Effect Of Annealing Treatment Research Articles

Effect of annealing treatment on oxalic acid-assisted electrodeposited CdS thin films for enhanced solar cell performance

Effect of annealing treatment on oxalic acid-assisted electrodeposited CdS thin films for enhanced solar cell performance

Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Heterogeneous Microstructure and Properties of Cold-Rolled FeCoCrNiMn High-Entropy Alloy

Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Heterogeneous Microstructure and Properties of Cold-Rolled FeCoCrNiMn High-Entropy Alloy

Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of warm-rolled Mg–Zn–Gd–Ca–Mn alloys

Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of warm-rolled Mg–Zn–Gd–Ca–Mn alloys

Effect of annealing treatment on impact toughness and crystallization behaviors of polypropylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/layered double hydroxide composites

Effect of annealing treatment on impact toughness and crystallization behaviors of polypropylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/layered double hydroxide composites

Effect of annealing treatment on texture evolution, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Mn–Ce alloy

Magnesium alloys have received a lot of attention in aerospace, automotive, electronic communications and other fields due to their low density, high specific strength and damping performance. However, magnesium alloy sheets prepared by conventional thermomechanical processing usually have a strong basal texture, resulting in poor formability. In this paper, Mg–Mn–Ce alloys with good plastic forming ability were prepared by studying and optimizing the annealing process. Under the low-temperature annealing condition, it can promote the static recrystallization and grain refinement of Mg–Mn–Ce alloy, and also eliminate the internal stress. With the increase of annealing temperature, a large amount of dispersed Mg12Ce as a stable second phase effectively hindered the grain boundary migration, while the nanoscale α-Mn forms a fine second phase to inhibit grain growth, and both of them together greatly stabilize the deformation structure of the alloy, and maintain a good grain organization under the condition of annealing temperature of 300 °C and holding time of 30 min. The present work also improves the Arrhenius constitutive equation for the Mg–Mn–Ce alloy with respect to the degree of deviation, which significantly improves the accuracy of the model in predicting the thermoforming behavior. Meanwhile, to address the shortcomings of the traditional forming method of magnesium alloy, the processing process of spreading the centrifugal casting tube flat is proposed, the forming process is simulated, and the location of easy breakage in the forming process is predicted. These findings provide microanalytical support for the improvement of forming properties of magnesium alloys by annealing.

Effect of annealing treatment on the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of Co40Cr20Ni30Al4.5Ti5Mo0.5 high-entropy alloy

Cast high-entropy alloys are frequently found to have large internal tensions, compositional segregation, and shrinkage defects, which can directly prevent them from performing as intended. Proper heat treatment can modify the internal structure of an alloy and enhance its overall performance. This study describes a new nonequiatomic proportional cast Co40Cr20Ni30Al4.5Ti5Mo0.5 high-entropy alloy prepared by a vacuum induction melting technique. The impacts of different annealing temperatures (700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C) on the microstructure evolution mechanism, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of the alloy are systematically examined. The results show that the heat treatment can successfully improve the overall mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of high-entropy alloys while suppressing casting defects. The alloy exhibits the best overall mechanical properties after annealing at 700 °C, with a yield strength of 923 MPa and a tensile strength of 1090 MPa. After annealing at a temperature of 800 °C, the alloy demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance, characterized by a low passivation current density, a large passivation range, and a high corrosion potential. Specifically, ipass is measured to be 4.59 × 10−7A/cm2, and Ecorr is −319 mV. Furthermore, the maximum Cr2O3 oxide content in the alloy passivation film formed at 800 °C contributes to the passivation film stability.

Forming more and sharper sensing protrusions on graphene-based electrodes through annealing

A better understanding of the microstructure, physicochemical properties, and sensing behavior of an electrode is critical in developing quick, high sensitivity, and robust electrochemical sensors. In this study, a single electrode was fabricated with self-prepared graphene ink through a drop-cast process followed with a subsequent annealing treatment. The graphene ink-based electrodes were characterized through AFM, contact angle, FTIR, impedance spectra, Raman, and SEM to understand annealing treatment effects. The dynamic response of the electrode to humidity, and vapors of ethanol, propanol, or acetone was measured using a four-point probe station in a closed chamber. The annealing treatment increased the conductivity of the electrode and improved its sensing performance by forming more and sharper protrusions on the electrode surface. These unique surface protrusions suggest that the annealed graphene ink-based electrodes hold great potential in developing high-performance electrochemical sensors.

