Effects Of Carbendazim Research Articles

The investigation of the interaction determination between carbendazim and elastase, using both in vitro and in silico methods

Pesticides, including fungicides, are one of the important groups of environmental toxins that affect human and animal health. Studies have shown that these compounds are considered chemical pollutants. Carbendazim is a systemic fungicide. Unfortunately, excessive use of carbendazim has caused environmental pollution all over the world. In this study, the effect of carbendazim on the enzyme elastase (secreted from the endocrine gland of the pancreas) has been investigated. In a study, the performance and reaction of carbendazim with elastase were investigated using spectroscopic techniques. The stability and structure of elastase enzymes were studied under the influence of carbendazim. The results of fluorescence emission and UV–visible absorption spectrum showed that in the presence of carbendazim, there is an increase in UV–Vis absorption and a decrease in the intensity of the intrinsic fluorescence emission in the protein spectrum. Additionally, a decrease in the thermal stability of elastase was observed in the presence of carbendazim. The stability and structure of elastase enzyme were investigated in the presence of carbendazim. The results revealed that the UV–Vis absorption increased due to the presence of carbendazim, as indicated by the hyperchromic spectrum at 220 and 280 nm peaks. Additionally, the intrinsic fluorescence emission in the protein spectrum decreased with increasing carbendazim concentration at three different temperatures (298, 303, and 313 K). Moreover, the study demonstrated that the TM decreased from 2.59 to 4.58 with the increase of carbendazim, suggesting a decrease in the stability of the elastase structure in response to the elevated carbendazim concentration. According to the results of the research, the interaction between elastase and carbendazim has occurred, and changes have been made in the enzyme under the influence of carbendazim. The formation of the complex between elastase and carbendazim was consistent with the results obtained from molecular simulation and confirmed the thermodynamic data.

Carbendazim shapes microbiome and enhances resistome in the earthworm gut

BackgroundIt is worrisome that several pollutants can enhance the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, including agricultural fungicides. As an important bioindicator for environmental risk assessment, earthworm is still a neglected focus that the effects of the fungicide carbendazim (CBD) residues on the gut microbiome and resistome are largely unknown. In this study, Eisenia fetida was selected to investigate the effects of CBD in the soil-earthworm systems using shotgun metagenomics and qPCR methods.ResultsCBD could significantly perturb bacterial community and enrich specific bacteria mainly belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. More importantly, CBD could serve as a co-selective agent to elevate the abundance and diversity of ARGs, particularly for some specific types (e.g., multidrug, glycopeptide, tetracycline, and rifamycin resistance genes) in the earthworm gut. Additionally, host tracking analysis suggested that ARGs were mainly carried in some genera of the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the level of ARGs was positively relevant to the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and some representative co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and MGEs (e.g., cmx-transposase and sul1-integrase) were further found on the metagenome-assembled contigs in the CBD treatments.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that the enhancement effect of CBD on the resistome in the earthworm gut may be attributed to its stress on the gut microbiome and facilitation on the ARGs dissemination mediated by MGEs, which may provide a novel insight into the neglected ecotoxicological risk of the widely used agrochemicals on the gut resistome of earthworm dwelling in soil.9FRi6Qq4wsD9g5Mb-6DnXWVideo abstractGraphical

Preliminary study on the effects of carbendazim on fungi isolated from crop soil samples obtained from Afe Babalola University and Ado-Ekiti farm

Preliminary study on the effects of carbendazim on fungi isolated from crop soil samples obtained from Afe Babalola University and Ado-Ekiti farm

Determination of carbendazim by aptamer-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)

Because of diverse adverse effects of carbendazim (CBZ) upon the human body and environment, a simple method for the determination of this molecule is urgently needed. Therefore, a method based on an aptamer was developed. An aptamer of carbendazim, CZ12, labeled with a fluorescent molecule (FAM), was adsorbed on graphene oxide (GO) by π-π stacking. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the molecule and GO was used to rapidly quench the fluorescence signal. In the presence of carbendazim, the fluorescent molecule selectively combines with carbendazim, thereby greatly reducing the binding efficiency of the former with GO. Thus, by mixing a FAM-labeled carbendazim aptamer, GO, and food samples, the carbendazim content was determined from the fluorescence measurements. The limit of quantification was 10.0 ng/mL for strawberry, banana, pitaya, and Panax notoginseng samples. The linear range was from 0 to 125 ng/mL with a linear correlation coefficient equal to 0.9918.

