific ion-binding interactions (mediated by trace metal ions), bridging via divalent ions, and hydrogen bonding were more significant. Evidence suggests that kinetic effects for most mineral-NP combinations persist beyond 24h. This study highlights the critical role of biogeochemical and mineralogical composition in controlling NP attachment and release in subsurface environments, with implications for their transport and fate in aquifers.

Thematic Review of Endocrine Disruptors and Their Role in Shaping Pubertal Timing.

This review examines the inconsistent effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pollutants on pubertal timing, emphasizing the methodological challenges contributing to variability in findings. Data from nine key studies reveal that chemicals such as BPA, phthalates, and PFAS impact pubertal onset differently based on exposure timing, dosage, and sex. For instance, BPA is linked to earlier puberty in girls but delayed onset in boys, while other EDCs show mixed effects across populations. These discrepancies often arise from challenges in study design, such as the difficulty in establishing reliable control groups, accurately measuring exposures, and accounting for confounding factors like socioeconomic status, diet, and obesity. Sex-specific differences and environmental shifts during the COVID-19 pandemic, including increased indoor exposure and stress, further complicate the picture. These factors highlight the urgent need for more robust research methodologies, including standardized exposure assessments and longitudinal studies, to clarify the mechanisms driving these effects. Despite these challenges, the findings stress the importance of public health interventions, such as stricter EDC regulations, improved pollutant monitoring, and minimizing exposures during sensitive developmental windows. Addressing methodological gaps is crucial for producing reliable, actionable insights to protect adolescent development from the adverse effects of EDCs.

Influence of ecologically relevant urea fertilizer concentrations on nematodes: A microcosm experiment

Aim of study: Urea remains one of the most widely used chemical fertilisers in the world and is used extensively in the Philippines as a major source of nitrogen for crops. However, we have a very limited understanding of its impact on soil fauna such as nematodes. In this study, we demonstrated the suitability of the microcosm set-up to assess chemical effects on nematode communities under controlled conditions and determined the effects of urea on nematode communities. Area of study: The soil samples were obtained from a relatively “less disturbed” field in Bukidnon, Central Mindanao and were taken for experimentation in a greenhouse at Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Iligan City, Philippines. Material and Methods: The soil was collected and analysed for its physiological properties. The soil was then exposed to urea concentrations (0 mg/kg, 19.67 mg/kg, 39.33 mg/kg and 78.66 mg/kg) in a microcosm for 45 days. Nematodes were then collected and processed using a modified dish method. Main results: Firstly, the natural microcosms (without urea) showed that nematode abundance and the number of genera decreased by 28% and 35%, respectively. The results suggest that the current microcosm setup may still be useful in testing the effects of certain chemicals of interest. Secondly, no significant effects on the number of genera and diversity indices were observed with urea, except on the day 15 when nematode abundance was significantly higher at 39.33 mg/kg than at 19.67 mg/kg. Research highlights: This study shows that the above ecologically relevant urea concentrations had no negative impact on nematode community structure during the 45-day exposure.

Impact of Gibberellic Acid and Growth Stimulants on Productivity Metrics of Kagzi Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)

Background: Acid lime is a nutrient-intensive crop and it needs sufficient mineral nutrition for healthy growth and development and there was a need to study the effect of GA3 and growth-promoting chemicals as a nutrient source for acid lime cv. Kagzi trees. The reason to undertake this research was based on the impact of GA3 and growth-inducing chemicals on better nutrient supplementation, quick nutrient intact, better photosynthates translocation and carbohydrates mobilization and its effect on production parameters in acid lime cv. Kagzi trees. Methods: A field trial was carried out at the Fruit Instructional Farm, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar between June 2023 and December 2023 in a 15-year-old established orchard of acid lime cv. Kagzi. The trial was set up following a randomized block design with three replications. It involved the application of nine different treatments through foliar spraying, which included GA3 and various growth-promoting chemicals such as KNO3, thiourea and salicylic acid. Result: According to the findings of the current study, the foliar application of T4 treatment (GA3 @ 100 mg/l + KNO3 @ 2%) proved to be more successful in enhancing the production parameters of acid lime cv. Kagzi. The application of T4 treatment comprising GA3 @ 100 mg/l + KNO3 @ 2 % resulted in the shortest time to initiate flowering (40.05 days), the briefest flowering period (53.79 days), the highest number of flowers per shoot (144.66), the greatest fruit set percentage (69.08%) and the highest fruit retention percentage (47.37%). The foliar application of treatment T4 (GA3 @ 100 mg/l + KNO3 @ 2%) proved to be the most successful in increasing the fruit count per tree (448.00), fruit weight (70.00 g) and yield (31.35 kg/tree) in Kagzi acid lime trees.

