Anticipatory Effects Research Articles

Effects of Post-Task Anticipation during Online Collaborative Writing in L2

Effects of Post-Task Anticipation during Online Collaborative Writing in L2

Causal, spatiotemporal impacts of transit investments: Exploring spatial heterogeneity from announcement through long-run operation

As the successful design and implementation of alternative mechanisms for funding transit infrastructure, such as value-capture schemes, are becoming more critical, identifying the timing, duration, and spatial extent of the capitalization of accessibility benefits for nearby communities is becoming more and more important. This research makes a significant contribution to the analysis of the spatiotemporal impacts of transit systems by quantifying variations in the spatial distribution of causal effects from project announcement to long-run operation. The study develops a quasi-experimental framework based on advanced difference-in-differences specifications that enable us to capture the distribution of average treatment effects in space and time. The methodology is applied to the light rail system in Charlotte, NC, which includes an original line and its extension. A dataset comprised of the single-family house sales from the last thirty years is compiled for the study area, which contains neighborhoods in the vicinity of the light rail and two comparison areas. The estimated impacts demonstrate significant heterogeneity, on multiple facets. We find that although the shape of the spatial distribution of effects changes over time experiencing increasing curvature, the results consistently indicate highest positive impacts for properties located within 0.25 and 0.5 miles of a transit station. Differential effects are also identified between the original light rail line and its extension, such as lack of anticipation effects for the line extension. Although these results are specific to a single locale, the methods demonstrated through this study can be applied to other areas and transit systems of similar scale.

Anticipatory Resource of Temporary Regulation of Sensorimotor Action

The aim of the study is to determine the composition and functional significance of anticipatory resources in the process of temporal regulation of sensorimotor action. Materials and methods. The subjects were male (35 people) and female (31 people) students. The tasks of a simple sensory response, a choice reaction (three alternatives), and a “double choice” were implemented in a computer version of the experiment. In the “double choice” task, the stimulation variation was first provided (possible stimuli: one or three), and then a stimulus for a fast motor response was presented after some time, the orientation time (independent variable). Results. The participants’ initial reaction to the option with three alternative stimuli in the “double choice” task was negative. The time of the motor response falls linearly as the orientation time increases in both the male and female groups for the variant with one possible stimulus and the frequency of anticipatory effects and premature actions increases in a quadratic pattern. It must be noted that with enough orientation time, determining the expected duration of the sensorimotor action is quite straightforward. It was demonstrated that, in the presence of a margin of orientation time, operational estimates and revisions of the time required to accomplish an action dramatically improve the likelihood of anticipatory effects. Conclusions. Actualization of the anticipatory resource (which includes temporary memory standards, the ability to accurately determine and correlate the durations of processes and time intervals, time estimation skills, and individual characteristics that influence decision making) ensures the determination of the total duration of a sensorimotor action, prompt correction of its implementation, and a significant reduction in the time it takes to respond to a motor stimulus.

No Evidence that Strict Educational Tracking Improves Student Performance through Classroom Homogeneity: A Critical Reanalysis of Esser and Seuring (2020)

Abstract In a recent contribution to this journal, Esser and Seuring (2020) draw on data from the National Educational Panel Study to attack the widespread view that tracking in lower secondary education exacerbates inequalities in student outcomes without improving average student performance. Exploiting variation in the strictness of tracking across 13 of the 16 German federal states (e. g., whether teacher recommendations are binding), Esser and Seuring claim to demonstrate that stricter tracking after grade 4 results in better performance in grade 7 and that this can be attributed to the greater homogeneity of classrooms under strict tracking. We show these conclusions to be untenable: Esser and Seuring’s measures of classroom composition are highly dubious because the number of observed students is very small for many classrooms. Even when we adopt their classroom composition measures, simple corrections and extensions of their analysis reveal that there is no meaningful evidence for a positive relationship between classroom homogeneity and student achievement – the channel supposed to mediate the alleged positive effect of strict tracking. We go on to show that students from more strictly tracking states perform better already at the start of tracking (grade 5), which casts further doubt on the alleged positive effect of strict tracking on learning progress and leaves selection or anticipation effects as more plausible explanations. On a conceptual level, we emphasize that Esser and Seuring’s analysis is limited to states that implement different forms of early tracking and cannot inform us about the relative performance of comprehensive and tracked systems that is the focus of most prior research.