The Effects of Carbendazim on Acute Toxicity, Development, and Reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Carbendazim, as a fungicide, was commonly used to control fungal diseases in agriculture, forestry, and veterinary medicines. In this study, the acute and reproductive toxicity of carbendazim was assessed using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model in order to preliminarily evaluate the potential risks of this fungicide in agricultural production and application. The results showed that the growth of C. elegans was inhibited by 0.01 μg/L carbendazim. The treatment of 0.1 μg/L carbendazim caused a significant decrease in locomotion behavior and significant damage to the reproductive and antioxidant system, causing the lifespan of nematodes to be drastically shortened. These results provide a better understanding of the environmental risk of carbendazim and raise new concerns about safety.

ОЧИЩЕННЯ КУЛЬТУР МІКРОВОДОРОСТЕЙ КОЛЕКЦІЇ ACKU ВІД ГРИБНИХ КОНТАМІНАНТІВ

The work is focused to the selection of the best purification methods of microalgae strains from ACKU collection (Algae Culture Collection of Kyiv University) from contamination by microscopic fungi. The screening of microalgae culture collection ACKU (Algae Culture Collection of Kyiv University) is deal. Contamination of some microalgae strains by fungi of Cladosporium Link, Alternaria Nees, and Monilia Bonord genera was detected. The following strains were selected for the experiment: ACKU 139-02 (Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kütz.) PC Silva, Mattox et Blackwell), ACKU 293-04 (Acutodesmus obliquus (Turpin) P. Tsarenko), ACKU 364-04 (cf. Chlorosarcinopsis dissociata Herndon), ACKU 599-06 (Klebsormidium nitens Menegh. in Kützing), ACKU 600-06 (Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kütz.) PC Silva, Mattox et Blackwell) и ACKU 1056 (Desmodesmus abundans (Kirchn.) E. Hegew.). The effect of carbendazim (Methylbenzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate), Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (penicillin – 10,000 IU, streptomycin – 10 mg, amphotericin B – 25 μg) and Nuosept BMc 422 on fungi-contaminants of green algal culture strains with different morphological structure (coccoid and filamentous) was studied. Experimental concentrations of substances: carbendazim – 0.005%, Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution – 1%, Nuosept BMc 422 – 0.05% and 0.2%. Was shown that Antibiotic-Antimycotic Solution and Nuosept BMc-422 at the selected concentrations were not effective for purifying of green algae strains from significant contamination by microscopic fungi. It was found that the carbendazim solution is effective in the purification of cocoid green algae strains from contamination by microscopic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries). As a result, an axenic culture was obtained for the ACKU strain No.293-04 (A. obliquus).

Effects of carbendazim on catalase activity and related mechanism.

The different techniques like spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching were used to study the interactive effect of carbendazim (CARB) and catalase (CAT) at the molecular level. The results showed that conditions were beneficial to the quenching mechanism at 25.0 °C, pH 7.0, while the binding constant k was 1.92 × 105 L mol-1 and the number of binding site was 1.0385. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that CARB could interact spontaneously with CAT to form a complex mainly by van der Waals' interactions and hydrogen bonds. The interaction mechanism between CARB and CAT was that the effects of CARB on CAT in soil were activated and then restore stability. However, the effects of CARB on simple CAT were activated and then inhibited.

Hemato-Biochemical Alterations Mediated by Carbendazim Exposure and Protective Effect of Quercetin in Male Rats

The main objective of study was to investigate the effect of Carbendazim (CBZ) a most popular agriculture fungicide on hemato-biochemical alterations in male rats and possible ameliorative effect of quercetin. Sprague Dawley male rats were administered CBZ @100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, PO and quercetin (25mg/kg body weight, PO ) alone and concomitant in corn oil for the period of 28 days. At the end of exposure period, blood was collected and hemato-biochemical parameters were evaluated in blood and plasma samples. Sub-acute exposure of carbendazim resulted in non-significant decrease (p > 0.05) in haemoglobin, PVC and TEC and increase in MCV, MCH and platelets count in CBZ treated groups. Moreover, administration of CBZ significantly increased (p < 0.05) the plasma ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol and triglyceride while, significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the plasma protein and globulin level was noticed. Non-significant change in calcium, chloride and phosphorous was observed in CBZ alone treated groups. However, quercetin supplementation concomitant in CBZ treated animals prevented and restored the alterations caused by exposure of CBZ. This study concluded that quercetin has ability to ameliorate the toxic effect caused by CBZ on hemato-biochemical biomarkers in living beings.