Combined effects of annealing treatment and compounding with FeOOH cocatalyst on efficiency and stability of BiVO4/Ag3PO4 photoanode

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is a promising metal oxide photoabsorber for photoanode applications but is limited by its relatively short hole diffusion length resulting in severe charge complexation and limited performance. Herein, Ag3PO4 was compounded on BiVO4 through photodeposition of Ag followed by solution oxidation. The annealing of the composite BiVO4/Ag3PO4 heterojunction at 400 °C precipitated some Ag from Ag3PO4 on BiVO4/Ag3PO4 to form a new ternary photoanode BiVO4/Ag3PO4/Ag. Compared to the unannealed sample, the light trapping and crystal quality enhanced, resulting in increased photocurrent density of the annealed BiVO4/Ag3PO4 photoanode (4.46 mA cm−2) by 59.9 % when compared to the unannealed photoanode (2.79 mA cm−2). To further optimize the photoanode, co-catalyst iron hydroxyl oxide (FeOOH) was deposited to yield BiVO4/Ag3PO4/Ag/FeOOH photoanode with maximum photocurrent density of 4.71 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, VRHE), equivalent to about 3.7-fold the value of BiVO4 photoanode. The photoanode maintained 90.8 % of its initial current density after 3 h stability tests. Besides, the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B pollutant by BiVO4/Ag3PO4/Ag and BiVO4/Ag3PO4/Ag/FeOOH photoanode showed performance enhancement when compared to BiVO4/Ag3PO4. Overall, the proposed strategy looks very promising for the rational fabrication of high-efficiency heterojunction photoanodes.

Effect of annealing treatment of hot-rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy on properties and stress corrosion resistance of MAO coatings

PurposeThis study aims to study the formation mechanism of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy and how the annealing process affects its corrosion resistance.Design/methodology/approachThis study involved immersion experiments, electrochemical experiments and slow strain rate tensile experiments, along with scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy observation and X-ray diffraction analysis.FindingsThe findings suggest that annealing treatment can refine the grain size of AZ31 magnesium alloy to an average of 6.9 µm at 300°C. The change in grain size leads to a change in conductivity, which affects the performance of MAO coatings. The MAO coating obtained by annealing the substrate at 300°C has smaller pores and porosity, resulting in better adhesion and wear resistance.Originality/valueThe coating acts as a barrier to prevent corrosive substances from entering the substrate. However, the smaller pores and porosity reduce the channels for the corrosive solution to pass through the coating. When the coating cracks or falls off, the corrosive medium and substrate come into direct contact. Smaller and uniform grains have better corrosion resistance.

Effect of annealing treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of high-entropy alloy Cr10 Mn10Fe60Co10Ni10

A face-centered cubic (FCC) non-equiatomic high-entropy alloy (HEA), Cr10Mn10Fe60Co10Ni10, is processed via cold-rolling and subsequent annealing at 800−1200 °C with different cooling methods. All the annealing treatments lead to fully recrystallized microstructures with various grain sizes and precipitate types. The mechanical properties under uniaxial tension are obtained along with microstructure characterizations of postmortem samples. The sample annealed at 800 °C followed by furnace cooling yields a reasonable combination of high strength and good ductility. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are 43% and 19% higher than those of the sample annealed at 800 °C followed by water quenching, with only a uniform elongation ∼6% reduction. The yield strength variations of all the annealed samples are explained with a structure-based strength model. After fracture, all the samples show strong 〈111〉 texture along the tensile direction. Besides dislocation slip, deformation twinning and multiple phase transitions contribute to high strength and effective work hardening as additional deformation mechanisms. The newly formed hexagonal close-packed and body-centered cubic phases follow the Shoji–Nishiyama and Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relations with the FCC matrix, respectively. Given the “treatment method−microstructure−mechanical property” relationship in this study, combining the advantages of the steel and HEAs, this kind of Fe-rich HEA bears great potentials to serve under practical conditions.

