Effect Of Annealing Temperature Research Articles

Characterization and linear / nonlinear optical aspects of polyaniline (PANI) films incorporated with Ethylenediamine for low-cost limiting optical technologies

Polymer composite combined film with Polyaniline (PANI) and Ethylenediamine (EDA) were successfully synthesized via the spin coating technique on a glass substrate followed by different thermal annealing degrees and times. Successful incorporation of EDA into the PANI polymer matrix and the effect of the annealing temperature have been demonstrated by XRD, FTIR, FESEM and TEM. Using UV–Vis optical spectroscopy, we determine the absorption coefficient, band edge, and Urbach energy. The effects of different annealing temperatures and times on linear/nonlinear optical characteristics were investigated. The band gap of EDA-doped PANI films is reduced with the different thermal annealing from 3.43 eV to 3.19 eV, while the Urbach tail of the 100 °C/4h film which is 0.492 eV was decreased to 0.469 eV for 150 °C/1h sample. However, the absorbance and optical conductivity were both increased. Besides, the optical limiting effect assesses their potential to mitigate intense light. It was found from the study that for green wavelength 100 °C/4h film decreases the input power by 16.5 % whereas the 150 °C/1h sample shows superior limiting behavior of 99.96 %. It has been found that thermal annealing of the EDA-doped PANI films enhances the synthetic composite's optical characteristics, making the 150 °C/1h sample of EDA-doped PANI films appropriate for utilization in both energy applications and optoelectronics.

Study on the effect of annealing temperature on the optical characteristics and microstructure of Sb2Se3 thin films

To achieve high conversion efficiency in Sb2Se3 thin films, the effects of different annealing temperatures on the optical properties and microstructure were investigated. The experiment shows that annealing improves Sb2Se3 films' refractive index, absorptivity, and reduces the optical band gap. The first-principle theoretical analysis reveals that defects in the films such as SbSe2, SbSe3, VSe2, and VSe3 significantly affect their optical band gap. Based on the XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns, the half-height widths, average grain sizes, microstrains and dislocation densities of the diffraction peaks have been calculated. The results show that the optimal annealing temperature is 325 °C. Finally, EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectrometer) and Raman spectroscopy were used to explain the reasons for the changes in the optical properties and internal structure of the film with the annealing temperature from the perspectives of the changes in the film components and the bonding properties between the atoms.

Effect of cold-rolling and annealing temperature on microstructure, texture evolution and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNiMn high-entropy alloy

This study investigates the effects of cold rolling and annealing on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNiMn high-entropy alloys. Utilizing vacuum induction melting, the alloy was initially cast into ingots and hot-rolled into plates, which were subsequently cold-rolled to various thicknesses and annealed at different temperatures. Microstructural analyses were conducted using X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction techniques, revealing a persistent face-centered cubic structure across all conditions. The texture evolution demonstrated a shift from Copper and S components to dominant Goss and Brass components as cold rolling intensified, suggesting the formation of Brass-type texture in FeCoCrNiMn at high deformation. Mechanical testing showed that the alloy's yield and tensile strengths significantly increased with cold rolling, reaching optimum values at ∼66 % reduction. Annealing at 750 °C enhanced both strength and ductility, primarily through grain refinement and the formation of Σ3 annealing twin boundaries, which dominated the microstructure of recrystallized grains. The study confirms that the low stacking fault energy of the alloy facilitates the activation of twinning and transformation-induced plasticity mechanisms, crucial for the observed enhancements in mechanical properties.

Two-step spin coating approach of hybrid perovskite solid state solar cells: effects of thermal annealing temperatures

Two-step spin coating approach of hybrid perovskite solid state solar cells: effects of thermal annealing temperatures

Temperature annealing and aluminum atomic concentration effect on structural, morphological and optical properties of ZnO-Al2O3 nanocomposites powders and photocatalytic performances

Temperature annealing and aluminum atomic concentration effect on structural, morphological and optical properties of ZnO-Al2O3 nanocomposites powders and photocatalytic performances

Role of surface roughness in determining surface energy and magnetic properties of Fe80Ce20 films during thermal processing on Si(100) and glass substrates

