Effect Of Blend Ratio Research Articles

Effect of Blending ratio of lint cotton grades of Egyptian cotton varieties on fiber quality properties

Effect of Blending ratio of lint cotton grades of Egyptian cotton varieties on fiber quality properties

Dynamic behavior of melt electrospinning of blended polypropylene

Melt electrospinning is a promising process for fiber production without the need for solvents and with potential applications in various fields. In this study, we investigated the dynamic behavior of melt electrospinning under different blending ratios and process conditions. We used high melt flow index polypropylene and low molecular weight polypropylene, which were blended to lower the melt viscosity, and fibers were successfully manufactured through the melt electrospinning process. The effects of blending ratio and applied voltage on jet and drop formation, as well as fiber morphology, were examined. The results showed that blending low-molecular-weight polypropylene significantly influenced the jet and drop areas, leading to fluctuations in jet morphology. The size of the applied high voltage also had a high effect on the fiber diameter. Additionally, the viscosity reduction achieved through blending allowed for continuous jet formation and improved fiber production. These results provide valuable insights into controlling the process parameters and blending ratios in melt electrospinning, enabling the establishment of stable electrospinning conditions and precise control of fiber diameter.

Combustion behavior of solid waste fuels in the vertical tube reactor under different oxy-fuel environments

Oxy-fuel combustion technology has been recognized as one of the promising ways for cost-effective CO2 capture. The co-combustion characteristics of flax straw biomass/bituminous coal mixture (FS/BC) and flax straw biomass/sewage sludge mixture (FS/SS) under air, oxy-fuel (21%/79% O2/CO2) and oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel (30%/70% and 40%/60% O2/CO2) conditions were investigated in the vertical tube reactor. In particular, the study focused on the burning characteristics, the effect of blending ratio, and flue gas emissions. The findings indicated that flax straw biomass exhibited superior ignition performance compared to its blends with sewage sludge and bituminous coal. A higher O2 concentration from 21% to 40 led to a reduction in ignition delay time by 4s at 850 ℃ and by up to 10s at 950 ℃. Moreover, char combustion time was reduced by 50% for FS/SS blends due to the lower fixed carbon content compared to FS/BC blends. Additionally, increasing the O2 concentration resulted in lower emissions of CO by ∽40% and N2O by ∽45% for both blends. However, this also led to a slight increase in SO2 and NO emissions by ∽15% and ∽26%, respectively. The optimal conditions for the tested samples in oxy-fuel environment were found to be 30% O2/70 CO2, which enhanced combustion performance while lowering flue gas emissions.

Nutritional and functional potentials of wheat, cowpea, and yam composite flours on bread formulations: Effect of blending ratio and baking parameters

Bread, a staple food, primarily utilizes wheat as the main ingredient due to its high carbohydrate content, despite being considered nutritionally deficient. In the present study, wheat flour was substituted with cowpea and yam flours. The raw materials were processed into flour, and the proximate composition, functional properties, and anti-nutritional contents of the individual and blend flours (B1 = 85 % wheat + 5 % cowpea +10 % yam, B2 = 70 % wheat + 10 % cowpea +20 % yam, and B3 = 55 % wheat + 15 % cowpea +30 % yam) were analyzed. The main findings revealed that the incorporation of cowpea and yam flours led to significant increases (p < 0.05) in the total ash content, crude protein content, crude fiber content, bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, phytic acid content, tannin content, and oxalate content. Additionally, the effects of the blending ratio, baking temperature (180–220 °C) and baking time (25–35 min) on the bread formulation were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). As the blending ratio progressed from B1 to B3, a noticeable decrease in both the specific volume and sensory attributes of the bread were observed. Similarly, with an increase in baking temperature and duration, the bread exhibited a decline in its crude protein and crude fiber contents. Breads formulated with up to 10 % cowpea flour and 20 % yam flour, baked at higher temperatures and times, received greater overall acceptability from panelists. These findings suggest that substituting bread wheat flour with cowpea and yam flours is an innovative approach for developing nutritious and appealing bread products.