Wisdom comes with age? The role of grammatical gender in predictive processing in Russian children and adults

AbstractThis study investigated whether adult and 3- to 6-year-old native speakers of Russian can use gender-marked adjectives to predict the upcoming noun during sentence comprehension. In a visual world paradigm, participants heard questions (e.g., Где хороший синий ёжик? Gde horošij sinij ëžik? “Where is the nicemasc bluemasc hedgehogmasc?”) including two gender-marked adjectives and a noun while seeing pictures of a target and a distractor of either the same (e.g., ёжик ëžik “hedgehogmasc,” мишка miška “bearmasc”) or different gender (e.g., ёжик ëžik “hedgehogmasc,” собачка sobačka “dogfem”) on the screen. We examined whether participants could use gender-marking anticipatorily (i.e., before the onset of the noun). Mixed-effects logistic regression analyses revealed that both adults and children anticipated the upcoming noun before its onset. The magnitude of the anticipation effect was stronger for adults than children. Subsequent analyses on the child data did not show evidence that age modulated their anticipation ability. The results of this study extend and improve knowledge regarding the role of adjectives that carry a grammatical gender cue in online sentence processing.

Incentive motivation improves numerosity discrimination in children and adolescents

We recently showed that incentive motivation improves the precision of the Approximate Number System (ANS) in young adults. To shed light on the development of incentive motivation, the present study investigated whether this effect and its underlying mechanisms may also be observed in younger samples. Specifically, seven-year-old children (n = 23; 12 girls) and 14-year-old adolescents (n = 30; 15 girls) performed a dot comparison task with monetary reward incentives. Both age groups showed higher accuracy in a reward compared to a neutral condition and, similarly, higher processing efficiency as revealed by the drift rate parameter of the EZ-diffusion model. Furthermore, in line with the Incentive Salience Hypothesis, phasic pupil dilations—indicating the activation of the brain’s salience network—were greater in incentivized trials in both age groups. Together these finding suggest that incentive modulation improves numerosity discrimination in children and adolescents by enhancing the perceptual saliency of numerosity information. However, the observed reward anticipation effects were less pronounced in children relative to adolescents. Furthermore, unlike previous findings regarding young adults, the decision thresholds of children and adolescents were not raised by the monetary reward, which may indicate a more protracted development of incentive regulation of response caution than perceptual evidence accumulation.

Sensorimotor representation of observed dyadic actions with varying agent involvement: an EEG mu study

ABSTRACT Observation of others’ actions activates motor representations in sensorimotor cortex. Although action observation in the real-world often involves multiple agents displaying varying degrees of action involvement, most lab studies on action observation studied individual actions. We recorded EEG-mu suppression over sensorimotor cortex to investigate how the multi-agent nature of observed hand/arm actions is incorporated in sensorimotor action representations. Hereto we manipulated the extent of agent involvement in dyadic interactions presented in videos. In all clips two agents were present, of which agent-1 always performed the same action, while the involvement of agent-2 differed along three levels: (1) passive and uninvolved, (2) passively involved, (3) actively involved. Additionally, a no-action condition was presented. The occurrence of these four conditions was predictable thanks to cues at the start of each trial, which allowed to study possible mu anticipation effects. Dyadic interactions in which agent-2 was actively involved resulted in increased power suppression of the mu rhythm compared to dyadic interactions in which agent-2 was passively involved. The latter did not differ from actions in which agent-2 was present but not involved. No anticipation effects were found. The results suggest that the sensorimotor representation of a dyadic interaction takes into account the simultaneously performed bodily articulations of both agents, but no evidence was found for incorporation of their static articulated postures.

Unemployment only temporarily lowers happiness in an eastern society

AbstractUsing longitudinal data from the Taiwan Panel Study of Family Dynamics between 2007 and 2020, this study investigates how subjective well‐being (SWB) changes before, during, and after unemployment. Consistent with extant findings from Western populations, unemployment significantly lowered SWB. Moreover, the anticipation effect was observed—that is, SWB began to decline years before unemployment. The change pattern in SWB before unemployment in Taiwan is similar to that in Western countries. In addition, men's SWB is more responsive to unemployment than women's. However, SWB declined due to unemployment to a smaller degree in Taiwan than in Western populations. More importantly, in contrast to the findings from Western countries, Taiwanese people's SWB quickly recovered to the baseline after reemployment. Thus, unemployment does not permanently harm Taiwanese people's SWB. Similarly, the self‐esteem of unemployed Taiwanese also quickly recovered after reemployment. This study, therefore, argues that the impact of unemployment on SWB is culturally dependent.