Characterization of Crown Rot Disease of Banana Fruit and Eco-Friendly Quality Improvement Approach during Storage

Introduction: The banana is the world’s most popular fruit crop. A complex of fungal pathogen is responsible for crown rot diseases of banana.&#x0D; Aims: The present study was designed to detect and characterize the crown rot disease of post-harvest banana (Musa paradisiaca) and also develop an alternative quality improvement approach to improve banana shelf-life during storage period.&#x0D; Study Design: A simplest general factorial experiment that was designed to control crown rot disease of banana using different biological factors, including plant extract, antagonistic agents and commercial fungicide.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Disease infected bananas were collected from Rajshahi city, Rajshahi, Bangladesh in 2017 and the experiment had been conducted from April 2017 to April 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: Different morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques were used to characterize and detect the liable fungi. Responsible fungi were subjected to antifungal activity screening test and in vitro antagonism test. Effect of carbendazim and kanamycin B against the mycelial growth of the isolates was determined by disc diffusion method. Quality parameters including disease incidence and severity, pH, TSS, TTA and AA of the treated banana were also analyzed after application of treatments in the packing stage through standard estimation techniques.&#x0D; Results: Two fungi, isolated from the infected portion were further identified as C. musae and L. theobromae. D. metel and A. sativum extract was better in inhibiting mycelial growth of all the test pathogen in culture. B. cereus and T. harzianum moved and attached to fungal isolates, affecting mycelial growth and A. sativum extract significantly affecting conidial germination on artificial medium. Satisfactory mycelia inhibitory effect was recorded from kanamycin B. Quality analysis after storage of banana showed minor measurable differences among treatments.&#x0D; Conclusion: Post-harvest application of A. sativum extract (Conc. 25% w/v) improve the overall quality of harvested banana fruits and reduced the disease incidence and severity of crown rot to a level significantly lower than in fungicide treated or control fruits.

Efficacy of newly developed biopesticides for the management of wilt disease complex of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effectiveness of three biopesticides viz., Biowilt-X (based on Trichoderma harzianum), Bionem-X (based on Pochonia chlamydosporia) and Biocure-X (based on Bacillus subtilis) were tested against wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri), root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) and the wilt disease complex (F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri + M. incognita) of chickpea (cv. BG-256). The biopesticides were developed by involving novel technology patented in USA and India and were applied to seeds (5 g/kg seed) and soil (40 g/microplot) to evaluate their effectiveness against the target diseases under field conditions. The pesticides viz., carbendazim and nemacur were applied @ 1.25 kg a.i./h and 6.0 kg a.i./h as soil application, and 2g/kg seed as seed treatment. Chickpea grown in the plots infested with pathogens singly or concomitantly developed characteristic wilt and root-knot symptoms, and exhibited significant yield decline. Application of biopesticides checked the severity of the diseases and the resulting yield declines. Application of Biowilt-X decreased the wilt incidence by 60% and promoted the yield of chickpea (46%) grown in F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri infested plots. The biopesticides Bionem-X and Biocure-X were found effective against root-knot disease and suppressed the galling by 20 and 12% and promoted the yield of infected chickpea plants by 28 and 34% in comparison to the control. Application of Biocure-X was found highly effective against the fungus-nematode wilt disease complex; its seed treatment substantially controlled the wilt and root-knot, and increased the yield of concomitantly infected chickpea by 49°C. Biocure-X was found more effective in increasing the nodulation as compared to other treatments. Effect of carbendazim and nemacur was significant (P Less Than 0.05) in checking the wilt, root knot and disease complex but were not as effective as biopesticides. The present study has demonstrated that biological management of wilt, root-knot and disease complex can be successfully achieved with the application of the developed biopesticides.

Effect of carbendazim on in vitro conservation and genetic stability assessment in Curcuma longa. and Zingiber officinale

ABSTRACTIn vitro multiplication and conservation protocol for Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale using 25–100 mg L−1 carbendazim in MS basal and MS hormone medium was developed. Maximum enhancement in shoot proliferation was recorded on MS hormone supplemented with carbendazim at 25 mg L−1 giving in vitro conservation period of 6–12 months. Tissue culture derived one-year old field-grown turmeric plants showed normal vegetative growth and rhizomes formation. After 3 years of in vitro conservation, no differences were observed in plants conserved on BB25 medium and control for quantitative and qualitative traits and at genetic level as evidenced by SRAP profiles of turmeric and RAPD profiles of ginger.