Influence of Temperature and Blending Ratio on Product Yield for Co-gasification of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell (TPKS) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

This study investigated the product yields produced from the co-gasification of torrefied palm kernel shell (TPKS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Prior co-gasification, PKS was undergo pre-treatment process at different temperature. The optimum parameter for torrefaction was found at 250 oC for 60 min reaction time with 4.89 wt.% moisture content and 10.48 wt.% fixed carbon. Thus, the result indicated that TPKS a suitable fuel feedstock for further thermal conversion. Then, TPKS and LDPE were gasified at different temperature and blending ratio for 60 min reaction time. The results showed that, Co-gasification is significantly influenced by temperature. A higher gasification temperature improves the gasification rate by increasing carbon conversion. By varying temperature from 600 to 1000 oC, the tar production dropped significantly from 49.61 to 35.03 wt.%, while the gas yield grew significantly from 25.88 to 45.94 wt.%. However, as temperature increased from 800 to 1000 oC, tar yield increased from 26.58 to 35.03 wt.%. Meanwhile, char yield decreased from 24.50 wt.% to 19.02 wt.% when the temperature from 600 to 1000 oC. For the effect of blending ratio, through blending of TPKS and LDPE, the gas and char yield increase, while tar decrease with increase torrefied TPKS ratioAdditionally, it was found that the highest gas yield with low tar and char yield was obtained from the co-gasification of TPKS and LDPE at 50:50 blending ratios produce the than another blending ratio. Therefore, based on the effect of temperature and blending ratio on product yield shows that the optimum parameter to produce maximum gas yield with minimum tar and char yield are at 50:50 (TPKS: LDPE) blending ratio at 800oC for 60 minutes reaction time. The gas analysis exhibited in increasing H2 composition when the reaction time increase for TPKS: LDPEcompared than UnPKS:LDPE.

Influence of Temperature and Blending Ratio on Product Yield for Co-gasification of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell and Low-Density Polyethylene

This study investigates the product yields produced from the co-gasification of torrefied palm kernel shell (TPKS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Prior co-gasification, PKS was undergo pre-treatment process at different temperature. The optimum parameter for torrefaction was found at 250 °C for 60 min reaction time with 4.89 wt. % moisture content and 10.48 wt.% fixed carbon. Thus, the result indicated that TPKS a suitable fuel feedstock for futher thermal conversion. Then, TPKS and LDPE were gasified at temperature of 600, 800 and 1000 °C and blending ratio of 10:90, 50:50, 90:10 (TPKS:LDPE) for 60 min reaction time. Based on the findings found that, temperature plays an important role in co-gasification. Higher gasification temperature increases the carbon conversion which improves gasification rate. By varying temperature from 600 to 1000 °C, the gas yield increased whilst tar yield decreased sharply. For the effect of blending ratio, through blending of TPKS and LDPE, the gas and char yield increase, while tar decrease with increase torrefied TPKS ratio. Furthermore, it was observed that the product yields obtained from the co-gasification of TPKS and LDPE at 50:50 blending ratios produce the highest gas yield with low char and tar yield than another blending ratio. Therefore, based on the effect of temperature and blending ratio on product yield shows that the optimum parameter to produce maximum gas yield with minimum tar and char yield are at 50:50 (TPKS:LDPE) blending ratio at 800 °C for 60 minutes reaction time.

Valorization of bio-oil distillation residue through co-pyrolysis with moso bamboo to prepare biochar: Optimization study on effects of blend ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and residence time

In view of the high energy consumption and pollutant emissions in the cement production industry, biomass as the renewable carbon-neutrality energy is promisingly conducive to remitting cement carbon dioxide emissions and simultaneously realizing waste-to-energy initiatives. In this study, bio-oil distillation residue (DR), with high carbon content and heat value, is co-pyrolyzed with moso bamboo (MB) to optimize the bulk and combustion properties of biochar, aiming at yielding bio-fuel as an alternative fuel to replace coals for energy and heat supply in cement industry. The impacts of three primary process parameters on the carbonization reaction were investigated, while the parametric interactions were further estimated by using response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the ultimate, proximate and fuel characteristics of biochars. The results showed the co-pyrolysis synergies between bio-oil distillation residue and moso bamboo endowed the maximum biochar yield of 44.62% and the maximum difference biochar yield of 7.56%. Meanwhile, the experimental carbon content, fixed carbon content and high heat value (HHV) were regulated through coupling parametric distribution and further increased by 1.96%, 2.59% and 1.23 MJ/kg, respectively. The parametric responses on combustion characteristics of biochar based on thermogravimetric analysis were predicted, and the optimal carbonization conditions for biochar production were also summarized. This study would offer an optimal biochar production scheme to adaptively yield coal-like biochar for reducing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in cement industry.

Characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and conventional diesel blends: Effect of blending ratio

Characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and conventional diesel blends: Effect of blending ratio

Effect of blend ratio on the phase structure and ozone aging resistance of ethylene-propylene-diene, butyl, and chlorobutyl rubber blends

ABSTRACT In the present study, the effect of elastomer ratios in solution-based mixtures on the formation of the phase structure and properties of compositions based on butyl rubber, chlorobutyl rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber was investigated. This work determined the influence of the elastomer ratios in uncured blends and their impact on the patterns of phase structure formation in multicomponent polymer systems, alterations in molecular mobility, and their influence on ozone resistance. Attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to analyze the chemical structure of the polymer surfaces. The influence of blend ratio (mass percentage ratios of 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100) on the phase structure and surface ozone oxidation was studied. The green strengths of the blends of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber and butyl/chlorobutyl rubbers were studied over a wide range of blend ratios.

Quality Characterisation of Mustard (Brassica Nigra) Oil and Its Blends with Argemone (Argemone Mexicana) Oil under Varying Dielectric Frequency and Temperature

Physical properties of edible oil are a decisive factor for the characterisation of its quality. Adulteration of pure mustard oil (MO) with argemone oil (AO) is common and rampant. In this study, the effect of dielectric frequency (200, 1000 Hz) on the physical properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, and colour of MO blended (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) with AO was investigated at five (10 - 50 °C) levels of temperature is reported. The individual and interaction effects of frequency, blend ratio, and temperature indicated that there was no significant effect (p≤0.05) on the physical properties of oil samples due to the dielectric frequency. However, the effects of blend ratio on all measured parameters were highly significant (p≤0.01). The effect of temperature was significant (p≤0.05) for all parameters, except refractive index. Viscosity and specific gravity correlated with temperature and blend ratio in third-degree polynomial regression model (R2&gt;0.9) for MO and AO blends. The findings of this study established that dielectric spectroscopy can be used for detection of adulteration in MO without affecting its physico-chemical properties.

Effect of Blend Ratio and Fabric Structure on Thermal Comfort Properties of Organic Cotton/Microdenier Polyester Knitted Fabrics

Abstract By enhancing the knitted materials’ thermal comfort behavior, fabric comfort is produced. In this study, the thermal comfort properties of organic cotton and microdenier polyester blended in ratios of 100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 in four different structures (single jersey, cross tuck, cross miss, and twill) and at two different loop lengths (0.32 cm and 0.35 cm) were examined. The thermal comfort characteristics of several knitted fabrics were examined by objective fabric testing. The findings evidently showed that knitted fabrics comprising 100 % microdenier polyester exhibit excellent thermal comfort qualities and feature a commendable level of comfort, making them suitable for active sporting textiles. The fabric’s structure and the size of its loops have a great impact on the fabric’s thermal property. The knitted fabric manufactured from 100 % microdenier polyester with a cross-miss structure on a loop length of 0.35 cm exhibits a superior thermal comfort characteristic in comparison with the other samples.

Effect of blending ratio on the compatibility and stability of konjac glucomannan/starch composite systems

A series of complex dispersions and films combining Konjac glucomannan (KGM) and starch in different ratios were prepared. The compatibility and stability of KGM/Starch composite (KS) systems were evaluated using a new horizontal casting device coupled with CCD camera system and Near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer and multiple conventional characterization techniques. The findings from the casting device revealed that when the KGM and starch were combined in a 7∶3 ratio, the dispersion demonstrated isotropic behavior, flowing and diffusing at a consistent speed from the central point to the surrounding area on the casting disc. Additionally, the scattered particles in the NIR reflectance spectrum were evenly distributed at every point, indicating excellent compatibility and uniformity within the dispersion. FTIR and XRD analyses indicated the existence of molecular interactions between the film components, and showed good compatibility between KGM and starch when the KGM content was greater than 50%. The best compatibility was obtained when the KGM content was 70%. The SEM results showed that the increase of KGM content contributed to a smoother and denser microstructure in the cross-section of the KS composite films, especially when the KGM content was 70% (w/w). The rheological results of the KS dispersion further confirmed the formation of a hybrid network structure between KGM and starch. Higher KGM content led to more hydrogen bonds and provided more opportunities for macromolecular chain entanglement. This work will contribute to a better understanding of the interaction mechanism between polysaccharides and starch, as well as provide a new perspective and novel characterization methods to deconstruct the compatibility and assembly structure stability between KGM and starch. It is beneficial for facilitate the application of KGM in the development of denatured food or starch materials, including food texture properties and emulsion stability, and establish a foundation for the diversification of food design tools.