Climate policy, resource owners’ anticipations and the green paradox: model set-up and empirical considerations

ABSTRACT With the acceleration of environmental commitments, the Green Paradox has been taking centre stage in the climate debate. In the standard Hotelling (1936) framework, producers may interpret environmental regulations as direct threats to resource scarcity rents. They compensate the future losses of revenues by forward shifting the extraction decision to the present period. In this paper, we defend the intuition behind which the anticipation effects of fossil producers are non-negligible and cannot be ignored by environmental planners. However, facing the conflicting evidence and theoretical underpinnings arising from the most recent literature, we argue that their effective impacts on climate targets tend to be over-estimated and might become smaller under reasonable assumptions and identified conditions. Accordingly, a set of recommendations are provided to internalize such inferences within upcoming climate measures.

MP06-18 A GENOMIC URINE ASSAY TO DETECT URINARY TRACT RECURRENCES IN PATIENTS WITH BLADDER CANCER TREATED WITH RADIOTHERAPY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP06-18 A GENOMIC URINE ASSAY TO DETECT URINARY TRACT RECURRENCES IN PATIENTS WITH BLADDER CANCER TREATED WITH RADIOTHERAPY Florus C. de Jong, Iris I. Iflé, Denise Kooper, Angelique C.J. van der Made, Joep J. De Jong, Tahlita C.M. Zuiverloon, Luca Incrocci, Wim Van Criekinge, Martine Franckena, Joost L. Boormans, and Ellen C. Zwarthoff Florus C. de JongFlorus C. de Jong More articles by this author , Iris I. IfléIris I. Iflé More articles by this author , Denise KooperDenise Kooper More articles by this author , Angelique C.J. van der MadeAngelique C.J. van der Made More articles by this author , Joep J. De JongJoep J. De Jong More articles by this author , Tahlita C.M. ZuiverloonTahlita C.M. Zuiverloon More articles by this author , Luca IncrocciLuca Incrocci More articles by this author , Wim Van CriekingeWim Van Criekinge More articles by this author , Martine FranckenaMartine Franckena More articles by this author , Joost L. BoormansJoost L. Boormans More articles by this author , and Ellen C. ZwarthoffEllen C. Zwarthoff More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002523.18AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Bladder-sparing radiotherapy is an alternative treatment for patients with non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who are unable or unwilling to undergo radical surgery. Follow-up consists of cystoscopy, urine cytology and imaging to detect recurrences. However, effects of radiotherapy hamper interpretation of cytology and cystoscopy. We investigated the diagnostic performance of a genomic urine assay to detect recurrences after (chemo-)radiation. METHODS: Patients with MIBC who underwent radiation from 2016-2020 were prospectively included. Follow-up consisted of cystoscopy (four/year) and upper tract imaging (twice/year). Prior to cystoscopy, an assay was performed to detect mutations in FGFR3, HRAS and TERT and methylation of OTX1, TWIST1 and ONECUT2. Primary endpoint was cross-sectional sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) that were associated with a previously developed logistic regression model for the detection of BC using this assay. Secondary endpoint was the risk of developing a recurrence during follow-up after a positive urine test, using a time-dependent Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: 143 patients were included and 503 urine tests were analyzed. The median follow-up time was 20 months (IQR 10–33), and the median time to a recurrence was 7 months (IQR 3–13). In 26/143 patients, 31 urinary tract recurrences were detected, including two upper tract tumors. 19/31 tumors had a concomitant urine test available. The diagnostic model had an area under the curve of 0.8 with a corresponding sensitivity, specificity and NPV of 77%, 78% and 99%. The test missed 4/19 tumors. When taking into account the anticipatory effect of the test (i.e. test can be positive prior to recurrence), 28/31 (91%) tumors were detected. A positive urine test was associated with a 13-fold higher risk of developing a future recurrence (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We analyzed the diagnostic performance of a genomic urine assay to detect recurrences in MIBC patients treated with radiotherapy. The urine test was highly predictive of future recurrences and had a high NPV. If negative, the urine assay might be useful to replace cystoscopies. If positive, extra vigilance is warranted during surveillance. Further research is required to determine if the test is useful to develop a more adequate surveillance schedule. Source of Funding: Erasmus MC Dept Pathology; MDx Health © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e84 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Florus C. de Jong More articles by this author Iris I. Iflé More articles by this author Denise Kooper More articles by this author Angelique C.J. van der Made More articles by this author Joep J. De Jong More articles by this author Tahlita C.M. Zuiverloon More articles by this author Luca Incrocci More articles by this author Wim Van Criekinge More articles by this author Martine Franckena More articles by this author Joost L. Boormans More articles by this author Ellen C. Zwarthoff More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Evolution of anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes

Anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes occur when parents modify the phenotype of their offspring by making epigenetic changes in their gametes, guided by information from an environmental cue. To investigate when do anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes evolve in a fluctuating environment, I use an individual-based simulation model with explicit genetic architecture. The model allows for the population to respond to environmental changes by evolving plasticity, bet hedging, or by tracking the environment with genetic adaptation, in addition to the evolution of anticipatory effects. The results show that anticipatory effects evolve when the environmental cue provides reliable information about the environment and the environment changes at intermediate rates, provided that fitness costs of anticipatory effects are rather low. Moreover, evolution of anticipatory effects is quite robust to different genetic architectures when reliability of the environmental cue is high. Anticipatory effects always give smaller fitness benefits than within-generation plasticity, suggesting a possible reason for generally small observed anticipatory effects in empirical studies.

Online measurement of learning temporal statistical structure in categorization tasks

The ability to grasp relevant patterns from a continuous stream of environmental information is called statistical learning. Although the representations that emerge during visual statistical learning (VSL) are well characterized, little is known about how they are formed. We developed a sensitive behavioral design to characterize the VSL trajectory during ongoing task performance. In sequential categorization tasks, we assessed two previously identified VSL markers: priming of the second predictable image in a pair manifested by a reduced reaction time (RT) and greater accuracy, and the anticipatory effect on the first image revealed by a longer RT. First, in Experiment 1A, we used an adapted paradigm and replicated these VSL markers; however, they appeared to be confounded by motor learning. Next, in Experiment 1B, we confirmed the confounding influence of motor learning. To assess VSL without motor learning, in Experiment 2 we (1) simplified the categorization task, (2) raised the number of subjects and image repetitions, and (3) increased the number of single unpaired images. Using linear mixed-effect modeling and estimated marginal means of linear trends, we found that the RT curves differed significantly between predictable paired and control single images. Further, the VSL curve fitted a logarithmic model, suggesting a rapid learning process. These results suggest that our paradigm in Experiment 2 seems to be a viable online tool to monitor the behavioral correlates of unsupervised implicit VSL.

Forecast Revisions as Instruments for News Shocks

Upon arrival of macroeconomic news, economic agents update their beliefs about the long-run fundamentals of the economy. I show that signals about the agents’ long-run expectations, proxied by the economic outlook revisions of professional forecasters, convey sufficient information to identify the effects of expected future technological changes, or news shocks. A major advantage of this approach from the existing news shock literature is that it does not depend on an empirical measure for technology, or on assumptions about common trends and timing of the technological change. I show that technological news shocks cause a strong anticipation effect in investment and an increase in hours, while there is less evidence of consumption smoothing over time---in line with news-driven business cycle models featuring a key role of financial frictions.

The effect of port development on coastal water quality: Evidence of eutrophication states in Indonesia

Developing transport infrastructure must involve a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis, and accounting for environmental quality changes associated with such an infrastructure is one important aspect that can help complete this problem. In this study, we used difference-in-difference to estimate coastal water quality changes, measured by the Chlorophyll-a concentration, related to port development in Indonesia over the last decade. Using unique MODIS-derived monthly water quality data, we found that the presence of a local small port causes a 1.7% increase in Chlorophyll-a in coastal areas within 6 km of the port. The effects are concentrated in the first two months of operation, and there is also evidence for anticipation effects associated with the construction period. We found a greater effect in Indonesia's eastern regions, which rely on small ports for their local activities. Furthermore, we argue that the effect can be substantial in a larger port, despite posing a limited risk on marine pollution.

Effects of elevated temperature on reproduction and larval settlement in Leptastrea purpurea.

As global ocean temperatures continue to rise, severe declines in coral reef health and diversity are reported on a global scale. Recovery of coral reefs relies on reproduction and increased rates of successful recruitment, which can vary tremendously across coral species. We investigated the effects of increased temperatures in the environment of parental colonies on larval production, size, settlement and survival, in the heat-resistant coral Leptastrea purpurea in Guam. Thanks to two tank experiments (eleven and four weeks, respectively) conducted over two consecutive years we found that larvae released by heat-treated parents (30 °C) were significantly smaller in size but greater in number, had normal settlement behavior and increased post-settlement survival rates compared to those released by control parent colonies (28 °C). We conclude that changes in the environment of parental L. purpurea colonies trigger an anticipatory maternal effect which leads to the release of preconditioned larvae with an increased chance of survival.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00338-022-02241-y.

