Antiseptic Effects Research Articles

Vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) juices

<p>Red currants (<em>Ribes rubrum</em> L.) belongs to <em>Grossulariaceae</em> family and the Ribes genus. They are sweet and sour, nutrient rich berries that have shown antioxidant, antibacterial, antiseptic, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to determine the vitamin C content and antioxidant potential of juices from six varieties of red currants - Redpoll, Makosta, Stanza, Jonkheer, Rolan, and Rondom. Fresh, undamaged fruits were pressed into juice and stored at -18°C. Ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) system as well as <em>β</em>-carotene bleaching assay. The results showed that the juice of the Redpoll variety had the highest vitamin C content (66.52±2.9 mg/100 g juice), while the juice of the Stanza variety had the lowest content (6.23±0.28 mg/100 g). The Redpoll variety juice also showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 1.76±0.25 mg/mL), while the juice of the Rolan variety showed the weakest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 6.65±0.84 mg/mL). Thanks to its favorable cultivation properties and numerous potential and proven positive health effects, red currant is becoming the subject of increasing research<strong>.</strong> The results of this study can serve as an incentive for the use of red currants and their products in nutrition, as well as for the selection of nutritionally high-quality varieties.</p>

Fire resistance of textile materials treated with flame retardant based on electroerosive Aluminum hydroxide powder

The purpose of this work was to study the fire resistance of technical materials treated with flame retardants based on electroerosion powder of Aluminum hydroxide.Methods. Aluminum metal wastes of the AD0E brand were dispersed in distilled water at a loading weight of 250 g at an experimental installation. The resulting electroerosive aluminum powder was studied by various methods. The microanalysis was performed on a QUANTA 600 FEG microscope. The phase composition was studied using a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer. The fire resistance of the treated fabric was studied according to the following method: a strip of fabric 5 cm wide and 10 cm long was suspended in an upright position by one end in a tripod clamp (the other end remains hanging freely). The flame of an alcohol burner was placed under the lower end of the sample for 12 seconds (according to a stopwatch). After the specified time, the flame of the burner was removed and the burning and smoldering time of the sample was noted after the flame ceased to act. Gorenje After the end of the experiment, the area of the charred part of the sample was measured.Results. Experimental studies of the fire resistance of textile materials treated with flame retardants have shown high efficiency of using an electroerosive aluminum hydroxide powder for these purposes. Aluminum hydroxide powder was obtained in distilled water from electrical aluminum metal waste. The peculiarity of the use of the obtained aluminum hydroxide is due to the fact that it provides a difficult-to-ignite fabric, reduces the ability of the material to ignite, localizes the flame; provides a long-term flame retardant and at the same time antiseptic effect; treated fabrics are odorless, harmless to humans and animals; consumption for impregnating fabrics: 100-250 g/m2, depending on the density of the fabric.Conclusion. The effectiveness of flame retardants based on electroerosive Aluminum hydroxide powder is confirmed by the fact that cheap metal waste and progressive environmentally friendly (without wastewater and emissions), low- energy technology (up to 5 kWh/kg) are used for its production.