In this study, Fe80Ce20 films were deposited on Si(100) and glass substrates using sputtering in a high-vacuum environment and subsequently heat-treated in a vacuum annealing furnace. The films, with thicknesses ranging from 10 nm to 50 nm, were annealed at temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C. The objective was to investigate the effects of film thickness and annealing temperature on the structural, surface energy, and magnetic properties of the material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of both Si(100)/Fe80Ce20 and Glass/Fe80Ce20 films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a smooth film surface that became rougher after annealing. Contact angle measurements indicated hydrophilic properties, with the highest surface energy observed in the as-deposited films due to a higher density of defects and grain boundaries. The hysteresis loop demonstrated exceptional soft magnetic properties and a high saturation magnetization (Ms) of approximately 2000 emu/cm³. Annealing at 100 °C altered the magnetic domain structure from a striped labyrinthine configuration to an aligned pattern. At higher annealing temperatures, the films exhibited grain growth, increased surface roughness, and new grain formation. Following annealing, the grains in the Fe80Ce20 films became larger, surface roughness increased, and the water contact angle increased, rendering the films more hydrophobic. The as-deposited films displayed the highest surface energy due to the high density of defects and grain boundaries. Increased surface roughness led to more grain boundary defects and irregularities, which served as pinning points for magnetic domain walls, thus increasing coercivity (Hc). Rough surfaces induced local stress fields, increased magnetic anisotropy, and decreased saturation magnetization. Thermal perturbations from higher annealing temperatures further disrupted the alignment of the magnetic moments, leading to a reduction in saturation magnetization.

Effect of annealing on microstructure and corrosion resistance of W+in-situ TiC enhanced CoCrFeNiSi0.2 high entropy alloy coatings by laser cladding

The W+in-situ TiC reinforced CoCrFeNiSi0.2 high-entropy alloy coating (The alloy coating) was prepared using laser cladding, and the effect of different annealing temperatures on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the alloy coating was studied. The results indicated that annealing induces changes in the proportion of FCC and BCC phases in the coating matrix as well as the shape of carbides in the coating. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance experiments in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the coating annealed at 1100°C exhibits the best corrosion resistance due to the presence of a single FCC phase and the formation of spherical carbides. Surface morphologies after corrosion showed deeper pits on the coating annealed at 700°C, which exhibited the poorest corrosion resistance due to the combined effects of galvanic and occluded cell corrosion. Potentiodynamic polarization curves demonstrated the presence of passive films on the surfaces of all four samples, and surface scan results after corrosion suggest that the passive film on the coating surface mainly consists of Ti- and W-containing oxides.

Effect of intermediate annealing temperature and cold rolling deformation on the texture of yttrium bearing oriented silicon steel

The cold rolling and intermediate annealing process, along with the incorporation of rare earth elements, play an important role in the microstructure, texture, and inhibitors of oriented silicon steel. Currently, there is limited research on the impact of rare earth yttrium on texture evolution during the cold rolling and intermediate annealing processes. Therefore, the effects of different cold rolling deformations and intermediate annealing temperatures on the microstructure and texture of Y bearing oriented silicon steel have been studied. The experimental results demonstrate that the average grain size of the intermediate annealed plate progressively decreases with increasing the cold rolling deformation. This is because the high cold rolling deformation brings more additional dislocations and distortions, consequently enhancing the driving force for recrystallization. Observing the microstructure with various cold rolling deformation, the results show that the annealed plate with a 72 % reduction rate exhibited the highest Goss texture percentage of 4.83 %. This is because the cold-rolled sheet with a reduction rate of 72 % exhibits an abundance of Goss oriented substructures. These substructures quickly dominate the {111}<112> deformed matrix during the initial recrystallization, and promote grains nucleation and growth. As the annealing temperature increases, the driving force for the growth of recrystallized grains also increases, leading to a gradual increase in grain size. The plate annealed at 940 °C exhibits the highest percentage (4.83 %) of Goss texture. The addition of rare earth Y can lead to an increase in grain size in the intermediate annealed plate and facilitate the formation of {411}<148> texture. This is advantageous for the abnormal growth of Goss texture. The results demonstrate that a cold rolling deformation rate of 72 % and an intermediate annealing temperature of 940 °C are good for promoting abnormal growth of Goss orientation. The study results on precipitation kinetics suggests that the grain boundary nucleation of AlN and dislocation nucleation of MnS are the most effective way of nucleation. The precipitates in oriented silicon steel without Y are Al2O3 and MnS, while those in the samples with Y are AlN, YS, and YOxSy. The addition of rare earth Y leads to a reduction in both the density and size of precipitates. Moreover, With the increase of annealing temperature, the size of precipitates decreases and the amount of precipitates increases. Additionally, the addition of Y makes the steel more clean, meanwhile, the pinning effect of inclusions on grain boundaries is weakened. Therefore, the grain size of the steel with Y is larger.

