Effect Of Beam Irradiation Research Articles

Effects of electron beam irradiation on the optical and structural properties of PEDOT: PSS thin films deposited by spin coating technique

This study investigates the effect of electron beam irradiation on the structural and optical properties of Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulphonate (PEDOT: PSS) semiconductor films. PEDOT: PSS was deposited on thin films using spin coating technique at varying speeds of 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 rpm. Based on the pre-characterisation analysis, the thin film fabricated at 4000 rpm is identified as optimal. The fabricated PEDOT: PSS thin films were irradiated at doses of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kGy at an energy of 1 MeV. The films were characterised using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ultraviolet–visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffractometer and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The optical properties of PEDOT:PSS thin film show that the transmittance was decreased after exposure to electron beam radiation, indicating a degradation with increasing total ionising dose (TID). The bandgap of irradiated PEDOT: PSS thin film shows a decreasing trend from 3.36 eV (unirradiated) to 3.30 eV (50 kGy) after the thin film was exposed to electron beam radiation at a maximum dose of 50 kGy. On the aspect of surface morphology, the AFM results show that the surface roughness of the PEDOT: PSS decreased with increasing TID, resulting in a smoother surface from 1.84 to 1.28 nm. Based on the XRD result obtained, the crystalline phase of the PEDOT: PSS thin film was maintained while the grain size improved from 264.87 nm (unirradiated) to 377.45 nm after exposure to electron beam radiation mainly at 30 and 40 kGy, indicating an optimised threshold exposure within the range. The findings provide valuable insight for developing organic semiconductors with enhanced structural, morphological and optical band gap properties after electron beam radiation exposure.

Effects of electron beam irradiation on the sensory qualities and bioactive compounds of broccoli sprout juice

This study investigates the effects of electron beam irradiation at varying doses on the bioactive compounds and sensory qualities and of broccoli sprout juice (BSJ). A comprehensive analysis of volatile flavor components using GC-IMS and GC–MS identified 49 compounds, including esters, aldehydes, and olefins. Notably, the sulforaphane content exhibited a strong negative correlation with irradiation intensity (R2 = 0.9596), which is critical for predicting the impact of irradiation dose on sulforaphane degradation. Statistical analysis confirmed that 34 volatile compounds, like methyl acetate, 2-methylbutanal, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, etc., exhibited significant difference in different irradiation doses groups (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluation revealed that 6 kGy was the optimal irradiation dose, enhancing the sweetness and mushroom aroma while reducing undesirable spicy flavors. These findings provide valuable insights for balancing preservation techniques, sensory qualities, and nutritional integrity in BSJ, offering potential applications in both food and medicinal industries.

The effect of high-energy electron beam irradiation on the physicochemical properties of PET material

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polyester used in the manufacture of containers and packaging. PET waste occupies one of the top positions in terms of volume among polymer waste. The radiation modification of PET is a promising method for regulating its operational and technological properties. It is assumed that irradiation of PET waste with an electron beam will facilitate its secondary processing. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the ionizing radiation on the PET physicochemical and physicomechanical properties. For this purpose, samples were irradiated by hig-energy electron beam with energy 10 MeV and dose range 0–600 kGy. The radiation-induced EPR of the signal was measured, and the dose dependence was estimated. As a result, it was found that irradiation with electrons leads to a decrease in the melting temperature and an increase in the melt fluidity and glass transition temperature of PET. The hardness and rigidity of the irradiated samples increase. The changes in properties are explained by the destruction of PET macromolecules, which proceeds with the formation of carboxyl and carbonyl groups.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Electron Beam Irradiation on the Quality of Vacuum-Packed Ready-to-Eat Chicken Claws during Storage at 25 ± 1 °C

Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Electron Beam Irradiation on the Quality of Vacuum-Packed Ready-to-Eat Chicken Claws during Storage at 25 ± 1 °C

Effect of electron beam irradiation treatment on microstructure, physicochemical properties, and bioactive content of areca nut.