Effect of carbendazim and copper oxychloride on seed germination, seedling growth, vigour index and biomass of chilli (capsicum annuum l.)

Effect of carbendazim and copper oxychloride on seed germination, seedling growth, vigour index and biomass of chilli (capsicum annuum l.)

Evaluation of fungicides against leaf spot of turmeric caused by Colletotrichum capcisi

Fungicides are the common tool for the management of leaf spot of turmeric crop caused by Colletotrichum capsici (syd.) Buttler and Bisby. The efficacy of six (6) fungicides viz., blitox- 50, carbendazim, carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent, captan, mancozeb and matalaxyl were evaluated at minimum dose against the pathogen. Amongst the fungicides, carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent @ 0.2 per cent was found significantly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth (4.47 cm) of the pathogen. Effect of carbendazim in inhibiting the mycelial growth of C. capsici was found next (2.90 cm) to carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent. Mancozeb (1.80 cm) and captan (1.62 cm) also showed effective results as compared to matalaxyl (1.0 cm).

Effect of carbendazim® in the infundibulum of the Japanese quail: Morphometrical and ultrastructural studies

The aim of this study was to establish the effect of various doses of carbendazim® on the morphology of the infundibulum in the Japanese quail. Carbendazim in sunflower oil was administered orally at doses of 0 mg/kg (control), 25 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg bodyweight. No degenerative changes were observed at doses of 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.w. Doses of 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w caused a significant increase in the height of primary mucosal folds (p<0.05). Dose-dependent decrease in glandular luminal diameters was observed (p<0.05). Leukocytic infiltration and hyperaemia were seen in the lamina propria-submucosa. Pyknosis, condensation of nuclear chromatin, swollen mitochondria and vacuolation were observed in the luminal and glandular epithelia. Deciliation and formation of compound cilia were encountered. The observed changes indicate the ability of carbendazim to interfere with cytoskeletal component in the reproductive tract and is threat to the fertility of exposed birds.

Susceptibility of preparasitic stages of Chordodes nobilii (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) to the fungicide carbendazim.

We evaluated the effect of carbendazim on non-target organisms using the parasite Chordodes nobilii as a test organism. The Gordiida act as a link between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems; and C. nobilii, a neotropical representative species of this group, has been shown to be sensitive to other contaminants even at environmentally acceptable concentrations. The taxa susceptible to carbendazim, however, may not be adequately represented among the standard aquatic test species used in ecotoxicological risk assessment. Moreover, the autochthonous organisms in this area that could be used as bioindicators still need to be found. The aim of the present work was therefore to assess the susceptibility of the preparasitic stages of C. nobilii to noxious effects by carbendazim. The assay protocol consisted in 96- and 48-h acute exposures of early embryonic stages and larvae, respectively, to concentrations ranging from 10 to 360μg/l. Embryonic development was not inhibited by carbendazim at any of the evaluated concentrations, but the infectivity of larvae emerging from the exposed eggs was significantly diminished. Larval survival rate was also affected at the lowest concentration assayed. Values of the mean inhibition concentration (IC50) were 7 and 11μg/l for embryos and larvae, respectively. Compared to other freshwater organisms, C. nobilii can be considered a species moderately to highly susceptible to carbendazim. As the expected environmental concentrations of carbendazim range from 6.25 to 41.3μg/l, C. nobilii could well be a species in danger when exposed to this fungicide.

Toxicity of phenmedipham and carbendazim to Enchytraeus crypticus and Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) in Mediterranean soils