THE EFFECT OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF POLYLACTIC ACID FILAMENT PRINTED BY 3D PRINTER

The development of the industrial world is getting faster from time to time. The manufacturing industry is one of the industries that is very developed, especially in the use of technology. Although there have been some studies on the tensile strength of PLA filaments however, it is not yet clear about the effect of annealing treatment on the tensile strength of PLA filaments from 3D printers. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of annealing temperature on the tensile strength of polylactic acid material printed by 3D printers. This research uses experimental methods with the following conditions: The filament used is polylactic acid (PLA), specimens are printed to ISO 527-2 standard and the annealing treatment temperature are 50⁰C and 70⁰C. From the results of testing and data analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that annealing treatment is quite influential on the tensile strength value of polylactic acid (PLA) materials. The greater the annealing temperature, the higher the tensile strength value. At 50⁰C annealing the average tensile strength value is 15.89 MPa, while at 70⁰C annealing the average tensile strength value is 16.66 MPa.

Understanding the thermal stability and friction behavior of ultrasonic shot peening-introduced gradient nanostructured M50 bearing steel

The M50 steel is a common material for main shaft bearings in aerospace applications. The thermal stability of gradient ultrafine grains/nanograins steels is of critical importance for engineering applications. Here, we fabricated gradient nanostructured M50 steel using ultrasonic shot peening and subsequent annealing. This study investigated the effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure evolution of gradient nanostructured M50 steel and the thermal stability of the USPed sample post-annealing. Furthermore, the friction behavior of gradient nanostructured M50 steel was also examined. After annealing at 350 °C for 30 min, ferrite phase at the depth span of 0–100 μm has better thermal stability, and formed a high-density dislocation network and cells at the top surface of the gradient layer. When annealed samples were continued annealed at 350 °C for 100 h, the average ferrite phase size at the depth span of 0–100 μm reduced to a fixed value (∼434 nm). High-density dislocation cells with smaller and more dispersed ordered B2 phases have a stronger pinning effect of dislocation. Hetero-deformation induced hardening by a dislocation network of grain interior and dislocation wall (∼200 nm thick) and precipitation hardening of dislocation cells with more dispersed ordered B2 phase is the main reason for the high microhardness of the samples annealing at 350 and 450 °C for 30 min. The USPed sample within the 100–200 μm depth span exhibits better friction properties attributed to the strengthened martensitic matrix, partial decomposition of spherical carbides, and the presence of high-density dislocations, which reduce the cracking of carbides and matrix, and carbide spalling. Although heat treatment results in a slight decrease in the friction properties of the USPed sample, they still surpass those of the tempered sample. This reduction in friction properties post-annealing primarily arises from the annihilation of high-density dislocations.

The Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Microstructure and Texture of a Cold-Rolled TiNiFe Shape Memory Alloy Tube

The effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and texture of a Ti50Ni47Fe3 shape memory alloy tube was studied. The results show that the recrystallization process of a cold-rolled Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy tube occurs at 600 °C. The microstructure changes from long striped grains to equiaxed recrystallized grains. The main texture of the alloy tube is the fiber texture <111> parallel to RD. With the increase in the annealing temperature, the crystal orientation of the alloy gradually turned to (111)<112>, and a series of secondary textures were distributed along the γ orientation line when the alloy was annealed at a lower temperature (450~600 °C). When the alloy was annealed at 650 °C, the growth of recrystallized grains made the grain orientation change, which led to the weakening of the γ-fiber texture and the formation of recrystallization textures.

Research on the Cold Rolling Process, Microstructure and Properties of 305 Austenitic Stainless Steel Thin Strips.