Scale-up of Microdroplet Reactors for Efficient CO2 Resource Utilization.

Two-phase reactions involving microdroplets have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique ability to catalyze and accelerate reactions that typically do not occur under standard conditions by leveraging chemical and physical effects at the micrometer-scale interface. In this work we have innovatively developed a scaled-up microdroplet reactor for the efficient resource utilization of CO2. The reaction liquid is sprayed in the form of mist (d32 < 20 μm), facilitating complete contact and reaction with gaseous CO2. We explored the effects of spray properties and reactor parameters on the continuous production of organic carbonates from CO2. Remarkably, the microdroplet reactor enhanced the reaction efficiency by at least 10-fold compared to conventional high-pressure reactor setups. Additionally, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to optimize the process conditions and continuous production parameters, systematically studying the effects of scaling up the device. Here, we present insights into the utilization of microdroplet reactors for CO2 conversion in scaled-up applications, supported by robust data.

Synergistic physical and chemical effects of MOF-derived porous Fe3C–NC to boost the performance of Li–S batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are one of the key objects of next-generation energy storage systems due to their high energy density and low-cost characteristics. However, the slow reaction kinetics and serious shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) have hindered their practical application. In this work, metal-organic framework-derived Fe3C decorated nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (Fe3C–NC) composites were prepared to modify the separator to promote the reaction kinetics of Li–S batteries. The porous and conductive NC facilitates the trapping of LiPSs, rapid transfer of charge, and alleviated volume expansion, while the Fe3C–NC with optimum Fe3C content can significantly reduce the energy barrier of the electrochemical conversion reaction, accelerate the transport of lithium ions, and enhance the reaction kinetics of LiPSs, which are conducive to inhibit the shuttle effect through synergistic physical and chemical interactions. The Li–S battery with Fe3C–NC separator exhibits excellent cycle stability with an initial discharge specific capacity of 1099.19 mAh g−1 at 1 C and a low-capacity decay of 0.068% per cycle over 500 cycles. Even at a high S loading of 5.93 mg cm−2, it still delivers reliable cyclic stability with an initial discharge specific capacity of 903.65 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. This work provides a convenient and effective method for the application of metallic materials combined with nitrogen-doped carbon matrix in high-performance Li–S batteries.

Effects of a chemical dispersant on the dispersibility of Moso bamboo phytoliths in a particle-size analysis

ABSTRACT Phytoliths produced by higher plants are biogenic minerals with a wide range of particle sizes that correspond to clay, silt, and sand in mineral soil. Phytoliths supplied to soils through plants’ death function as soil particles and affect soil physicochemical properties. Investigations of the functions of phytolith particles as a subset of soil particles are facilitated by fractionation and quantification of the phytoliths based on soil particle-size distribution. Fractionation is typically conducted through particle-size analysis (PSA) methods developed for soil texture analyses. However, the effects of chemicals used to achieve particle dispersion in these methods on phytolith dispersibility remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of chemical dispersants on phytolith dispersibility. Based on the results, several recommendations are provided with respect to the dispersal conditions. The phytoliths used in this study were extracted from Moso bamboo leaf litter through wet digestion and dispersed by ultrasound followed by two chemical procedures: pH control using hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide and the addition of sodium hexametaphosphate as a dispersant. The extent of dispersion was determined by quantifying the clay-sized fraction (<2 µm) through gravity sedimentation and the pipette method. The results showed that the content of clay-sized phytoliths in dispersions remained constant from pH 3 to 9, then increased significantly at pH 10–11, likely due to phytolith dissolution, which also led to overestimation of the clay-sized fraction. This finding demonstrated that dispersion at higher pH (>10), as is often the case in PSA methods for soils, is unsuitable for phytoliths; instead, soil particles should be dispersed at pH < 9 to avoid phytolith dissolution.

