Effects Of Cell Phone Use Research Articles

The Effects of Cell Phone Use and Emotion‐regulation Style on College Students' Learning

SummaryCell phones are becoming an inevitable part of the classroom, but extant research suggests that using cell phones in the classroom impairs academic performance. The present study examined the impact of different cell phone policies on learning and emotion‐regulation style. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: cell phone usage allowed, cell phone possession allowed but without usage, cell phones removed, and a no‐instruction control group. All participants watched a 20‐minute lecture and were sent text messages to mimic classroom distractions. Afterward, participants took a multiple‐choice test and filled out questionnaires assessing their level of obsessiveness, nomophobia, and mindfulness. Participants who had their cell phone taken away performed best on the test with no other differences. None of the emotional‐regulation measures moderated the results. These findings provide important insight as to how cell phone policies can optimize learning in the classroom.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sensitivity analysis for matched pair analysis of binary data: From worst case to average case analysis.

In matched observational studies where treatment assignment is not randomized, sensitivity analysis helps investigators determine how sensitive their estimated treatment effect is to some unmeasured confounder. The standard approach calibrates the sensitivity analysis according to the worst case bias in a pair. This approach will result in a conservative sensitivity analysis if the worst case bias does not hold in every pair. In this paper, we show that for binary data, the standard approach can be calibrated in terms of the average bias in a pair rather than worst case bias. When the worst case bias and average bias differ, the average bias interpretation results in a less conservative sensitivity analysis and more power. In many studies, the average case calibration may also carry a more natural interpretation than the worst case calibration and may also allow researchers to incorporate additional data to establish an empirical basis with which to calibrate a sensitivity analysis. We illustrate this with a study of the effects of cellphone use on the incidence of automobile accidents. Finally, we extend the average case calibration to the sensitivity analysis of confidence intervals for attributable effects.

The effect of cell phone use on postural balance and mobility in older compared to young adults

Cell phone use is considered as an essential part of everyday life saturating all age groups and demographics. This study aimed to explore the effect of various cell phone functions on postural control and mobility in the elderly. Twenty healthy older (mean age 72.5±2.9) and twenty young (26.3±2.8) adults participated in this study. Postural balance was assessed by measuring the center of pressure (CoP) displacement with (talking on a cell phone (CONVERSE), dialing a number (DIAL) and listening to music (MUSIC)) and without cell phone use. Mobility was assessed by the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). Results showed that for both groups, the CoP parameters increased significantly during the CONVERSE (p<0.001) and the DIAL (CoParea, CoPX: p<0.05; CoPY: p<0.01) conditions compared to the control condition. Moreover, the CoParea values were significantly higher during the CONVERSE condition in comparison to the DIAL (p<0.05) one. In older adults, the TUGT scores increased significantly in the DIAL (p<0.01) condition compared to the CONVERSE and the MUSIC conditions. In conclusion, cell phone use impairs similarly standing postural balance of elderly and young adults. Interestingly, in the elderly, all cell phone functions used altered mobility with the dialing function causing the largest mobility deterioration.

Sturdy Inference: A Bayesian Analysis of U.S. Motorcycle Helmet Laws

Motorcycle related fatalities continue to be a major concern for public health officials, economists, and policy makers interested in such matters. In 2006, 3% of all motor vehicles registered in the United States were 2-3 wheelers (motorcycle type vehicles), while riders of these vehicles accounted for 11% of vehicle related deaths. Such a disproportionate number of fatalities associated with motorcycles is certainly grounds for concern.Most studies of motorcycle fatalities attribute deaths to the avoidance of wearing helmets and the lack of helmet laws, speed, and alcohol usage. This study makes use of a rich panel data set for the period 1980 to 2010 by state and the District of Columbia to examine these factors and others. It is the first study to differentiate between the effects of universal and partial helmet laws on motorcycle fatalities. It also accounts for the effects of cell phone use, alcohol consumption, and suicidal propensities on these crashes after adjusting for a whole host of socioeconomic and driving related factors. The analysis is conducted using a new Bayesian technique, which examines the sturdiness of regression coefficients. This new method uses statistics referred to as S-values that addresses both estimation and model ambiguity. Results indicate that the variables we focus on, i.e., cell phones, alcohol consumption, and helmet laws affect motorcycle fatalities. Further, universal helmet laws appear to have a larger effect on such fatalities than partial helmet laws.