Air and oxy-fuel combustion characteristics of coal gangue and weathered coal blends

Oxy-fuel combustion technology is suggested as one of the promising technologies for capturing CO2. The combustion characteristics of blends of a coal gangue and a weathered coal under air (21% O2/79% N2), oxy-fuel (20% O2/80% CO2) and oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel (40% O2/60% CO2) conditions were studied using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique operating at heating rate 10 oCmin−1 to a final temperature 900 °C, focussing on the effect of blending ratio and atmosphere. While the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) profiles of coal gangue in the three different atmospheres were very similar, the weathered coal showed a sharp peak in the temperature range 400–440 °C under oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel condition, which was different from DTG curves under air and oxy-fuel conditions. The blending of the coal gangue into the weathered coal gradually diminished this peak. The negligible deviations between the experimental DTG curves and theoretical DTG curves indicated that interactions were absent for all the coal gangue/weathered coal mixtures under air and oxy-fuel conditions. The obvious interactions between coal gangue and weathered coal were observed under oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel condition and the interaction may be related to thermal effect. The interactions increased as the increasing weathered coal ratio in blends and increasing oxygen concentration under oxy-fuel conditions.

Pyrolysis of biosolids with waste cardboard: effect of operating parameters, feedstock size and blending ratio

Global waste is a rising problem that requires attention. Pyrolysis is a process that converts waste into valuable products like biochar, bio-oil, and gas by heating feeds above 300 °C. Pyrolysis studies mostly concentrate on fuel production and characterization, while biochar studies lack parametric analysis, especially for co-pyrolysis. Little attention is given to the effects of blending ratio and particle size on biochar yield. This research focuses on the pyrolysis of biosolids obtained from gas-to-liquid wastewater treatment, waste cardboard, and co-pyrolysis of blended samples. Pyrolysis was performed using a muffled furnace at temperatures ranging from 350–850 °C , heating rates of 3–10 °C /min, and residence times of 30–180 min to examine biochar yield and properties. Particle sizes and blending ratios were also studied. Proximate and ultimate analyses, metal composition, surface area, and surface charge studies were conducted on biochar samples utilizing analytical instruments. Biosolids had the highest yield followed by mixed samples and cardboard for all conditions, with temperature and blending ratio having the greatest impact on yield. Regarding surface area, the maximum was found to be at 650 °C revealing 10.34, 170.4, and 124.8 m2/g for biosolids, cardboard, and mixed samples, respectively. A significant effect with change in blending ratio and a minimal effect by varying particle size was observed on the biochar yield. For future applications, temperatures below 550 °C can be considered in terms of biochar yield, ash, and metal contents; as heating rate and residence time showed minimal effects on yield, lower points are preferred to conserve energy during pyrolysis. Overall, mixing waste improved quality and yield, making it environmentally beneficial for applications.Graphical abstract

Performance of a compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel-palm biodiesel-gasoline mixtures: CFD and multi parameter optimisation studies

In this research, 3D CFD simulations are conducted for a compression ignition engine fuelled with D100 (diesel), D80|BD20 (80%diesel|20%biodiesel), D75|BD20|G5 (75%diesel|20%biodiesel|5%gasoline), D70|BD20|G10 and D65|BD20|G15 mixtures. The effects of blending ratio, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and start of injection (SOI) on the combustion, emissions, engine output and fuel efficiency are analysed. In brief, D65|BD20|G15 produced the least nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions of 6.5E-2 and 5.46E-3 g/kWh, respectively, which were lower than the Euro VI limit. The least carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (UHCs) emissions were achieved for D75|BD20|G5 for 1.62 and 5.8 g/kWh, respectively. D75|BD20|G15 improved the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), combustion efficiency and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) up to 13.9%, 12.7% and 13.9% compared to D80|BD20, respectively. Also, applying 20% EGR led to 50% reduction in NOx and soot for D65|BD20|G15, while UHCs and CO were increased up to 27% and 54%, respectively and ISFC and combustion efficiency slightly declined. Additionally, advancing SOI timing to −24 Crank Angle (°CA) decreased the CO and UHCs emissions of D65|BD20|G15 up to 20% and 15% compared to −20°CA, respectively. A multi-parameter optimisation is also performed to ascertain the best operating condition, under which the emissions are mostly supressed and engine performance and fuel efficiency are enhanced.