Modelling the combined effects of ionising radiation and chemical pollutants on wildlife populations.

A population model is presented to study the combined effects of ionising radiation and chemical pollutants on wildlife. The model is based on first order, non-linear and logistic differential equations combining mortality, morbidity and reproduction phenomena with life history data and ecological interactions. Acclimation is considered as a possible mechanism to study theoretically this effect at low levels of radiation or chemical concentration. Radiation and chemical-induced damages are represented by a 'repairing pool' mediating between healthy, damaged, acclimated, and irrecoverable individuals. Damages to population, fecundity and the repairing pool are represented by a linear-quadratic function combining radiation dose and chemical concentration terms. The endpoints of the model are repairable damages (morbidity), impairment of reproductive ability and mortality. The model is evaluated with a mixed ionising radiation/arsenate demonstration scenario to illustrate the combined effect of radiation and chemical pollutants upon the sustainability of a hypothetical vole population, including the influence of acclimation, given the assumption that the repair of both radiation and toxicity damages share the same mechanism. A sensitivity analysis of the model illustrates the effects of combining radiation dose and chemical concentration on self-repairing and reproductive ability for the population, exploring cases of antagonism and synergism by varying the relevant model parameters. This model provides a conceptual framework to address mixed radiological and chemical effects to wildlife populations. It can be used to assess the robustness of the benchmarks used in wildlife radiological assessment, informing ongoing regulatory debates on their applicability to mixed stressor situations. Future research will enable to draw conclusions about the most restrictive mixed exposure situations in terms of effects to the population.

Probing Spatiotemporal Effects of Intertrack Recombination with a New Implementation of Simultaneous Multiple Tracks in TRAX-CHEM.

Among the most investigated hypotheses for a radiobiological explanation of the mechanism behind the FLASH effect in ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy, intertrack recombination between particle tracks arriving at a close spatiotemporal distance has been suggested. In the present work, we examine these conditions for different beam qualities and energies, defining the limits of both space and time where a non-negligible chemical effect is expected. To this purpose the TRAX-CHEM chemical track structure Monte Carlo code has been extended to handle several particle tracks at the same time, separated by pre-defined spatial and temporal distances. We analyzed the yields of different radicals as compared to the non-interacting track conditions and we evaluated the difference. We find a negligible role of intertrack for spatial distances larger than 1 μm, while for temporal distances up to μs, a non-negligible interaction is observed especially at higher LET. In addition, we emphasize the non-monotonic behavior of some relative yield as a function of the time separation, in particular of H2O2, due to the onset of a different reaction involving solvated electrons besides well-known OH· recombination.

Impact of gold nanoparticle size and coating on radiosensitization and generation of reactive oxygen species in cancer therapy.

Radiation therapy is a common cancer treatment but often damages surrounding healthy tissues, leading to unwanted side effects. Despite technological advancements aimed at improving targeting, minimizing exposure to normal cells remains a major challenge. High-Z nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), are being explored as nano-radiosensitizers to enhance cancer treatment through physical, biological, and chemical mechanisms. This study focuses on evaluating the chemical and biological radiosensitizing effects of AuNPs exposed to ionizing radiation (0-50 Gy), specifically their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their impact on cancer cells. ROS generated by AuNPs of varying sizes and coatings were quantified using fluorescence probes for hydroxyl radicals (HO·) and singlet oxygen (1O2). The radiosensitizing effects on MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were assessed via clonogenic assays. Our results show a clear dependence of ROS production on AuNP size. Interestingly, PEG-capped AuNPs did not significantly enhance HO· production but greatly increased 1O2 production, suggesting that multiple reactive species contribute to the radiosensitization process. Clonogenic assays confirmed that PEG-capped AuNPs produced stronger radiosensitizing effects than citrate-capped AuNPs, with smaller AuNPs providing more pronounced biological effects. This study underscores the importance of conducting both chemical and biological evaluations to fully understand the radiosensitization efficacy of AuNPs.