Thymol Impacts the Progression of Endometriosis by Disrupting Estrogen Signaling Pathways and Inflammatory Responses.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory, estrogenic disorder caused by endometrial tissue growth places other than uterine lumen, resulting in infertility and severe pelvic pain. Thymol, an extract of Thymus vulgaris, processes diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, local anesthetic, decongestant, and antiseptic effects. However, the efficacy of thymol in treating endometriosis has still not been explored. Herein, this research aimed to investigate the role of thymol in the treatment of endometriosis using a murine model and Ishikawa cells. Thirty C57BL/6 mice were administered 17β-E2 (100 ng/mouse) subcutaneously for three consecutive days to induce synchronous estrus. On the last day of injection, the mice underwent surgical induction of endometriosis. After that, the mice were divided into three groups, i.e., Control (CTRL), Thymol 30 mg/kg and Thymol 60 mg/kg, receiving oral administration of either saline or thymol (30 mg/kg/d or 60 mg/kg/d, as 0.1 mL/kg/d, respectively) for a three-week duration. Each group consisted of ten mice and was evenly divided into estrus and diestrus according to the vaginal cytology on the last day of treatment. Thymol significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the weight and volume of ectopic tissue, hindered cell proliferation, and stimulated apoptosis compared to the CTRL group. Additionally, in the thymol-treated group, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, as well as the numbers of neutrophils and macrophages, were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. Moreover, a novel role of thymol in rebalancing estrogen and progesterone (E2-P4) signaling was explored, and it was distributed in the ectopic endometrium. Next, the role of thymol on Ishikawa cells was determined. The results demonstrated that thymol significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the E2-induced proliferation of Ishikawa cells. Furthermore, molecular docking analyses suggested that thymol potentially binds to ESR1-like estrogens, indicating its antagonistic activity against estrogens. The estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and its target gene expression exhibited significant (p < 0.05) downregulation, while progesterone receptor (PGR) and target genes were markedly (p < 0.05) upregulated following thymol treatment in the ectopic endometrium. Most importantly, our data revealed the minimal impact of thymol treatment on the eutopic endometrium and its crucial role in supporting pregnancy, thus indicating the safety of thymol in treating endometriosis. Overall, our study suggests that thymol holds promising therapeutic implications for endometriosis by virtue of its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to antagonize estrogen activity.

Research on the Bactericidal and Antiseptic Effect of Highly Efficient Compounded Thiabendazole

Research on the Bactericidal and Antiseptic Effect of Highly Efficient Compounded Thiabendazole

Adaptation to Sodium Hypochlorite and Potassium Permanganate May Lead to Their Ineffectiveness Against Candida albicans.

Background/Objectives: Adaptation can reduce or completely eliminate the effectiveness of antibiotics and antiseptics at clinical concentrations. To our knowledge, no studies have examined fungal adaptation to antiseptics. This study aimed to preliminarily investigate the potential for Candida albicans adaptation to eight antiseptics. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), drug susceptibility, adaptation to antiseptics, and Karpinski Adaptation Index (KAI) of C. albicans strains were assessed. Results: The antiseptics with the most effective MICs activity against C. albicans were octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and polyhexamethylene biguanide (polyhexanide, PHMB). Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethacridine lactate (ET) demonstrated moderate activity, while boric acid (BA), povidone-iodine (PVI), and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) showed the weakest activity. The MIC values for NaOCl and KMnO4 were close to or equal to the clinical concentrations used in commercial products. The studied strains were susceptible to econazole, miconazole, and voriconazole. Resistance to other drugs occurred in 10-30% of the strains. Antifungal resistance remained unchanged after antiseptic adaptation testing. The lowest KAI values, indicating very low resistance risk, were observed for CHX, OCT, and PHMB. PVI and BA presented a low risk, ET a moderate risk. KMnO4 and NaOCl had the highest KAI values, indicating high and very high resistance risk in Candida yeasts. Conclusions:C. albicans strains can adapt to antiseptics to varying extents. For most antiseptics, adaptation does not significantly affect their clinical efficacy. However, due to adaptation, NaOCl and KMnO4 may become ineffective against C. albicans strains even at clinical concentrations.

A comparative microbiological study of the essential oils from the genus Rosa L.