Austenitic stainless steel has high toughness and plasticity; however, it tends to exhibit low yield strength, which severely limits the widespread application of this steel. It can be strengthened by cold working; however, this will cause many defects in the structure. Therefore, annealing treatment must be carried out before use. In this paper, the effects of annealing treatment at different temperatures and times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-rolled 305 stainless steel sheet were studied and the theoretical mechanism was further analyzed to provide better theoretical guidance for production and application. It was found that the microstructure grains obtained by annealing at 850 °C for 30 s were finer and more uniform, and the mechanical properties were also the best, which met the requirements of strong plasticity. Therefore, the rolling and annealing experiments could be carried out again under this annealing condition, and the requirements of the finished product could be finally obtained. At this time, the thickness of the plate was about 0.15 mm, the yield strength was 1238 MPa, and the permeability was below 1.02, which met the production requirements of the metal mask plate.

Effect of annealing treatment of indium tin oxide thin films on film properties and transparent antenna properties

There is a growing demand for transparent thin film antennas to serve as access points for wireless communication that can be installed at any location without compromising visibility, while retaining the versatility of existing antennas. Although studies exist on indium tin oxide (ITO)-based transparent antennas, studies on the effect of thin-film process parameters on antenna properties are rare. In this study, we deposited ITO, which resonates at 3.3 GHz, using the facing target sputtering method with different thicknesses ranging from 400 to 2000 nm, from a typical thin film to a relatively thick film. ITO thin films deposited at room temperature were annealed in air at 200, 300, and 400 °C in an electric furnace. The optically transparent monopole antennas were fabricated using air-annealed ITO films. The effects of the annealing temperature on the film and antenna properties were investigated. A high radiation efficiency of 70.8 % was achieved while maintaining a transmittance of more than 70 % for a 2000 nm ITO film annealed at 400 °C. The results indicate that tailoring appropriate conductive film properties for desired transmittance is crucial to realize the expected antenna performance.

Effect of annealing treatment on physicochemical properties, rheology and in vitro digestion of potato starch-galactomannan complexes

The effect of annealing treatment on the physicochemical properties, flow behavior, and especially in vitro digestibility of potato starch-galactomannan (locust bean gum, tara gum, guar gum, and fenugreek gum) complexes was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis showed that the galactomannan (GTM) increased the size of potato starch (PS) and adhesions appeared in the starch-galactomannan complexes (PS-GTM). After annealing treatment (ANN), more adhesions appeared in the PS-GTM. However, ANN had little effect on the size of the PS and PS-GTM. GTM decreased the ΔH of the PS, and the short-range ordering (R 1047/1022), To, Tc, and Tp of the PS-GTM increased after ANN. Moreover, the diffraction pattern of the PS still was B-type after the addition of GTM and ANN. However, the relative crystallinity of the PS-GTM was decreased after ANN. Rheology showed that all the complexes exhibited elastic gel structures (G' > G″), and the addition of GTM increased the apparent viscosity, gel-like properties, and modulus of the PS. In vitro digestion showed that the addition of GTM increased the resistant starch (RS) content in the PS, and the RS was positively correlated with the ratio of mannose and galactose under the effect of ANN, with the RS content of the Tara gum complexes increasing from 69.73% to 89.42%. This study provides valid information for the development of healthy, low GI functional foods.

Effect of annealing treatment and infill percentage on 3D-printed PEEK samples by Fused Filament Fabrication

A strategy that is gaining momentum in several industrial sectors is metal replacement, which aims to find suitable alternatives for replacing metal components with lighter ones. One possible solution is represented by high-performance polymers (HPP), which are a family of materials with improved thermo-mechanical and functional properties, compared to commodity plastics. Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing the industrial world due to its high design freedom, dimensional accuracy, and shortened total production time. Thus, combining the use of HPP with AM technologies could lead to innovative results, which could offer new metal replacement solutions through redesign and new material properties. However, HPPs have some manufacturing limitations, for example, they require high processing temperatures, and some of them are subject to significant warping and deformation phenomena. This aspect is particularly significant for semi-crystalline polymers, as in the case of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK), which is affected by thermal gradients during 3D printing. In this research, an investigation was carried out on the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of different 3D printed PEEK samples, evaluating the effect on final properties not only of various infill percentages (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) but also of two different heating treatments. In this regard, a traditional annealing in oven, post 3D printing, was compared to a direct annealing approach, performed during FFF. The mechanical performance of the samples was characterized through tensile and compression tests along with the thermal properties and the thermal stability. In addition, for all different cases, energy consumption was measured, to provide an indication of the sustainability of the presented approaches. The findings suggest that the direct annealing solution holds promise and merits further investigation to bridge knowledge gaps in this domain. This research contributed to advance the understanding of PEEK 3D printing by FFF and played a vital role in the practical implementation of metal replacement as a sustainable strategy across various industrial applications.