Electron beam irradiation treatment is a novel technology that uses low-dose ionizing radiation for the treatment of crops or food to enhance their quality. This study investigated the effects of electron beam irradiation on the microstructure, physicochemical properties, and bioactive compounds of areca nuts. As the irradiation dose increased, the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content in the areca nuts decreased significantly, whereas the polysaccharide and pectin content increased gradually. The hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness of areca nuts reached their lowest values when the irradiation dose was within the range of 6-9 kGy, indicating that irradiation effectively reduced the hardness of the areca nut fibers. The decrease in crystallinity led to the formation of loose structures in the fibers upon irradiation, thereby improving their water retention, expansion, and oil-holding capacity, which are beneficial for the subsequent processing of areca nut-based chewable products. The water- and oil-holding capacities of the areca nuts peaked when the irradiation dose was within the 6-9 kGy range. Electron irradiation also affected the content of active substances in the areca nuts, particularly alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, showing an overall trend of initial increase followed by subsequent decrease. Electron irradiation was not only effective in softening the fibers but it also impacted the overall quality of the areca nuts significantly. The results provide valuable reference data for improving the quality of areca nuts through electron beam irradiation technology. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Corrigendum to “Effects of electron beam and atomic oxygen irradiation on hypervelocity - Impact tested / polyimide coated carbon fiber-reinforced plates” [Compos Part B: Eng 288 (2025) 111877]

Corrigendum to “Effects of electron beam and atomic oxygen irradiation on hypervelocity - Impact tested / polyimide coated carbon fiber-reinforced plates” [Compos Part B: Eng 288 (2025) 111877]

Atomic Fabrication of 2D Materials Using Electron Beams Inside an Electron Microscope.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have garnered increasing attention due to their unusual properties and significant potential applications in electronic devices. However, the performance of these devices is closely related to the atomic structure of the material, which can be influenced through manipulation and fabrication at the atomic scale. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) and scanning TEMs (STEMs) provide an attractive platform for investigating atomic fabrication due to their ability to trigger and monitor structural evolution at the atomic scale using electron beams. Furthermore, the accuracy and consistency of atomic fabrication can be enhanced with an automated approach. In this paper, we briefly introduce the effect of electron beam irradiation and then discuss the atomic structure evolution that it can induced. Subsequently, the use of electron beams for achieving desired structures and patterns in a controllable manner is reviewed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of atomic fabrication on 2D materials inside an electron microscope are discussed.

Degradation of piroxicam and celecoxib from aqueous solution by high-energy electron beam as a Sustainable method

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs that can reduce pain. This study aimed to measure the concentration of piroxicam and celecoxib in Iranian hospitals, as well as the effect of electron beam irradiation on the degradation of these pollutants in synthetic and real samples. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the residual analytes in the samples. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiment conditions that investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation on degradation of piroxicam and celecoxib from synthetic samples, and then according to the optimum condition, the experiments were carried out for real wastewater samples. The results of wastewater analysis shown that the mean concentration of PIRO and CELE were 6.32 ± 2.5 and 11.5 ± 3.2 μg/L, respectively. Also, the findings show that 98.98 % and 97.62 % of piroxicam and celecoxib was degraded, respectively, when the optimum conditions (pH = 4, electron beam irradiation = 8 kGy, and concentrations of 60 μg/L for piroxicam and 50 μg/L for celecoxib) were applied. Results show that the degradation rates of piroxicam and celecoxib in the real wastewater sample at optimum condition were 89.6 % and 84.25 %, respectively. So, electron beam irradiation is a long-lasting and promising method for removal emerging contaminants from wastewater, like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, that can't be removed by conventional wastewater treatment methods; so, it can be used in combination with conventional wastewater treatment methods.

Effects of electron beam and atomic oxygen irradiation on hypervelocity - Impact tested / polyimide coated carbon fiber-reinforced plates

In a low-Earth orbit, space debris orbit at approximately the first cosmic velocity. When space debris strike a spacecraft, ejecta (fragments) from the spacecraft are widely scattered. The reduction in the number of ejecta (fragments caused by impact) must also be considered when selecting spacecraft materials. The authors’ group has previously examined the size of ejecta (fragments) and reduction in the number of ejecta. In general, the mechanical properties of polymer materials and CFRP plates may be damaged by space environments, such as radiation (gamma rays and electron beams (EBs)), atomic oxygen (AO), ultraviolet rays, temperature, and thermal cycling. The authors suggested an anti-AO coating/polyimide CFRP as a material resistant to space environments. The effects of EB and AO irradiation on the fracture behavior and ejecta of anti-AO coating/polyimide CFRP were examined for hypervelocity impacts. The results of static three-point flexural tests were compared with the fracture behavior and ejecta. A two-stage light-gas gun was used for the impact tests. Spherical projectiles formed of aluminum alloy 2017-T4 with a diameter of 1.6 mm were used. Photographs of the ejecta scattered in front of each polyimide CFRP plate were captured from the side using a high-speed video camera. The number and weight of the ejecta on the front side and perforation holes were examined.