The Effects of Cell Phone Use on Medial and Lateral Postural Stability

The Effects of Cell Phone Use on Medial and Lateral Postural Stability

The Effects of Cell Phone Use on Anterior and Posterior Postural Stability

The Effects of Cell Phone Use on Anterior and Posterior Postural Stability

Effects of cell phone use on semen parameters: Results from the MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China

Epidemiological and experimental evidence for detrimental effects of cell phone use on semen quality is still equivocal. And that recruiting participants from infertility clinic not from general population may raise the possibility of a selection bias. To investigate effects of cell phone use on semen parameters in a general population,We screened and documented the cell phone use information of 794 young men from the Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College students (MARHCS) cohort study in 2013, followed by 666 and 568 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. In the univariate regression analyses, we found that the daily duration of talking on the cell phone was significantly associated with decreased semen parameters, including sperm concentration [β coefficient=−6.32% per unit daily duration of talking on the cell phone (h); 95% confidence interval (CI), −11.94, −0.34] and total sperm count (−8.23; 95% CI, −14.38, −1.63) in 2013; semen volume (−8.37; 95% CI, −15.93, −0.13) and total sperm count (−16.59; 95% CI, −29.91, −0.73) in 2015]. Internet use via cellular networks was also associated with decreased sperm concentration and total sperm counts in 2013 and decreased semen volume in 2015. Multivariate analyses were used to adjust for the effects of potential confounders, and significant negative associations between internet use and semen parameters remained. Consistent but nonsignificant negative associations between talking on the cell phone and semen parameters persisted throughout the three study years, and the negative association was statistically significant in a mixed model that considered all three years of data on talking on the cell phone and semen quality. Our results showed that certain aspects of cell phone use may negatively affect sperm quality in men by decreasing the semen volume, sperm concentration, or sperm count, thus impairing male fertility.

Distracted Driving, A Major Preventable Cause of Motor Vehicle Collisions: "Just Hang Up and Drive".

For years, public health experts have been concerned about the effect of cell phone use on motor vehicle collisions, part of a phenomenon known as “distracted driving.” The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) article “Mobile Device Use While Driving - United States and Seven European Countries 2011” highlights the international nature of these concerns. Recent (2011) estimates from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are that 10% of fatal crashes and 17% of injury crashes were reported as distraction-affected. Of 3,331 people killed in 2011 on roadways in the U.S. as a result of driver distraction, 385 died in a crash where at least one driver was using a cell phone. For drivers 15–19 years old involved in a fatal crash, 21% of the distracted drivers were distracted by the use of cell phones. Efforts to reduce cell phone use while driving could reduce the prevalence of automobile crashes related to distracted driving. The MMWR report shows that there is much ground to cover with distracted driving. Emergency physicians frequently see the devastating effects of distracted driving on a daily basis and should take a more active role on sharing the information with patients, administrators, legislators, friends and family.

EFFEK SAMPING PENGGUNAAN PONSEL

Enny, in this paper explain that many mobile phone users around the us, but only a portion of the concerned about the dangers of cell phones. This paper was compiled to determine the impact and solutions of cell phone radiation. Mobile phones emit electromagnetic waves which will affect the surrounding environment. Based on existing information, cell phone radiation is thought to cause cancer. Waves emitted from mobile phones over the air is causing electromagnetic radiation. Potential disrubtion of health consequences of radiation electromagnetic field has become an issue which examined till now, so found a variety of health disorders as a result of mobile phone users that includes the impact of mild and severe impact. Experts have discovered some efforts to minimize the effects of cell phone radiation on health of mobile phone users. Every user should know the dangers of mobile phone users. Radiation caused cell phone not only arise when used, but when putting a cell phone in your Pocket can also be exposed to any radiation. Therefore, mobile users need to know how to use a cell phone. Users should pay attention to the level of radiation caused by cell phones, so that the influence of electromagnetic radiation on health can be scaled down for mobile users. Keywords: side effects of cell phone use