The medicinal plant raw material containing essential oils always attract the attention of scientists from various countries worldwide. The search for new sources of the plant raw material rich in biologically active substances, particularly volatile compounds, remains a relevant task in modern pharmaceutical science. Our focus has been drawn to Rosa damascena Mill. of the “Veselka” (“Rainbow”) variety grown in the natural environment of Zaporizhzhia; its essential oil exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiseptic effects. To obtain a valuable medicinal plant raw material from Rosa damascena with a high content of essential oil, it was introduced into in vitro culture to produce aseptic regenerants, followed by their reintroduction into the natural environment. Aim. To conduct a comparative microbiological study of essential oils from Rosa damascena of the “Veselka” variety grown via clonal micropropagation in in vitro culture and in the natural environment of Zaporizhzhia. Materials and methods. The study objects were essential oils obtained by water distillation from rose petals cultivated using the method of clonal micropropagation in in vitro culture (at the premises of the Educational and Scientific Medical Laboratory Center with a vivarium) and the natural environment of Zaporizhzhia. The study of the antimicrobial activity was conducted in the microbiological laboratory of the Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology at Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University. Results and discussion. The essential oils from Rosa damascena grown via clonal micropropagation in in vitro culture and under natural conditions in Zaporizhzhia effectively inhibited the growth of E. coli (21.3 mm and 12.0 mm, respectively) and S. aureus (11.3 mm and 10.2 mm, respectively). The results of the study on C. albicans indicate a high antifungal activity in both essential oils; the mean inhibition zone diameter in the experiments using the oil from Rosa damascena cultivated in in vitro culture is less: 33.3 mm compared to 40 mm in the experiments with the oil from roses grown in the natural environment of Zaporizhzhia. Conclusions. The method of clonal micropropagation of Rosa damascena of the “Veselka” variety is effective for obtaining a large amount of planting material in a short time with the subsequent reintroduction into the natural environment to expand the raw material base of valuable medicinal plants with a high content of essential oils. The results of the study of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Rosa damascena of the “Veselka” variety cultivated through clonal micropropagation in in vitro culture have exhibited a high antimicrobial activity and moderate antifungal activity compared to the essential oil from Rosa damascena grown in the natural environment of Zaporizhzhia. Therefore, Rosa damascena Mill. of the “Veselka” variety cultivated under in vitro conditions is a promising source of essential oil with a high antibacterial effect in order to create new herbal formulations.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЯГКОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ФОРМЫ НА ОСНОВЕ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ ОЛЕНЬЕГО МХА (CLADONIA RANGIFERINA), ОБЛАДАЮЩЕГО АНТИСЕПТИЧЕСКИМ ДЕЙСТВИЕМ

Relevance. Contemporary realities dictate the need to search for and create new medicines, including extracts obtained from plant raw materials. The use of medicinal plants often turns out to be more favorable in terms of economic and therapeutic effectiveness, sometimes very profitable. This is especially true with regard to drugs against infectious pathogens, since many of them have developed resistance to antibiotics. Lichens are known to contain substances with antibacterial properties. Among the extracted components from lichens, usnic acid is considered one of the most promising. Work is underway to include it in the composition of dosage forms for treatment. The development of drugs for external use that contain usnic acid is considered the most studied and preferred. The aim Design of a soft medicinal form (gel) based on vegetable raw materials of Deer moss (Cladonia rangiferina), which has an antiseptic effect. Materials and methods. The materials for the creation of an antiseptic gel were: usnic acid extract isolated from Deer moss (Cladonia rangiferina); substances that form the basis of gel dosage forms (carbopol, polyethylene glycol). 3 experimental series of gel containing usnic acid have been produced. Their organoleptic and physico-chemical properties have been studied. The results of the study. Based on the results of a series of experiments, the best composition for the preparation and production of a gel containing usnic acid was determined. It includes the following component ratios: extract of usninic acid from alcohol berry 1:10 (20 ml); carbopol (0.8 g); polyethylene glycol-6000 (0.1 g). The conclusion the optimal composition of an antiseptic gel containing usnic acid has been determined. A recipe has been compiled for the manufacture of gel based on vegetable raw materials of Deer moss.