Electron Irradiation on Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistors in Space Applications

The space environment is hostile to most semiconductor electronic devices and components used for space applications. The radiation generally encountered in space are α, β, γ, x-ray, energetic electrons, protons, neutrons and ions of various kinds. Especially the Van Allen Belts consist of high energy electrons which are in continuous motion. Satellites systems operating in Low Earth Orbits (LEO) are prone to get exposed to high energy electrons. This paper describes the effect of electron beam irradiation on MOSFETs planned for space applications. The devices selected for the study are 2N6768 n- channel MOSFETs (JANTXV) procured from ISAC, Bangalore. The decapped MOSFETS are exposed to a beam of electrons for various doses ranging from 50 Gy to 10 KGy in the electron energy range 7 – 10 MeV using the electron accelerator facility at RRCAT, Indore. Pre and post- irradiation measurements of the electrical characteristics are undertaken to investigate the electron induced device degradation and damage. The dominant mechanism of the interaction of the electrons with semiconductors is to produce atomic displacement which can have serious impact on electrical characteristics. MOS (Metal oxide semiconductor) devices are the most sensitive of all semiconductor devices to radiation showing considerable degradation even for a relatively low dose of exposure to high energy electrons. The energy dissipated by electrons in semiconductors is sufficient to displace silicon atoms and causes a shift in the threshold voltage and leakage current. The study indicates that the gate threshold voltage substantially decreases with the increase in electron dose. The leakage current increases with dose which could have an impact on the performance of the device. The transconductance of the MOS transistor is found to decrease with increase in electron dose. The observed changes in the electrical characteristics upon electron irradiation are analysed and interpreted as due to trapped charges in the SiO2 layer and at the interface. The present investigation reveals that there is a remarkable degradation in threshold voltage and the leakage current displays substantial increase when the devices are exposed to electrons. This increase in leakage current can have significant impact on device performance in a radiation environment.

THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE) FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

The study demonstrates the significant effects of electron beam irradiation on the tribological and mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Electron beam irradiation, a method using highvelocity electrons to modify material properties, was applied to PTFE to potentially enhance its wear resistance and mechanical hardness, which are critical for applications under increased wear conditions. In the experiments, PTFE samples were irradiated at varying doses, and their wear resistance, microhardness, and surface roughness were evaluated post-irradiation. Tribological test results showed a notable improvement in wear resistance and microhardness with increasing radiation doses. Specifically, irradiated samples exhibited reduced wear volume and enhanced surface characteristics compared to the unirradiated sample. The irradiated sample (PTFE-2) showed the highest resistance to abrasive wear and a significant increase in surface hardness, indicating that electron beam irradiation effectively strengthens the material by inducing cross-linking and other structural modifications within the polymer matrix. Additionally, the study highlighted changes in surface roughness: irradiated samples exhibited altered roughness parameters that contributed to improved wear resistance. These changes can be explained by the physical and chemical transformations induced by electron beam exposure, which modify the surface and subsurface regions of the polymer. This study confirms that electron beam irradiation is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of PTFE, making it more suitable for advanced engineering applications where high durability and resistance to extreme conditions are required. The findings open new avenues for the use of PTFE in sectors requiring high performance, extending its application beyond traditional fields.

Improvement on gel properties of chicken myofibrillar protein with electron beam irradiation: Based on protein structure, gel quality, water state

This study aimed to investigate the effects of electron beam (E-beam) irradiation at different doses (0–15 kGy) on the solubility, rheological properties, emulsification characteristics, and moisture distribution of chicken myofibrillar proteins (MPs). Irradiation treatment notably increased the solubility, surface hydrophobicity, emulsification properties, and apparent viscosity of MPs, based on conformational changes caused by irradiation-induced oxidative denaturation of proteins. However, high doses of irradiation (15 kGy) induced in excessive cross-linking and aggregation of proteins, reducing the solubility, emulsification properties, and shear stress. Degradation of myosin heavy and light chains in irradiated MPs increased the content of β-turns and random coils. Additionally, the initial relaxation times of T21 and T22 in irradiated protein gels were reduced, and the peak value of P21 was increased, which improved the water-capturing ability of protein gels. Altogether, these results findings suggest that electron beam irradiation can be applied as a potential technique for modifying muscle proteins.