Effect of annealing temperature on interface diffusion behavior of ultra-thin Cu/Al composite sheet by secondary micro-rolling

In this paper, the effect of different annealing temperatures on the interface diffusion behavior of ultra-thin Cu/Al composite sheets was studied. The ultra-thin Cu/Al composite sheet of 0.04 mm was successfully prepared by micro-rolling. The results show that with the increase of annealing temperature, the thickness of diffusion layer increases and the grain size of Cu and Al increases, the interface diffusion of Cu/Al becomes more sufficient. Comparison of diffusion layer thickness between secondary micro-rolling ultra-thin Cu/Al composite sheet and primary micro-rolling ultra-thin Cu/Al composite sheet at the same annealing temperature, the thickness of the interface diffusion layer decreases at the annealing temperature of 360℃ and 400℃, but increases at the annealing temperature of 440℃. The intermetallic compounds CuAl2, Cu4Al and Cu9Al4 are formed at the annealing temperature of 360, 400 and 440℃ after primary micro-rolling ultra-thin Cu/Al composite sheet. Intermetallic compounds CuAl2, Cu4Al and Cu9Al4 were formed at the annealing temperature of 360℃, and intermetallic compounds CuAl2, Cu4Al, Cu9Al4 and CuAl were formed at at the annealing temperature of 400℃ and 440℃ after secondary micro-rolling of ultra-thin Cu/Al composite sheet.

Effects of different annealing temperatures on microstructure, mechanical properties, and magnetic properties of cold-rolled 20Mn23AlV non-magnetic structural steel

Effects of different annealing temperatures on microstructure, mechanical properties, and magnetic properties of cold-rolled 20Mn23AlV non-magnetic structural steel

The Influence of Annealing on the Compositional and Crystallographic Properties of Sputtered Li–Al–O Thin Films

Li–Al–O materials are interesting for several applications. Herein, a Li–Al–O thin‐film materials library, deposited by inert magnetron sputtering and postdeposition annealing in O2 atmosphere, is used to study the effects of different annealing temperatures (300–850 °C) and durations (1 min to 7 h) on crystallinity and composition of the films. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling reveals inhomogeneous compositional depth profiles of conventionally annealed films (300–650 °C, 3–7 h) with increased Li contents toward the film surface and increased Al contents toward the film–substrate interface, as confirmed by a combination of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and deuteron‐induced nuclear reaction analysis. The minimum temperature for the formation of crystalline LiAlO2 in the otherwise amorphous films is 550 °C. The undesired inhomogeneous depth profiles are transformed into homogeneous ones by rapid thermal annealing (750–850 °C, 1–10 min), while simultaneously causing the formation of crystalline LiAlO2. Therefore, rapid thermal annealing is shown to be more suitable than conventional annealing for the thermal processing of Li–Al–O thin films. Moreover, this conclusion is expected to have broader relevance beyond Li–Al–O materials, as it is likely to apply to other Li metal oxides, of which there are many technologically relevant ones.

0D/2D CuCo2O4/Ti3C2 hybrid nanostructure as anodic nanocatalyst for direct power generation in fuel cells: Investigating annealing temperature and synergetic effect

In the present work, CuCo2O4 nanoparticles, CuCo2O4/Ti3C2, CuO/Ti3C2, and Co3O4/Ti3C2 hybrid nanostructures were synthesized. Various characterization and electrochemical methods were used to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on the catalytic properties. Based on the results, the hybrid of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets with CuCo2O4 nanoparticles improved the active surface area and kinetics of electron transfer. The annealing temperature through affecting the crystalline structure, leads to a change in the electrocatalytic performance of nanostructures. On the other, the CuCo2O4/Ti3C2 hybrid nanostructure shows better performance than the single metal oxides (CuO and Co3O4) due to the synergistic effect of Cu and Co. Therefore, CuCo2O4/Ti3C2(200) hybrid nanostructure can be used as an efficient nanocatalyst in the electrooxidation process of alcohols in fuel cells due to its higher electrochemical surface area, higher current density (42 mA cm−2) and better stability (83.3 %) compared to other structures.

Artificial optoelectronic synapses based on capture layer of silicon rich oxides

The optoelectronic bionic synapse, as a new memory device with integrated storage and calculation, can respond to light stimulation, for use in the bio-visual system. These also have the advantages of large bandwidth, low crosstalk, and low power consumption. In this study, amorphous silicon (Si) films were annealed at 200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, respectively. SiOx defects were introduced at their interfaces and optoelectronic synapses, resulting in the formation of SiOx/a-Si/P++-Si. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the effect of different annealing temperatures on the composition of SiOx. The devices successfully simulated a series of important synaptic functions, including excitatory postsynaptic currents, paired-pulse facilitation, short-term to long-term memory conversion, learning-experience behaviors, etc. The devices prepared under different annealing processes had different memory effects. Based on this, a 3 × 3 array of image memory optoelectronic synapse was prepared to simulate the human brain short-term, long-term, and after-repeated memory state, of human beings. Finally, based on the changes in the mode of Si and oxygen binding and the activation energy of oxygen, the reason for the differences in the memory properties of synaptic devices prepared at different annealing temperatures could be explained.