RESEARCH OF STEROID AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN VERBENA OFFICINALIS L. HERB

Biologically active compounds of medicinal plants are able to affect various links of processes in the living organism, namely, they regulate the processes of metabolism, growth and development of organisms. The therapeutic potency of medicinal plant raw materials is derived by a complex of biologically active compounds that influence various biologically processes, including metabolism, growth, and development. Numerous steroid-like remedies of plant origin exhibit remarkable activity. Phytosterols, chemical compounds similar to cholesterol, are synthesized in plant organisms and have been found to have anti-tumor effects and lower blood cholesterol. Additionally, steroid and volatile compounds demonstrate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The genus Verbena includes 250 species. 3 species grow on the territory of Ukraine: Verbena officinalis L., Verbena supinа L., Verbena hybrida Hort. Verbena officinalis L. is globally recognized for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, showcasing anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and anti-allergic effects. However, comprehensive chemical studies of Verbena officinalis L. are limited, necessitating a detailed analysis of phitosterol and volatile compound content using modern precise methods. The aim of the research was to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the content of steroid and volatile compounds in Verbena officinalis L. herb using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We chose the herb Verbena officinalis L. as the object of the study. Materials and methods. The content of phytosterols and volatile compounds in Verbena officinalis L. herb was studied using the GC/MS method. We chose the herb Verbena officinalis L. as the object of the study. An Agilent Technologies 6890 chromatograph with a 5973 mass spectrometric detector with an HP-5 ms capillary column were used. The mass spectra library in conjunction with AMDIS and NIST identification programs was employed for components were identification. Research results. The study of phytosterols in Verbena officinalis L. identified campesterol (9.32%), stigmasterol (7.13%), γ-sitosterol (72.21%) and androst-5,15-dien-3-ol-acetate were identified (11.35%). In the volatile fraction 8 compounds were identified, with benzophenone (33.96%) and hexahydro farnesyl acetone (22.57%) being dominant. Conclusions. The GC/MS method allowed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroid and volatile compounds in Verbena officinalis L, identifying 4 phytosterols and 8 volatile compounds. The identified phytosterols and volatile compounds in the herb have significant implications for the production of phytoremedies and the development of raw material standardization parameters. We identified campesterol, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol and androst-5,15-dien-3-ol-acetate in the herb Verbena officinalis L. Eight volatile compounds were identified in the herb Verbena officinalis L. by the chromato-mass spectrometric method. Benzophenone and hexahydro farnesyl acetone are dominant. Steroid compounds (mg/kg) were identified and quantified: campesterol, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol and androst-5,15-dien-3-ol-acetate. The obtained research results will be taken into account in the further production of phytoremedies based on the medicinal Verbena herb, as well as in the development of raw material standardization parameters.

Controle de qualidade da droga vegetal Calendula officinalis L. disponível na cidade de Ponta Grossa (PR)

Introduction: Calendula officinalis L. is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family that contains flowers as parts used to obtain analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, healing, and dermoprotective effects. Objective: The objective of the present work was to analyze and characterize samples of C. officinalis, sold in Ponta Grossa (PR), and verify their compliance with current legislation, presenting the quality control provided for by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (2019). Method: After selecting the selections, tests were carried out on the quality control of the herbal drug by checking the packaging and labeling, macroscopic and microscopic identification, purity tests, analysis of loss due to desiccation and total ash, thermal analysis, profile of the aqueous extract in thin layer chromatography, and source of flavonoids from secondary metabolites. Results: All samples were identified as C. officinalis and were approved in the chromatographic profile and flavonoid content; however, sample B did not meet the pharmacopoeia purity requirements. Conclusion: Medicinal plants with quality deviations may suffer a significant reduction in their therapeutic effect, in addition to generating possible side and toxic effects.

Efficient antiseptic prophylaxis in the era of antibiotic resistance

An excessive use of antibiotic preparations in daily practice frequently without clear medical indications has led to the development of dangerous strains of bacteria resistant to the available pharmaceutical drug. Today, antibiotics are used not only to treat infections, but also as preoperative infection prevention. Intravitreal injection is one of the most commonly performed ophthalmological procedures where, until recently, perioperative antibiotics prevention was recommended. Currently, antibiotics in this procedure are not advised at all. Nowadays, for anti-infective prophylaxis we use iodopovidone and preparations that combine antiseptic and soothing effects.

SYNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN COMPOSITES WITH METHYLENE BLUE, MALACHITE GREEN AND ACID FUCHSIN DYES FOR ENHANCEMENT OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION

The effect of chitosan oxidation with sodium periodate on the ability to form complexes with the dyes methylene blue, malachite green and acid fuchsin, which have an antiseptic effect, was investigated. A non-covalent interaction occurred for methylene blue and malachite green, while a covalent interaction occurred for acid fuchsin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of chitosan composites with these dyes. The antimicrobial effect of these dyes complexed with oxidised chitosan against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was investigated. The non-covalent attachment of malachite green and methylene blue to chitosan preserved their antimicrobial effect; hence, complexes of these dyes with oxidised chitosan provide a more convenient form that is less staining. However, the covalent conjugation of acid fuchsin with oxidised chitosan caused a significant loss of the antimicrobial activity. The developed method of conjugation of specific dyes with chitosan can be used to create complexes of this biopolymer with a wide range of biologically active organic substances.

Inovasi Bersih: Pelatihan Pembuatan Sabun Cuci Tangan Ekstrak Sereh Wangi (Citronella) Bersama Karang Taruna IKRIMA Gondangrejo Karanganyar

Karang Taruna (IKRIMA) plays an active role in increasing productivity by participating in a training program for making natural antiseptic hand washing soap made from citronella. The choice of citronella as the main ingredient is based on its high economic value and natural properties. Additionally, citronella can inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it an ideal choice for hand hygiene products. IKRIMA members have taken part in a series of comprehensive training regarding the manufacture of antiseptic hand washing soap. This activity includes product manufacturing and packaging practices. IKRIMA can produce hand washing soap that meets the desired quality standards, both in terms of antiseptic effectiveness as well as safety and comfort for users. Making antiseptic hand washing soap is one of the positive activities that encourages IKRIMA members to continue learning and developing. Apart from improving skills and knowledge, this activity also provides economic benefits for them and the surrounding community through the sale of the products produced.

Povidone-iodine in vitro antiseptic efficacy as a function of exposure duration, concentration, preparation, and length of storage.

Although 5% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is frequently used as an ocular antiseptic agent, there is a lack of consensus regarding the effects of PVP-I concentration, storage after opening, and compounded preparation on PVP-I antisepsis. We performed a series of in-vitro experiments to determine the impact of these factors on PVP-I's inhibition of common causes of post-procedural eye infection. Inhibition of microorganism growth was measured in-vitro as a function of active PVP-I exposure time. In control experiments, PVP-I was inactivated before microorganism exposure. Tested PVP-I solutions varied in concentration (0.6%, 5%, or 10%), length of storage after opening (0, 7, or 30days), and preparation (commercial vs.compounded from stock PI solution). Tested pathogens included S. epidermidis, S. viridans, P. aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, and C. albicans. PVP-I solutions inhibited all bacterial growth by 3min and fungal growth by 15s. Compared to 5% PVP-I, the 0.6% PVP-I was less effective in inhibiting S. viridans growth (200 ± 0 colonies vs. 7 ± 8 at 30s, P = 0.0004; 183 ± 21 vs. 0 ± 0 at 1min, P = 0.018), but more effective in inhibiting P. aeruginosa (30 ± 20 vs. 200 ± 0 at 15s, P = 0.019). Compared to commercial and newly-opened PVP-I solutions, compounded preparations and solutions stored for 7 or 30days after bottle opening either preserved or improved antiseptic efficacy against tested microorganisms. Concentration of PVP-I solution affects antiseptic efficacy within 1min of exposure, but all solutions performed equivalently at 3min. In contrast to results of prior studies investigating dilute PVP-I, the 0.6% PVP-I did not demonstrate a uniformly equivalent or superior anti-septic effect. Compounded preparation and storage length after bottle opening did not decrease PVP-I antiseptic activity.