Metal-Organic Framework with Open Metal Sites for D2/H2 Separation.

The separation of hydrogen isotopes remains a significant challenge due to their nearly identical physicochemical properties. Recently, metal-organic frameworks employing the chemical affinity quantum sieving effect have garnered increasing attention for hydrogen isotope separation. In this study, Cu-BTT with open metal sites was synthesized and demonstrated high hydrogen isotope adsorption capacities of 266 cm3/g for H2 and 288 cm3/g for D2. Dynamic breakthrough experiments revealed a selectivity of 1.58 at 77 K, highlighting the potential of Cu-BTT as a promising candidate for hydrogen isotope separation.

Marine-Derived Compound Targeting mTOR and FGFR-2: A Promising Strategy for Breast, Lung, and Colorectal Cancer Therapy.

The marine habitat is a plentiful source of diverse, active compounds that are extensively utilised for their medicinal properties. Pharmaceutical trends have currently changed towards utilising a diverse range of goods derived from the marine environment. This study aimed to examine the inhibitory effects of bioactive chemicals derived from marine algae and bacteria. The identification of these compounds was carried out through the process of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling. Subsequently, these compounds were subjected to docking simulations against a specific set of target proteins that are known to be frequently overexpressed in three distinct types of cancer. From the docking results, the ligand 1,4:3,6:5,7-Tribenzal-beta-mannoheptitol was found to be effective against the proteins mTOR (PDB ID: 4JSV) and FGFR2 (PDB ID:6V6Q). The findings of this study highlight the significant benefits offered by the tool under investigation, which effectively enhances the efficiency of the docking procedures. These compounds hold significant potential for further development and exploration in the field of cancer therapeutics.

Comparative Analysis of Five Moroccan Thyme Species: Insights into Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, Anti-Enzymatic Properties, and Insecticidal Effects

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oils (EOs) from five Moroccan thyme species: Thymus broussonetii subsp. broussonetii, T. maroccanus, T. willdenowii, T. zygis subsp. gracilis, and T. satureioides, collected from various geographical regions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified thymol, p-cymene, borneol, γ-terpinene, carvacrol, α-pinene, and camphene as major constituents, with variations across species. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) revealed important levels of calcium (450.6–712.2 mg/kg), potassium (255.4–420.7 mg/kg), magnesium (97.3–150.7 mg/kg), and iron (1.95–15.1 mg/kg). The EOs demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii revealed the highest efficacy with T. willdenowii EO (LC50 = 6.2 µL/mL), followed by T. maroccanus and T. zygis subsp. gracilis. Additionally, the EOs exhibited potent enzyme inhibitory effects at 1 mg/mL on acetylcholinesterase (83.1–96.4%), tyrosinase (77.5–89.6%), and α-glucosidase (79.4–89.5%). These findings suggest that thyme EOs, particularly from T. willdenowii, T. zygis, and T. maroccanus, are promising candidates for integrated pest management and natural enzyme inhibitors. Their potential applications in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields underscore the need for further research to optimize their use under specific conditions and dosages.

Assessing the chemical interactions and biological effects of a petrochemical and bio-based plastic with a common plastic flame retardant and solvent.