P10 How cell phone use affects reaction time of older drivers

BackgroundAlthough older drivers are involved in a few accidents in terms of absolute numbers, they represent one of the highest risk categories for accidents involving fatalities and serious injuries per number of drivers and per distance travelled. Furthermore, cell phone use is estimated to be an important cause of vehicle accidents. Even if cell phone use can be considered as part of everyday the increased use of cell phones from drivers of all age groups while driving makes the investigation of their influence on driving behaviour and on road safety very essential. MethodsDriving simulators have become a widely used tool for examining the impact of driver distraction and more specifically cell phone use, as examining distraction causes and impacts in a controlled environment helps provide insights into situations that are difficult to measure such as the reaction time of drivers.The objective of this research is the analysis of the reaction time of older drivers while talking on the cell phone. For this purpose, a large driving simulator experiment is carried out, in which 90 drivers from three different age groups (young, middle aged and older) were asked to drive under different types of distraction (no distraction, conversation with passenger, cell phone use) in rural and urban road environment, in low and high traffic. In addition, two unexpected events are set in each driving scenario, where the reaction time of each driver is recorded.To achieve the research objectives, a descriptive analysis took place through box plots, followed by a generalized linear mixed model, which was developed in order to estimate the effect of cell phone use in the reaction time at unexpected incidents. ResultsResults indicate that on the cell phone, while driving, leads to increased reaction time for all drivers and especially regarding female drivers, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, regarding age groups, older drivers talking on the cell phone achieved almost double reaction time than being undistracted, while urban area as well as high traffic increases the reaction time of older drivers significantly. ConclusionsResearch on older drivers is essential for policy makers, professionals involved in testing and rehabilitating older drivers, and those involved in designing and evaluating new driving environments and in-vehicle technologies. Results clearly suggest that mobile phone use while driving has a potential negative impact on road safety and leads to increased accident risk especially on older drivers.

Effect of cell phone use on salivary total protein, enzymes and oxidative stress markers in young adults: a pilot study.

The present study aimed to assess the levels of salivary enzymes, protein and oxidant-antioxidant system in young college-going cell phone users. The cell users (students) were categorized in to two groups - less mobile users and high mobile users, based on the duration and frequency of cell use. Unstimulated whole saliva samples of the volunteers were analysed for amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehdye (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). High mobile users had significantly higher levels of amylase (p = 0.001), LDH (p = 0.002) and MDA (p = 0.002) in saliva, when compared to less mobile users. The marginal decrease in salivary total proteins, GSH and flow rate were statistically not significant (p >0.05). Significant changes in salivary enzymes and MDA suggest adverse effect of high use of cell phones on cell health.

Effects of Mobile Technology Use on Walking

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of combining cognitive and kinematic measurements to study the effects of mobile technology use on walking. Background: It has previously been shown that being distracted by a cell phone, or other mobile technology, can have a negative impact on activities such as crossing a street and may also alter gait patterns. While the negative effects of cell phone use on driving have been extensively studied, research into the distracted pedestrian is lacking. Method: Twelve adults walked down an office corridor without using a cell phone (BASELINE) and while performing a secondary cognitive task under two conditions. The secondary task involved answering simple multiplication problems through either text messaging (TEXT) or while talking on the phone (VOICE). Participants’ gait patterns were measured using a GAITRite gait pad LEGSys wearable wireless sensors. Results: In the TEXT condition, participants walked more slowly and had shorter strides. There was no significant difference between the VOICE and BASELINE condition. Participants answered more multiplication problems per trial in the VOICE condition as compared to the TEXT condition. Excluding typos, error rates for the multiplication problems were not significantly different between the TEXT and VOICE conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the effect of reading and responding to text messages on gait was able to be detected utilizing methods that do not require strictly sterile laboratory settings. This serves as a proof of concept for researchers to bring the study and evaluation of distracted walking into the naturalistic environments in which it actually occurs. Application: This proof of concept will serve as a roadmap towards moving the study of gait and distraction from simple observational studies in naturalistic environments to specific quantitative analysis of people performing real world tasks in real world settings.