Effectiveness of mouth antiseptics in reducing the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 load in saliva? A systematic review of clinical trials

This systematic review assessed the effect of mouthwashes on reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva of infected patients. Fifteen electronic databases were searched using the terms "Mouthwash", "Viral Load", and "COVID-19". Only clinical trials were considered, with no language or publication year restrictions. Bias risk was assessed using the Cochrane tool (Rob 2.0) for randomized clinical trials and non-randomized trials (ROBINS-I). The quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system. After the search, 1,102 references were identified and assessed for eligibility criteria. Among these, 34 were selected, and after a thorough analysis, only six were included. The mouthwashes evaluated included 1% hydrogen peroxide, iodopovidone, cetylpyridinium chloride, and chlorhexidine. The results indicated that iodopovidone, chlorhexidine, and cetylpyridinium chloride performed better compared to other options. In conclusion, the use of mouthwashes appears to be effective in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ЛИСТЬЕВ И ПЛОДОВ МОМОРДИКИ ХАРАНЦИЯ, ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩЕЙ В КРАСНОДАРСКОМ КРАЕ

Momordica charantia L. is an annual climbing herbaceous plant of the pumpkin family (Cucurbitaceae), which is quite successfully cultivated in various areas with a temperate climate, including in the Krasnodar Territory. Along with the fact that the plant belongs to the food category, in folk medicine the fruits and leaves of Momordica charantia are used for diabetes, skin diseases, rheumatism, gout, and also as an anthelmintic and laxative. Data on the hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia fruit extract have been published, indicating its positive effect on insulin production, glucose metabolism, free fatty acid levels and kidney health in animal experiments and in clinical practice in patients with diabetes mellitus. The therapeutic activity of this plant is due to the rich composition of biologically active substances (BAS), which is characterized by the content of triterpene glycosides of the cucurbitan type, phenolic compounds, organic acids, fatty oil, proteins, lectins, pectin, inulin, alkaloids, macro- and microelements. As is known, the qualitative composition and quantitative content of biologically active substances in plant objects can vary significantly depending on the place of its growth and growing conditions. In this regard, it seemed appropriate to study the representation of a number of groups of chemical compounds in the fruits and leaves of Momordica charantia growing in the Krasnodar region. Among the biologically active substances that are essential for the prevention and treatment of various diseases are organic acids and minerals. Organic acids have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, choleretic, and keratolytic effects. Minerals play an active role in the metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, act as cofactors in chemical reactions, are part of cellular and skeletal structures, and participate in ensuring osmotic pressure and acid-base balance. The purpose of the study was to study the organic acids and minerals of the leaves and fruits of Momordica charantia, growing in the Krasnodar region. When carrying out the research, we used the leaves and fruits of Momordica charantia, harvested in the Krasnodar region and dried in the air-shadow method. The study was carried out by capillary electrophoresis using a Kapel-105M device (JSC NPF Lumex, Russia) with a quartz capillary Leff/Ltotal=50/60 cm, ID=75 µm. As a result of the research, the qualitative and quantitative composition of organic acids and minerals of the leaves and fruits of Momordica charantia, growing in the Krasnodar region, was studied. The presence of substances of these groups in combination with other biologically active substances is of scientific and practical interest from the point of view of the prospects for creating functional products for various purposes based on regional resources of the momordica.

Effect of Skin Antiseptics Used in Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Application on Phlebitis Development: A Double- Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of antiseptics used in peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) application on phlebitis development. Methods: This is a double-blind randomized controlled trial that is suitable for the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. The study was carried out at a University Hospital in Turkey. The study participants were 60 patients (experiments 30 and control 30). 2% chlorhexidine was used as a skin antiseptic in the intervention group and 70% alcohol was used in the control group. In both groups, the catheter insertion site was observed every 8 hours for 72 hour. Data were obtained using the “Personal Information Form” and “Phlebit Scale”. Independent samples t-test (t-table value), Mann–Whitney U test (Z-table value) and Fisher’s exact test, continuity correction, or Pearson’s χ2 cross tables were used for data analysis. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between 2% chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol in preventing the development of phlebitis after PIVC application (p &gt; 0.05). No statistically significant relationship was found between the intervention and control groups in terms of sex, BMI, substance abuse, alcohol use, smoking, chronic disease, or PIVC application area (p&gt;0.05). The highest degree of phlebitis that developed in the intervention and control groups was 1st degree. There was also no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of degree of phlebitis and phlebitis development time (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: In line with the findings obtained from this study, it is thought that both skin antiseptics used when inserting a peripheral intravenous catheter are effective in preventing the development of phlebitis and will guide healthcare personnel in the selection of antiseptics.

