Effects Of Carbohydrate Content Research Articles

Effect of Carbohydrate Content in a Pre-event Meal on Endurance Performance-Determining Factors: A Randomized Controlled Crossover-Trial.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the relative CHO content in a pre-event meal on time to exhaustion (TTE), peak oxygen uptake (), the 2nd lactate threshold (LT2), onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), and work economy (WE) and to compare responses between well-trained and recreationally trained individuals. Eleven well-trained and 10 recreationally trained men performed three trials in a randomized cross-over design, in which they performed exercise tests (1) after a high-CHO pre-event meal (3 g · kg−1), (2) a low-CHO pre-event meal (0.5 g · kg−1), or (3) in a fasted-state. The test protocol consisted of five submaximal 5-min constant-velocity bouts of increasing intensity and a graded exercise test (GXT) to measure TTE. A repeated measure ANOVA with a between-subjects factor (well-trained vs. recreational) was performed. A main effect of pre-event meal was found (p = 0.001), with TTE being 8.0% longer following the high-CHO meal compared to the fasted state (p = 0.009) and 7.2% longer compared to the low-CHO meal (p = 0.010). No significant effect of pre-event meal on , LT2, OBLA, or WE (p ≥ 0.087) was found and no significant interaction effect between training status and pre-event CHO intake was found for TTE or any of the performance-determining variables (p ≥ 0.257). In conclusion, high-CHO content in the pre-event meal led to a longer TTE compared to a meal with a low-CHO content or exercising in a fasted state, both in well-trained and recreationally trained participants. However, the underlying physiological reason for the increased TTE is unclear, as no effect of pre-event meal on the main physiological performance-determining variables was found. Thus, pre-event CHO intake should be standardized when the goal is to assess endurance performance but seems to be of less importance when assessing the main performance-determining variables.

Effects of carbohydrate content in seeds on the germination and viability after cryopreservation

This article is devoted to the study of the influence of cryopreservation on the preservation of sowing qualities of seeds of representatives of the genus Picea: P. asperata (Rough spruce) and P. pungens (Spiny spruce). As an alternative shock method of cryopreservation, the method of step-by-step 3-step temperature reduction was used 1 stage +4 °C, 2 stage –18 °C, 3 stage –196 °C liquid nitrogen. Additionally, the effect of 4 time intervals (1 hour, 24 hours, 72 hours and 168 hours) of step freezing on seed quality was investigated. To explain the results by photometry, the total carbohydrate content of the seeds is determined before the 3rd freezing step (cryo interaction). The analysis of the results of germination showed that the seeds of the studied species respond in different directions to the step cryo freezing. So, seeds of P. asperata germination in all tree experimental variants are higher on 4–32 % than in the control variant; and the maximum results are revealed in the variant with time intervals of 168 hours. For P. pungens seeds, the germination rates in experimental variants were on 18–22 % lower than in the control; and the largest germination rate of seeds among experimental variations are revealed in variant with interval 24 hours. The determination of the total carbohydrate content of the tested seeds at different cryogenic freezing intervals found that this indicator varied significantly depending on the time interval. The lowest values of total carbohydrates are found in variation with a time interval — 24 hours. The maximum total carbohydrate content is determined in a variation with a time interval — 1 hour. Correlation analysis between seed germination indices and total carbohydrate content established a high relationship between these indices. So, for P. asperata, the value of the Pearson coefficient was 0.86, and for P. pungens seeds — 0.91.

Effect of carbohydrate content on shoot maturation and yield of Palmer mango submitted to potassium fertilization and biostimulant

Mango production in the Brazilian semiarid region has gained prominence in the national scenario due to the high yield and long production period using techniques that help in the main culture stages. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of two alternative techniques in the production of ‘Palmer’ mango in the vegetative phase. It was evaluated whether commercial potassium-based Multipotássio® fertilizer could be used as an alternative source of potassium nutrient in the maturation process of mango branches, and whether Ascophyllum nodosum algae extract MultiTurbo® biostimulant would be good alternative for fruit production. Two experiments were conducted in the same area, the first experiment with factors represented by four Multipotássio® concentrations (0; 1; 2 and 3 L ha-1) and two assessment periods in the maturation of mango branches and leaves. In the second experiment, conducted in the same area, factors Multipotássio® concentration (0; 1; 2 and 3 L ha-1) and four MultiTurbo® concentrations (0; 0.625 ml ha-1; 1. 25 ml ha-1 and 2.50 ml ha-1) were evaluated. Number and length of panicles, carbohydrate content in branches and leaves, fruiting rate, fruit mass, length and diameter and yield were evaluated. The use of potassium-based fertilizer helps to increase sugar content in 'Palmer' mango branches, which has been increasing in relation to the doses used. Biostimulants result in positive effects on the number of panicles, fruits and yield of 'Palmer' mango.

Effect of carbohydrate content on the embryoid and plant production in triticale anther culture

Effect of carbohydrate content on the embryoid and plant production in triticale anther culture

The effect of the composition of very low‐ and low‐calorie diets on 1 week's weight loss in obese patients

Very low‐calorie diets (400 kcal:1.7 MJ) with different proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat were given to obese in‐patients for 1 week using a Latin Square study design. This type of diet with a relatively high carbohydrate content produced a smaller weight loss when compared with diets with relatively high protein or fat content. In a second study, two very low‐calorie diets with a high or low carbohydrate content were compared in a randomized cross‐over design in obese patients for 1 week. Those patients receiving the diet with high carbohydrate content had a significantly lower weight loss. In a third study, these diets were continued for 2 weeks. A significant difference in weight loss was observed in the first week but not the second. In a fourth study the same effect of carbohydrate content was also observed using low‐calorie diets (800 kcal:3.4 MJ) for one week in obese patients. The explanation of this effect appears to be a decrease in the diuresis which usually accompanies the introduction of a very low‐calorie diet.

Effects of carbohydrate content on the seasonal rooting of vegetative and reproductive cuttings of olive

SummaryExperiments on the rooting of vegetative and reproductive cuttings of olive showed that the availability and mobilization of carbohydrates towards the base of the cuttings were essential for rooting. Seasonal variation in the rooting of vegetative and reproductive cuttings was associated with concomitant changes in carbohydrate concentrations in the bases of the cuttings. Rooting of cuttings with the reproductive organs attached was prevented by fruit growth or fruit ripening, as carbohydrates were diverted towards the reproductive organs rather than to the IBA-treated bases of the cuttings. However, the failure of rooting in winter for most types of cuttings could not be explained in terms of carbohydrate availability. Similarly, the role of the inflorescence in reducing rooting could not be explained by redirection of assimilates to this reproductive organ.