Assessing characteristics related to the use of seatbelts and cell phones by drivers: Application of a bivariate probit model

IntroductionThe effects of cell phone use and safety belt use have been an important focus of research related to driver safety. Cell phone use has been shown to be a significant source of driver distraction contributing to substantial degradations in driver performance, while safety belts have been demonstrated to play a vital role in mitigating injuries to crash-involved occupants. MethodThis study examines the prevalence of cell phone use and safety belt non-use among the driving population through direct observation surveys. A bivariate probit model is developed to simultaneously examine the factors that affect cell phone and safety belt use among motor vehicle drivers. ResultsThe results show that several factors may influence drivers' decision to use cell phones and safety belts, and that these decisions are correlated. Practical applicationsUnderstanding the factors that affect both cell phone use and safety belt non-use is essential to targeting policy and programs that reduce such behavior.

Distracted pedestrian sustains orbital fracture while on cell phone

Use of cell phones in the general population has become increasingly commonplace. The distracting effects of cell phones among automobile drivers are well established, and legislation prohibits the use of handheld cell phones while driving in several states. Recent research has focused on the similar distracting effects of cell phones in the pedestrian population. In this report, an older gentleman suffered extensive facial trauma requiring surgery as a direct effect of cell phone use at the time the trauma occurred. This case highlights the role that portable electronic devices can play as a cause of ocular trauma.

The Effects of Cell Phone Use and Automation on Driver Performance and Subjective State in Simulated Driving

Cell phone use has been identified as a threat to driver safety. Impairments may depend on the type of cell phone usage such as calling back and text messaging. The present study investigated whether the impact of phone use depends on the state of fatigue of the driver. A manipulation of full vehicle automation was used to induce a state of passive fatigue during a simulated drive. Participants were also assigned to one of four cell phone response conditions (Cell Phone, Text Message, Free-Choice or Control). Subjective responses, vehicle control and speed of response to an emergency event were assessed. Cell phone use did not mitigate stress and fatigue produced by vehicle automation. We also replicated existing findings that phone use, especially texting, impairs normal driving performance. However, phone use during automation was associated with a faster braking response following transition to normal control, suggesting that there may be circumstances under which phone use enhances alertness. Safety implications of the findings are discussed.