Gamma, electron beam and X-ray irradiation effects on polymers in an advanced bone cement mixer device

The medical device industry has been investigating ways to increase the use of alternatives to cobalt-60 gamma radiation and ethylene-oxide gas sterilization, such as electron beam (E-beam) and X-ray radiation, due to regulatory and market pressures. One impediment to switching to E-beam or X-ray technology for sterilization is the lack of data on the effects of these radiation sources on medical device polymers. To provide such data this work considers irradiation and testing of a common single-use medical bone cement mixing system, the Stryker Advanced Cement Mixer (ACM®), that is composed of seven polymer materials. The ACM® devices considered here were processed to sterilization-relevant doses (15, 25, 50, and 70 kGy) using three radiation technologies: gamma, E-beam, and X-ray. The system and its polymer components were tested for product functionality, as well as mechanical and visual properties to determine how exposure effects may be influenced by radiation technology and dose level. We found that although there were instances of statistically significant differences in effects between the gamma-irradiated products and those irradiated with E-beam and X-ray, those effects were negligible in terms of retained functionality of the product and retained mechanical properties of the polymer components. Overall, results of this study demonstrate that, for of the effects studied, E-beam and X-ray are viable alternatives to cobalt-60 gamma radiation for sterilization of the polymer-based device investigated.

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Triallyl Isocyanurate Grafting and Thermo-mechanical Properties of Sheep Wool Fabric

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Triallyl Isocyanurate Grafting and Thermo-mechanical Properties of Sheep Wool Fabric

Utilization of electron beam irradiation pretreatment for the extraction of pectic polysaccharides from Diaphragma juglandis fructus: Structural, physicochemical, and functional properties

The effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) pretreatment on the alkaline extraction of pectic polysaccharides from Diaphragma juglandis fructus (DJF) are highly dependent on the irradiation dosage. Comprehensive characterizations encompassing physicochemical, structural, and functional properties were conducted on crude pectic polysaccharide extract from DJF subjected to various EBI doses. EBI pretreatment significantly increased the yields of crude pectic polysaccharides extract (increasing by 41.89 %), also facilitating the extraction of uronic acid, RG-I structure, and protein content, despite causing a decrease in total sugar content. EBI pretreatment induced the degradation of pectin, resulting in decreased molecular weight, particle size, crystallinity, viscosity, thermal stability, and water holding capacity, while enhancing solubility and oil holding capacity. Variations in physicochemical and structural properties induced by different EBI doses influenced the functional activities of DJF pectic polysaccharides. Low-dose EBI (at 5 kGy) pretreatment markedly improved the emulsifying activity/stability (increasing by 20.82/74.10 %) and ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging activity (increasing by 27.91/12.40 %), whereas high-dose EBI pretreatment (50 kGy) greatly enhanced foaming capacity/stability (increasing by 259.99/175.56 %). These findings provide a novel regulatory strategy for the functional activity of pectic polysaccharides.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on glycosylation reaction and structural characterization of whey isolate protein.

Whey protein isolate (WPI) is a high-quality animal protein resource. The modification of WPI through physical, chemical and biological methods can substantially improve the functional properties of proteins. This study investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the modification of WPI-xylose glycosylation. The degree of grafting and browning revealed that EBI promoted WPI glycosylation. The maximum emission wavelength of intrinsic fluorescence was red-shifted and the fluorescence intensity was reduced, suggesting that irradiation induced the unfolding of the WPI structure, thereby promoting glycosylation. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed that the covalent binding of the conjugates occurred on the introduction of the hydrophilic groups, resulting in decreased surface hydrophobicity. When compared with conventional wet-heat glycosylation, irradiation-assisted glycosylation improved the emulsifying activity of WPI from 179.76 ± 0.83 to 277.83 ± 1.44 m2 g-1, and the emulsifying and rheological properties improved. These results confirmed that EBI can increase the degree of WPI glycosylation and improve the functional properties of proteins, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for the further application of WPI. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Effect of Maltose on Structural, Physicochemical, and Digestive Properties of Lentil Starch under Electron Beam Irradiation.

This study investigated the effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of lentil starch with varying maltose content. EBI did not significantly disrupt the starch's surface structure or cause amorphization of starch and maltose crystals, but it significantly reduced the intensity of starch's XRD peaks. The presence of maltose intensified internal growth ring damage, leading to more cross-link and rearrangement between short chains, improving short-range ordering of lentil starch and enhancing starch's solubility and thermal stability. Additionally, adding maltose that EBI then treats can lead to an increased content of slowly digestible starch in samples.