PurposeThe main objective of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity of two reference chemicals, Carbendazim and Phenmedipham, for the compostworm Eisenia andrei (effects of Carbendazim) and the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus (effects of Phenmedipham) in 12 Mediterranean soils with contrasting soil properties. The observed toxicity was also compared to that obtained for OECD standard soil, used as a control.Materials and methodsThe soils were selected to be representative for the Mediterranean region and to cover a broad range of soil properties. The evaluated endpoints were avoidance behavior and reproduction. Soils were also assembled in two groups according to their pedological properties.Results and discussionToxicity benchmarks (AC50s) obtained for E. andrei avoidance behavior in carbendazim-contaminated soils were generally higher for sandy soils with low pH. The toxic effects on the reproduction of the compostworms were similar in the six tested soils, indicating a low influence of soil properties. The avoidance response of E. crypticus towards Phenmedipham was generally highly variable in all tested soils. Even though, a higher toxicity was observed for more acidic soils. The EC50s for reproduction of the latter species varied by a factor of 9 and Phenmedipham toxicity also tended to be increasing in soils with lower pH, except for the soils with extreme organic matter content (0.6 and 5.8%).ConclusionsA soil effect on chemical toxicity was clearly confirmed, highlighting the influence that test soils can have in site-specific ecological risk assessment. Despite some relationships between soil properties and toxicity were outlined, a clear and statistically significant prediction of chemical toxicity could not be established. The range of soil properties was probably narrow to give clearer and more consistent insights on their influence. For the four groups of tests, the toxicity observed for OECD soil was either similar, lower, or generally higher if compared with Mediterranean soils. Moreover, it did represent neither the organic matter content found in Mediterranean soils nor their textural classes.

The effect of carbendazim on embryonic Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) development and hatching

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of carbendazim, a commonly used fungicide, on the embryonic development and hatching of Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch). The egg samples were incubated with different concentrations of carbendazim - 0.001, 0.006, 0.036, 0.216, and 1.296 mg l -1 , for 98 hours. The results of the data showed that carbendazim at concentrations of 0.036 mg l -1 and higher were lethal for Prussian carp embryos. There were no significant differences in the hatching rate, percentage of hatched larvae, or in the percentage of deformed larvae exposed to the two lowest concentrations of carbendazim tested (0.001 and 0.006 mg l -1 ).The results of the present study showed that carbendazim is harmful to Prussian carp embryos at concentrations of 0.036 mg l -1 and higher.

Effects of Carbendazim on Kupffer Cell Functioning

Carbendazim inhibited LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α and NO in the primary culture of rat Kupffer cells. At the same time, phagocytosis evaluated by latex particles engulfment significantly decreased after cell preincubation with carbendazim.

Protective Effect of &lt;i&gt;Gingo biloba&lt;/i&gt; Extract on Carbendazim-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats

Carbendazim is a broad spectrum carbamate fungicide used in the control of various fungal pathogens. The present work studied the effect of carbendazim on the liver of albino rats and the possible protective role of Ginko biloba extract (EGB). Liver of carbendazim-treated animals showed histopathological and histochemical alterations. The histopathological changes include hepatic tissue impairment, cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes, and congestion of blood vessels, leucocytic infiltrations and fatty infiltration. Histochemical results showed reduction of carbohydrates and total proteins in hepatic tissues. Moreover, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST) were elevated in sera of carbendazim-treated animals. Coadministration of EGB with Carbendazim improved the hisological and histochemical changes observed in animals treated with carbendazim. In addition, EGB treatment leads to a significant decrease in ALT and AST. According to the present results, it is concluded that EGB can improve the hepatotoxicity of carbendazim and this effect may be attributed to antioxidant properties of Ginko biloba extract.

Morphological, pathological and molecular variability of Colletotrichum capsici causing anthracnose of chilli in the North-east of Thailand

Anthracnose disease is one of the major economic constraints to chilli production in tropical and subtropical regions. Ten isolates of Colletotrichum capsici causing chilli anthracnose were collected from 10 provinces in the northeast of Thailand. The isolates were evaluated for their morphological and cultural characteristics, pathogenic variability on chilli fruits and genetic characterization using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). Based on the morphological traits and cultural characteristics of the C. capsici populations, 10 isolates were categorized into six groups. These were designated, respectively, as CC-I, CC-II, CC-III, CC-IV, CC-V and CC-VI. In Potato Dextrose Agar culture, most of the isolates produced cottony colonies. However, differences were obtained in colony color, shape and size of conidia. Based on the effect of carbendazim, 10 isolates were classified into two groups designated as highly resistant group ( 90% inhibition). Three virulence degrees of 10 isolates on chilli fruits were evaluated. Molecular polymorphism generated by RAPD confirmed the variation of the different isolates and they were grouped into two clusters. However, morphological, pathological and RAPD grouping of isolates suggested no correlation among the test isolates. Key words: Colletotrichum capsici, morphological and cultural characteristics, pathogenic variability, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).