Microplastic pollution remains a persistent environmental challenge for aquatic environments. Yet, health impact assessments of microplastics focus largely on the polymers themselves. It is important to understand the chemical behaviour and biological effects of both plastics and chemicals associated with their production, such as additives and solvents. Here, the individual and interactive chemical behaviour and biological impacts of two microplastics and two associated chemicals are assessed: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a traditional petroleum-based plastic; polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) a novel bio-based plastic; triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a common plastic flame retardant; and a widely use solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Thermogravimetric analysis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance revealed no significant polymer chemical adsorption and desorption of TPhP or DMSO nor any evidence of reaction products between TPhP and DMSO. Biological assays on a freshwater fish host-parasite system, assessed fish growth, feeding, disease resistance and parasite survival. Both microplastics, the TPhP and solvent DMSO individually and interactively had no significant impact on fish growth. However, PVC alone and PHA+TPhP + DMSO significantly inhibited feeding behaviour of fish and increased mortality. Fish exposed to the solvent DMSO alone experienced the highest disease burdens. Interestingly, off-host survival of parasitic worms exposed to DMSO or TPhP + DMSO was higher than unexposed control worms. This study highlights the complex effects of microplastics and plastic associated chemicals on biological systems, and that novel bio-based plastics are not necessarily 'better' especially when associated with the same chemicals. Industry must be required to declare which chemicals are used in the manufacture of plastic products.

An experimental class to illustrate the physical and chemical effects of ultrasound as an introduction to practical advanced oxidation processes.

This work presents the development of an illustrative experimental class about the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound to introduce students to the field of sonochemical advanced oxidation processes. Ultrasound equipment at low frequency (<100kHz) and mid-high frequency (200-500kHz), in addition to basic laboratory equipment (glassware instruments and a spectrophotometer) and accessible reagents (commercial activated carbon, potassium iodide, ammonium heptamolybdate, distilled water, and methyl orange) are required. Under the teacher's supervision, the students will perform experiments on the sonication of activated carbon in water to learn about the mechanical effects. Meanwhile, to evidence the chemical effects, the water sonolysis to produce hydrogen peroxide, and the degradation of a model organic pollutant (methyl orange) are carried out. In qualitative aspects, the students will learn the predominant effects as a function of the ultrasound frequency. From a practical point of view, the students are expected to learn how to quantify the sonogenerated hydrogen peroxide and follow the sonochemical degradation of a model compound. Besides, a short-written report and its feedback are presented as the evaluation strategy for the learning of students.

EFEITO DAS DOSES DE DEJETO LÍQUIDO DE SUÍNOS NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS, QUÍMICOS E ELETROQUÍMICOS EM UM LATOSSOLO DO CERRADO

EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTEWATER DOSES ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN A CERRADO OXISOL. The addition of organic residues enhances soil and plant organic matter and nutrient content. To gauge the impact of varying liquid swine waste (LSW) levels on soil, we studied changes in a clayey Oxisol’s physical, chemical, and electrochemical traits from the Cerrado. LSW doses (0, 50, 150, 450, 600 m3 ha-1) were applied to the 0-0.20 m layer in a randomized design with three replicates. Post a 30-day incubation at 60% field capacity, the soil underwent mineralogical, physical (clay dispersed in water - CDW), chemical (sodium adsorption ratio - SAR, cation exchange capacity - CEC, base saturation - V%), and electrochemical (pH in H2O and KCl, ∆pH, point of zero charge - PZC, point of zero salt effect - PZSE, surface electric potential - ψo, and electrical conductivity - EC) analyses. The levels of exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, and available P increased with increasing LSW doses. Increasing LSW doses in the soil led to an increase in EC, but soil salinization was not observed at the highest dose. With the application of LSW doses, there was a decrease in pH, ∆pH, PZSE, and an increase in CEC, PZC and ψo. Despite the increase in ψo, low clay dispersibility was observed.

Ginger beers fermented with fruits: Chemical and sensory characterization and effects on target colonic microbial groups of vegan adults

Ginger beers fermented with fruits: Chemical and sensory characterization and effects on target colonic microbial groups of vegan adults