Demonstration of an integrated-heating load frame for quantitatively assessing microscale tensile properties of copper and Zircaloy-2

Small-scale mechanical testing (SSMT) is of great interest in the nuclear materials community as it permits the use of surrogate irradiation techniques, such as ion beam irradiation when investigating the impact of irradiation damage on mechanical properties. The design of a micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) micro-tensile stage is demonstrated to enable micron-sized specimen testing up to failure under ambient and reactor-relevant temperatures. Copper and Zircaloy-2 microscale specimens, having gauge lengths of 200 μm, gauge widths of 48 μm, and specimen-dependent constant gauge thicknesses of 10 μm to 26 μm, are fabricated using micro-wire electrical discharge machining and focused ion beam milling. From each gauge section, microstructure data is captured prior to testing using electron backscatter diffraction analysis, and an optimized digital image correlation speckle pattern is deposited on the specimen surface. The speckle pattern is tracked during deformation and post-processed to obtain strain-field evolution maps throughout deformation. Strain maps provide a means to account for and explain microstructure-dependent features observed in the captured stress-strain curves. The combination of using micro-wire electrical discharge machining, focused ion beam cleaning, and ion beam induced platinum deposition for micron-sized specimen preparation as well as utilizing microfabrication techniques to fabricate an integrated heating microtensile load frame reported herein serve as a demonstration of SSMT approaches that can be adopted to tackle challenging problems in nuclear materials research, including but not limited to the effects of ion beam irradiation on mechanical performance and providing experimental data to support small-scale modeling efforts of embrittling precipitates or radiation-induced segregation.

The effects of carbon-ion beam irradiation on three-dimensional in vitro models of normal oral mucosa and oral cancer: development of a novel tool to evaluate cancer therapy.

Given that the original tumor microenvironment of oral cancer cannot be reproduced, predicting the therapeutic effects of irradiation using monolayer cultures and animal models of ectopic tumors is challenging. Unique properties of carbon-ion irradiation (CIR) characterized by the Bragg peak exert therapeutic effects on tumors and prevent adverse events in surrounding normal tissues. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The biological effects of CIR were evaluated on three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models of normal oral mucosa (NOMM) and oral cancer (OCM3 and OCM4) consisting of HSC-3 and HSC-4 cells. A single 10- or 20-Gy dose of CIR was delivered to NOMM, OCM3, and OCM4 models. Histopathological and histomorphometric analyses and labeling indices for Ki-67, γH2AX, and TUNEL were examined after CIR. The concentrations of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were measured. NOMM exhibited epithelial thinning after CIR, which could be caused by the decreased presence of Ki-67-labeled basal cells. The relative proportion of the thickness of cancer cells to the underlying stroma in cancer models decreased after CIR. This finding appeared to be supported by changes in the three labeling indices, indicating CIR-induced cancer cell death, mostly via apoptosis. Furthermore, the three indices and the HMGB1 release levels significantly differed among the OCM4 that received different doses and with different incubation times after CIR while those of the OCM3 models did not, suggesting more radiosensitivity in the OCM4. The three 3D in vitro models can be a feasible and novel tool to elucidate radiation biology.

In-situ investigation of damage evolution and mechanism in composite propellants under monochromatic X-ray irradiation

Synchrotron radiation monochromatic X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a powerful tool for in-situ characterization of the internal microstructure evolution in composite materials. However, prolonged X-ray irradiation during long-term in-situ studies may affect the structure and properties of material. While the effects of white beam irradiation have been widely investigated, the specific damage mechanisms and material sensitivity to monochromatic X-ray irradiation, particularly in composite materials like propellants, are not well understood. In this study, we identify the threshold irradiation time that triggers radiation damage in PBT propellant and observe the accumulation and worsening of damage over time, primarilyinitiated by ether bond cleavage, leading to radiation-induced decomposition and increased internal porosity. This resulted in a significant reduction in the mechanical strength of PBT propellant, particularly under prolonged exposure to synchrotron radiation. In contrast, the inert binder system HTPB propellant exhibited better radiation stability. Our study highlights the importance of considering both radiation-induced damage and material X-ray sensitivity when designing in-situ synchrotron radiation CT experiments for composite materials, and suggests that the development of dynamic experimental methods to further reduce the risk of radiation damage for high-reliability in-situ assessment of material properties, as well as the need for careful consideration of radiation effects in the design and safety evaluation of solid propellant systems working in extreme circumstance.