The study of the embryotoxic effect of the drug "Endoseptam"

Most diseases affecting cows in the early stages of lactation are of an inflammatory nature and are associated with a decrease in reproductive function. Unfavorable environmental factors cause metabolic disorders, hormonal disorders and a decrease in the body's resistance. Favorable conditions are created for the development of opportunistic microflora in the reproductive organs of cows, causing inflammatory processes that can lead to infertility, decreased milk productivity and large economic losses. All this justifies the great interest shown in the study of obstetric and gynecological pathology by veterinary specialists, who consider the development and implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures to combat infertility as an urgent and serious task. Postpartum endometritis is a common disease in dairy herds. Antibiotics in treatment regimens become ineffective because pathogens infecting the uterine cavity develop resistance to them. Complex remedies are needed that have antiseptic, myotropic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects. A therapeutic veterinary drug «Endoseptam» has been developed, its high effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of endometritis has been proven. Studies are being conducted to establish the safety profile of the product. This article presents the results of studying the embryotoxic effect of the newly developed drug. White rats were used in the experiment. The drug was administered to laboratory animals per os at doses of 2000 mg/ kg and 20,000 mg / kg during 19 days of pregnancy. On the 20th day of pregnancy, some of the animals were euthanized and autopsied to assess the effects of «Endoseptam» on developing embryos/fetuses. The remaining part of the animals in the experiment was monitored to record the growth and development of offspring. The data obtained confirm the absence of toxic effects on developing embryos/fetuses of a complex remedy for the prevention and treatment of endometritis. When observing the physical development of offspring, there were no violations of embryonic development manifested in the postnatal period of life. The drug «Endoseptam» does not have an embryotoxic effect.

Fitness effects of synthetic and natural diet preservatives on the edible insect Bombyx mori

Silkworm pupae as widely consumed insect products are good biosources of protein and micronutrients. Silkworm rearing throughout the year can be achieved by feeding them an artificial diet instead of native plants, facilitating extensive pupa production. However, artificial diets are prone to spoilage caused by bacterial contamination. Here, we evaluated the antiseptic effect of ethylparaben (EP, chemical preservative) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA, natural preservative) in a silkworm artificial diet. Results showed that both preservatives effectively inhibited pathogenic bacterial growth. Furthermore, the addition of EP or MCFA did not negatively impact the production capacity of silkworms and the homeostasis of gut microbiota. However, the expression of genes involved in detoxification such as Ugt2, and immune response such as Cecropin B, were upregulated after EP consumption. Therefore, natural preservative MCFA emerges as a suitable option from a safety perspective. These findings highlight future directions for improving insect artificial diet formulation.

Modern trends in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in primigravida in the first half of gestation