Cell Phone Use and Crash Risk

To the Editor: In a recent report,1 Young argues that prior studies indicating harmful effects of cell phone use are confounded by driving time, and “corrects” his estimates to claim that no association exists. However, driving time does not confound the association—it is a requirement for the occurrence of the outcome, just as person-time with a uterus is necessary for uterine cancer. In both the density-sampled case-control and case-crossover designs, the exposure distribution in the controls is meant to estimate the exposure distribution in the person-time at risk for the outcome. In general, one samples directly from at-risk person-time. However, it is also possible to obtain valid estimates of the exposure distribution in the person-time at risk by sampling from nonrisk periods if the exposure distribution is unrelated to outcome risk.2 In a case-crossover study of cell phone use and collisions, cell phone use in the period immediately before the collision (hazard period) is compared with use during driving time earlier in the past (control period); cell phone use when the participant is not driving is irrelevant because one is not at risk for a collision. Furthermore, control persons/person-time must be selected independent of exposure opportunity; adjusting for the likelihood of cell phone use during the hazard or control period induces a bias by incorrectly controlling for exposure opportunity.3,4 Young1 reasons that if one underestimates driving time in the control period, one underestimates exposure (cell phone) time, resulting in an overestimate of the relative risk. However, this assumption implies that one talks on a cell phone only while driving and not during other times of the day. Although true with OnStar (OnStar, Detroit, MI) (a car-specific communications device), that is not necessarily true for cell phone use more generally; it is equally (if not more) likely that cell phone use is higher while not driving. In this case, exposure during nondriving control times would be an overestimate of exposure during the actual time at risk, and would lead to an underestimate of the relative risk. Instead of appropriately restricting control periods to driving time, Young multiplies his results by a “correction” factor based on the proportion of cases that did not drive during the control period; applying this estimate to all cases induces a downward bias by attempting to increase comparability between case and control periods with respect to “exposure opportunity”—a recognized fallacy.4 After commenting on this faulty logic previously,3,4 we are disappointed that researchers continue to propagate this erroneous method. Murray A. Mittleman Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, MA [email protected] Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA Malcolm Maclure Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of British Columbia British Columbia, Canada Elizabeth Mostofsky Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, MA Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA

Impact of cell phone use on men’s semen parameters

The objective of the present retrospective study was to report our experience concerning the effects of cell phone usage on semen parameters. We examined 2110 men attending our infertility clinic from 1993 to October 2007. Semen analysis was performed in all patients. Serum free testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) were collected from all patients. The information on cell phone use of the patients was recorded and the subjects were divided into two groups according to their cell phone use: group A: cell phone use (n = 991); group B: no use (n = 1119). Significant difference was observed in sperm morphology between the two groups. In the patients of group A, 68.0% of the spermatozoa featured a pathological morphology compared to only 58.1% in the subjects of group B. Patients with cell phone usage showed significantly higher T and lower LH levels than those who did not use cell phone. No significant difference between the two groups was observed regarding FSH and PRL values. Our results showed that cell phone use negatively affects sperm quality in men. Further studies with a careful design are needed to determine the effect of cell phone use on male fertility.

Active Listening Impairs Visual Perception and Selectivity: An ERP Study of Auditory Dual-task Costs on Visual Attention

The ability to drive safely is disrupted by cell phone conversations, and this has been attributed to a diversion of attention from the visual environment. We employed behavioral and ERP measures to study whether the attentive processing of spoken messages is, in itself, sufficient to produce visual-attentional deficits. Participants searched for visual targets defined by a unique feature (Experiment 1) or feature conjunction (Experiment 2), and simultaneously listened to narrated text passages that had to be recalled later (encoding condition), or heard backward-played speech sounds that could be ignored (control condition). Responses to targets were slower in the encoding condition, and ERPs revealed that the visual processing of search arrays and the attentional selection of target stimuli were less efficient in the encoding relative to the control condition. Results demonstrate that the attentional processing of visual information is impaired when concurrent spoken messages are encoded and maintained, in line with cross-modal links in selective attention, but inconsistent with the view that attentional resources are modality-specific. The distraction of visual attention by active listening could contribute to the adverse effects of cell phone use on driving performance.

Consequences of Cell-Phone-Related Brain Changes Remain Unclear

Previous studies examined the effect of cell-phone use on brain electrical activities and behavior. Now new research evaluates the effects of cell-phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism.

Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure and Brain Glucose Metabolism

HE MAJORITY OF THE RADIOFREQUENCY ENERGY emitted by a cellular telephone is absorbed by the hand and head of the user. The total energy absorbed is a function of the specific absorption rate, duration of use, and the manner in which the phone is used. In addition to concerns about potential harmful effects of such exposure, such as the issue of risk of brain cancer, change in brain function related to cell phone radiofrequencies also is of concern. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of cell phone use on brain electrical activities, neurophysiology, and behavior. The study by Volkow and colleagues in this issue of JAMA 1 is the first investigation in humans of glucose metabolism in the brain after cell phone use.