Improving the Storage Stability of Soy Protein Isolate through Annealing.

This study investigated the effect of annealing treatment on the stability of soy protein isolate (SPI) during storage. Different SPI samples with varying denaturation levels were subjected to varying annealing temperatures and durations before being stored at 37 °C for 12 weeks to assess their stability. Our findings revealed that annealing at 65 °C for 30 min significantly mitigated protein deterioration, improving the stability of highly denatured proteins during storage. Surface hydrophobicity and endogenous fluorescence analyses indicated that this annealing condition induced protein structure unfolding, an initial increase in SPI hydrophobicity, and a blue shift in the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax). The slowest increase in hydrophobicity occurred during storage, along with a red shift in the maximum absorption wavelength by the 12th week. These results suggest that annealing treatment holds promise for mitigating the issue of reduced SPI stability during storage.

Microstructural and Textural Evolution of Cold-Drawn Mg-Gd Wires during Annealing Treatment.

In addition to cold drawing, the process of annealing is also essential in the preparation of Mg-4.7 wt%Gd (G4.7) alloy wires. The effect of annealing treatment on the recrystallized microstructure and texture of cold-drawn G4.7 wires was investigated. The results demonstrate that the uniformity and regularity of the recrystallized grains, as well as the annealing texture, impact the follow-up cold drawing performance. When the as-drawn G4.7 wires were annealed at 375 °C, the recrystallized grains were refined, accompanied by uniformity and regularity. Accordingly, the G4.7 wire had a good subsequent drawing deformability, with a maximum accumulative true strain (ATS) of 144%. Additionally, the evolution of the microstructure was consistent with the evolution of the texture. While annealing at a lower temperature (325 °C), the {0002} basal texture of the G4.7 wire was weak, forming the main texture component <101¯0>//DD (the drawing direction). With the increase in temperature, the basal texture was gradually strengthened and the texture component transformed from <101¯0>//DD to a recrystallized texture based on <112¯0>//DD. Even under high-temperature annealing, the G4.7 wire was still affected by the cold-drawn deformation texture and could not fully recover to the as-extruded texture, thus causing a decrease in the subsequent drawing performance.

Effects of annealing treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting-deposited VCoNi medium-entropy alloy

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising approach to producing high- or medium-entropy alloys (HEAs or MEAs) with excellent properties. However, some undesirable microstructural defects and unstable precipitated phases were formed owing to the repeated heating and cooling steps and the rapid solidification nature of the AM process. Annealing treatment after AM fabrication is often beneficial for adjusting the comprehensive mechanical properties and stabilizing the microstructures. In this study, a VCoNi MEA single wall sample was fabricated successfully via laser melting deposition (LMD), and the effects of post-annealing treatments on the microstructures and mechanical properties were explored. The grain size and σ-phase particle size increase and the σ-phase particles undergo fragmentation, spheroidization, and coarsening during annealing. As the annealing time increases, the tensile strain increases, but the tensile strength decreases. An excellent combination of strength and ductility can be obtained after annealing for 1.5 h (The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and tensile strain are 741.2 MPa, 1287.8 MPa, and 30.5 %, respectively). HDI hardening is the most important strengthening mechanism in this work. The decrease in tensile stress after the annealing treatment is mainly attributed to the decrease of heterogeneity of microstructure, and the increase in tensile strain after the annealing treatment is mainly attributed to the decrease of the pores and the spheroidization of the rod-like σ-phase particles. This work provides practical insight into adjusting the microstructure and comprehensive mechanical properties of HEAs and MEAs for AM.