Build it and they will come: How does a new public transit station influence building construction?

The aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of the extension of a metro line on real estate development. An empirical analysis focuses on the relationship between proximity to new stations and the number of new constructions, both commercial and residential, from the announcement of the project. A matching approach based on pre-project characteristics is developed using a 2-km zone around the stations based on a hexagonal grid. The potential effects are separated into three distinct periods in order to identify the presence of speculation, anticipation and adjustment effects, i.e., during the announcement, the construction, and the opening of the line. The results suggest that new commercial buildings development occurs within 750 m of stations at the end of the process, while new residential development is primarily concentrated between 1000 and 1250 m and emerges at the beginning of the process. The joint increase in new residential and commercial constructions within direct proximity to the stations, after the service is in operation, underlines the growth of mixed-use neighborhoods, accommodating both residential and commercial activities.

Smartphone Addiction Factors Effecting University Student Performance

Smartphone addiction is a growing social issue globally, especially among young consumers. Few studies have examined the role of smartphone addiction and student performance in Pakistan. However, how daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, tolerance, and student academic performance has not been examined in the literature in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, and tolerance on student academic performance. The study has adopted a self-administered survey-based approach. A total of 375 responses were gathered from the university students in Pakistan. The study has used SPSS 25.0 version to analyse the data and report the findings. The findings indicate that ‘overuse’ has the most indirect effect on students’ performance, followed by Cyberspace and oriented relationship, tolerance, positive anticipation, and daily life disturbance. The study demands a particular intervention by the students to self-regulate their behaviour. Parents and teachers play their role in controlling mobile addiction. Policymakers may introduce policy-related interventions to control the excessive use of mobile phones. The study lays down future directions and discusses the limitations towards the end.

Smartphone Addiction Factors Effecting University Student Performance

Smartphone addiction is a growing social issue globally, especially among young consumers. Few studies have examined the role of smartphone addiction and student performance in Pakistan. However, how daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, tolerance, and student academic performance has not been examined in the literature in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, and tolerance on student academic performance. The study has adopted a self-administered survey-based approach. A total of 375 responses were gathered from the university students in Pakistan. The study has used SPSS 25.0 version to analyse the data and report the findings. The findings indicate that ‘overuse’ has the most indirect effect on students’ performance, followed by Cyberspace and oriented relationship, tolerance, positive anticipation, and daily life disturbance. The study demands a particular intervention by the students to self-regulate their behaviour. Parents and teachers play their role in controlling mobile addiction. Policymakers may introduce policy-related interventions to control the excessive use of mobile phones. The study lays down future directions and discusses the limitations towards the end.

The effect of intergroup contact on discrimination

This article investigates the causal effect of intergroup contact on statistical and taste-based discrimination as well as on the associated anticipation effects of the latter, leading to reduced intergroup trust. In our experiment, individuals are randomly assigned to teams comprising in-group and out-group members or to homogeneous teams, interact in a cooperative task, and subsequently play different games apt to elicit their discriminatory tastes and beliefs concerning the productivity of in-groups and out-groups. Our contact intervention remedied taste-based discrimination by around 45% but had no significant impact on intergroup trust and on statistical discrimination. Derived lessons for policy makers concerned with the reduction of discrimination involve features that inclusive policies should strive for by changing preferences or beliefs, and thereby reducing different types of discrimination.

Novelty processing associated with neural beta oscillations improves recognition memory in young and older adults.

Novelty anticipation activates the mesolimbic system and promotes subsequent long-term memory in younger adults. Importantly, mesolimbic structures typically degenerate with age, which might reduce positive effects of novelty anticipation. Here, we used electroencephalography in combination with an established paradigm in healthy young (19-33 years old, n=28) and older (53-84, n=27) humans. Colored cues predicted the subsequent presentation of either a novel or previously familiarized image (75% cue validity). On the subsequent day, recognition memory for the novel images was tested. Behaviorally, novelty anticipation improved recollection-based but not familiarity-based recognition memory in both groups, and this effect was more pronounced in older subjects. Furthermore, novelty and familiarity cues increased theta (4-8 Hz) and decreased alpha/beta power (9-20 Hz); at outcome, expected novel and familiar images both increased beta power (13-25 Hz). Finally, a subsequent memory effect for expected novel images was associated with increases in beta power independent of age. Together, novelty anticipation drives hippocampus-dependent long-term recognition memory across the life span, and this effect appears to be related to neural beta oscillations.