Effect of blending ratio and fermentation time on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory qualities of injera from teff, pearl millet, and buckwheat flours

ABSTRACT Injera is a staple fermented food in Ethiopia and is prepared from teff (Eragrostis teff (Zucc) Trotter). However, due to the higher price of teff recently, only middle- and high-income people can afford it. Hence, this study investigated the effect of the Blending Ratio (BR) of Teff flour (TF), Buckwheat Flour (BWF), and Pearl Millet Flour (PMF) and Fermentation Time (FT) on the overall quality of injera. The prepared injera showed protein as 9.06–11.82%, crude fat as 2.60–5.10%, crude fiber as 1.97–2.56%, total ash as 1.78–2.24%, carbohydrate as 71.43–75.34%, and energy as 364.99–375.29 kcal/100 g. Injera prepared from all the blends was sensorially accepted; however, injera prepared from 20% PMF, 65% TF, and 15% BWF fermented for 72 h was the most preferred. From this study, it is concluded that up to 30% FMF, 20% BWF, and 72 h fermentation time is recommended for the preparation of nutritionally improved injera with good sensory acceptability.

The study of co-combustion characteristics of coal and duckweed by single particle and TGA methods

Co-combustion of coal and biomass is a feasible technology to reduce CO2 emissions and coal consumption. In this paper, the co-combustion characteristics of coal and three kinds of duckweed (Lemna minor, Wolffia, Spirodela) were studied by a single particle combustion method and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method in air. The effects of blending ratio of the duckweed and fuel properties on the ignition delay time, burnout time and flame temperature were studied. The ignition delay time, burnout time and flame temperature all decrease as the blending ratio of duckweed increases. The different volatile content and composition of duckweed will affect the temperature distribution and combustion rate in the combustion stage. Compared with the ash of coal, the ash of duckweed can promote the combustion of coal. During the combustion of blended fuels with volatile removed, different contents of ash have different effects on char combustion, such as combustion temperature range, combustion rate, and temperature at peak combustion rate.

A novel degradable sealing material for the preparation of dissolvable packer rubber barrel

To develop dissolvable packer rubber barrel is a key technology for realization of green oil drill engineering. During this experiment, a novel degradable rubber sealing material from MPUR/HNBR composite was prepared by physical mixing and chemical cross-linking with different parts of HNBR. The effect of blending ratio on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, compatibility, thermal stability, and dissolution characteristics of the composites were investigated. The results showed that when the MPUR/HNBR blend ratio changed from 80/20 to 60/40, the cross-linking degree of composites decreased gradually and the mechanical properties decreased. MPUR and HNBR have compatibility properties in a certain blending range, and the addition of HNBR led to an improvement in the thermal stability of composites. When immersed in a water medium at 100 °C, the tensile strength of pure MPUR decreased sharply in 12 h from 30 MPa to 3 MPa, its short service life time didn’t meet the need of engineering. After composed by HNBR, the tensile strength retention increased from 27.0% to 52.1% immersion for 24 hours. In addition, the composite can maintain high tensile strength between 48 and 168 h, its superior long service life time fully meet the sealing requirements. The possible degradable mechanism in water medium was offered.

Effect of blending ratio of biofuel from used cooking oil with Dexlite

Indonesia is committed to accelerating the clean energy transition through the biodiesel policy to achieve net zero emission. The commitment to use palm oil as a biofuel base material will support Indonesia in achieving its energy security and energy mix target of 23% in 2025. This article discussed the characteristics of the blended fuel between biofuel from used cooking oil and Dexlite from PERTAMINA products. The blending process is carried out with the biofuel: Dexlite ratio as follows: 5:95, 10:90, 15:85 20:80, 25:75 and 30:70. The results revealed that the best experiments for acid number were obtained at the B5 blending ratio of 0.039 mgKOH/(g sample), saponification number at the B5 blending ratio of 1.066 mgKOH/(g sample), flash point at the B20 blending ratio at a temperature of 101°C, 90% distillation at the B10 blending ratio at a temperature of 213°C, and the density at the blending ratio B15 is 837 kg/m3. From these results, only the density parameter does not meet the biodiesel quality standards based on SNI 7182:2015. These results indicate that the addition of 30% biofuel to Dexlite can still be used as a fuel for diesel vehicles by applying a better washing method for KOH catalyst residue and unreacted methanol residue.

Effect of blend ratio on moisture management characteristics of regenerated bamboo/lotus single jersey knitted fabrics

The moisture management properties of the pique knitted fabrics produced from lotus fibre fabrics have been evaluated by SDL- ATLAS moisture management tester and correlated with regenerated bamboo pique knitted fabrics. It is observed that the lotus fabric shows absorption rate similar to that of regenerated bamboo fabric, whereas bamboo lotus blended fabric shows improved spreading speed and one way transport capability than the other fabrics. The lotus fabric exhibits high dimensional stability and the high resistance to pilling. It shows that lotus fabrics are suitable for clothing applications.