Pregnancy with bacterial vaginosis (BV) is accompanied by a high risk of various obstetric and perinatal complications, including miscarriage, preterm birth, placental dysfunction, premature rupture of membranes, chorionamnionitis, polyhydramnios, etc. Screening for BV is carried out in the first half of pregnancy during the registration of a woman, however, taking into account the gestational age, many drugs with antimicrobial and antiseptic effects are categorically contraindicated, as they have an embryo- and fetotoxic effect.Timely detection and correction of microbiocenosis disorders of the birth canal is an extremely important element to prevent a number of obstetric and perinatal complications. A balanced approach in the treatment of vaginal dysbiosis consists in the use of modern combined antiseptic preparations for local treatment, which do not contain antibacterial components and are safe for use during pregnancy.The objective: to determine the effectiveness of the treatment of BV in primigravida women in the first half of pregnancy.Materials and methods. 126 primigravida women aged 18–35 years in the first half of pregnancy were examined during pregnancy registration. The participants were selected randomly.The main group included 36 primigravida women with a gestation period of up to 20 weeks with a diagnosis of BV according to the Amsel and Hay–Ison criteria, who were treated with a combined antiseptic drug (chlorhexidine and chlorophyllipt) – suppository vaginally twice a day, the course of treatment – 5 days. The control group included 30 primigravida women with a gestational age of up to 20 weeks with vaginal normocenosis.For all women the pH of vaginal secretions was determined, followed by microscopy of a native smear, stained according to Gram, and a cultural study was performed. Adherence to the Amsel criteria was also determined, followed by evaluation by the Hay–Ison criteria. The clinical effect was evaluated according to clinical examination data before and on the 6th day of treatment with a combined antiseptic drug (chlorhexidine and chlorophyllipt) using bacterioscopic and bacteriological methods.Results. A normal pH was observed only in every fifth part of examined pregnant woman (28 women – 22.2%), while in the rest patients the acidity of the vaginal environment was not normal. Normocenosis was observed only among 1/3 of primigravida women (37 women – 29.4%). A third of the patients were diagnosed with BV (36 women - 28.6%), every fifth pregnant woman – vulvovaginal candidiasis (28 women - 22.2%).In healthy pregnant women (control group, n=30), the main component of the microbiocenosis was Lactobacillus spp. with a small content of facultatively anaerobic microorganisms. In the main group Atopobium vaginae (38.9%), Gardnerella vaginalis (33.3%), Prevotella bivia (27.8%), Candida spp. (22.2%), as well as Lactobacillus spp. in low titers were dominated. Before the treatment all 36 pregnant women of the main group corresponded to the 3rd type according to the Hay–Ison criteria with the dominance of Gardnerella vaginalis and/or Mobiluncus morphotypes and a small number or complete absence of lactobacilli, which served as the basis for establishing the diagnosis of BV. After treatment type 1 (94.4%) was found in 34 pregnant women, and type 2 (5.6%) – in 2 pregnant women.The results of the microbiological study indicate the normalization of the content of the biotope with the predominance of Lactobacillus spp. in women of the main group, in whom the indicators were similar to the control group.Conclusions. Since pregnancy with BV is accompanied by a high risk of obstetric and perinatal complications, the premorbid background of which is laid already in the first half of pregnancy, there is an urgent need to carry out the birth canal sanitation. The drugs of choice for the BV in the first half of pregnancy are local combined agents of a wide spectrum of action.A universal antiseptic with an anti-inflammatory effect, which includes two components – chlorhexidine and chlorophyllipt, fully meets the recommendations for efficiency and safety and can be used for the BV in the first half of pregnancy.

Exosome-shuttled miR-150-5p from LPS-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells down-regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway via Irs1 to enhance M2 macrophage polarization and confer protection against sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction and lack of effective measures in the current. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reported to alleviate inflammation during sepsis, and the preconditioning of MSCs could enhance their paracrine potential. Therefore, this study investigated whether exosomes secreted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-pretreated MSCs exert superior antiseptic effects, and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Exosomes were isolated and characterized from the supernatants of MSCs. The therapeutic efficacy of normal exosomes (Exo) and LPS-pretreated exosomes (LPS-Exo) were evaluated in terms of survival rates, inflammatory response, and organ damage in an LPS-induced sepsis model. Macrophages were stimulated with LPS and treated with Exo or LPS-Exo to confirm the results of the in vivo studies, and to explain the potential mechanisms. LPS-Exo were shown to inhibit aberrant pro-inflammatory cytokines, prevent organ damages, and improve survival rates of the septic mice to a greater extent than Exo. In vitro, LPS-Exo significantly promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages exposed to inflammation. miRNA sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis identified the remarkable expression of miR-150-5p in LPS-Exo compared to that in Exo, and exosomal miR-150-5p was transferred into recipient macrophages and mediated macrophage polarization. Further investigation demonstrated that miR-150-5p targets Irs1 in recipient macrophages and subsequently modulates macrophage plasticity by down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The current findings highly suggest that exosomes derived from LPS pre-conditioned MSCs represent a promising cell-free therapeutic method and highlight miR-150-5p as a novel molecular target for regulating immune hyperactivation during sepsis.