Microstructure, Mechanical, and Corrosion Performance of AA4343/AA3003/AA4343 Laminated Sheets Subjected to Cryorolling and Annealing

The effects of cryorolling (CR), hot rolling (HR), and different annealing temperatures on the microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion performance of AA4343/AA3003/AA4343 laminated sheets are studied. Compared with the HR samples, the microstructure of the CR samples presents a significant decrease in the size of elongated grains and significantly large second‐phase particles Al(Mn, Fe)Si in the AA3003 alloy. Grains in CR samples subjected annealing at 200–300 °C become finer. Increasing to 400–550 °C, the grains begin to grow, and the Si is diffused into the core layer. A comparison of HR and CR processing reveals a significant increase in the yield strength from 153 to 209 MPa and the ultimate tensile strength from 168 MPa to 217 MPa of the laminated sheet. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements and immersion tests are conducted to assess the corrosion morphology. After being immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution for two weeks, the clad surface of the laminated sheet exhibits uniform corrosion products and pitting corrosion, which shows the pitting corrosion depth of the CR sample improved compared to the HR sample. The study suggests that both CR and annealing can be useful for enhancing the mechanical properties, and corrosion morphology of laminated sheets.

Tensile behaviors of rolled and annealed 90W7Ni3Fe alloy

Tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) with two-phase composite structures display unique mechanical properties. Here, we explore the effects of rolling strain and annealing temperature on tensile behaviors of 90W7Ni3Fe WHAs. Cold rolling followed by low-temperature annealing (<1000 °C) induces an increase in yield strength at the expense of ductility. The ductility of WHAs can only be restored by raising the annealing temperature to 1000 °C. Keep the annealing at 1000 °C while gradually increasing the rolling strain not only improves the strength of WHAs but also maintain a good ductility. Once exceeding a critical rolling strain of 60 %, the yield strength of WHAs increases to 1480 MPa, while result in a substantial decrease in ductility. The evolutions of two-phase composite structures with rolling and annealing induces the alterations of the tensile properties of WHAs. These results provide a reference for designing thermal-mechanical processing recipes for WHAs.

Effect and mechanism of hydrogen annealing temperature on the HER performance of RuO2-based catalysts in acid media

Annealing as an experimental means is often used to treat various electrocatalysts for improving their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Herein, in order to investigate the effect of hydrogen annealing temperature on the HER performance of RuO2-based electrocatalysts, commercial RuO2, self-synthesized RuO2, and self-synthesized RuO2/MoO3 composite are annealed at 150, 300, 500, and 700 °C in a hydrogen atmosphere, respectively. It's found that RuO2 is gradually deduced at 150 °C, ultimately, completely reduced to Ru under 300 °C. Meanwhile, the content of RuO2 at the samples surface is gradually decreases as the annealing temperature increase to 700 °C. However, for all samples, the 500 °C annealed sample shows the best HER performance in acid solutions, including the lowest over potential, the smallest Tafel slope, and the largest double-layer capacitance. We inferred that the optimal HER performance of the 500 °C annealed samples maybe attributed to their appropriate Ru/RuO2 ratio. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that significant electron transfer across the Ru/RuO2 interface, thereby optimizing the adsorption free energy of H on Ru and RuO2, ultimately resulting in Ru/RuO2 catalyst exhibiting better HER activity than bare Ru and RuO2. The study provides guidance on the preparation of RuO2-based electrocatalysts for achieving efficient hydrogen evolution.

Combined effects of substrate temperature and post annealing temperature on structural, optical and electrical properties of Sb-doped SnO2 films

Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO) films have received extensive attention as transparent conductive films, but there is still a lack of in-depth and systematic study on combined effects of substrate temperature (Ts) and annealing temperature (Ta) on their transparent conductive properties. In this study, ATO films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering at RT∼400 ℃ and subsequently annealed at 200–1000 ℃. The results show that the conductive properties of the films enhance (with a decrease in resistivity from 1.15×10-1 to 2.15×10-3 Ω•cm) and the average visible-light transmittance (TVis) decreases (90.16 → 38.24%) with increase of Ts. With the increase of Ta, the conductive properties of the films prepared at different Ts tend to first enhance and then degrade, and the TVis basically shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. After annealing at 600 ℃, the films prepared at RT and 100 ℃ can achieve better comprehensive properties (resistivity of 2.50×10-3 and 1.64×10-3 Ω•cm, carrier concentration of 3.35×1020 and 4.93×1020 cm-3, mobility of 7.73 and 7.76 cm2/V•s, sheet resistance of 84 and 55 Ω/sq., and TVis of 86.63 and 79.50%). In order to explore the intrinsic mechanism of the optical and electrical performance of ATO films changing with Ts and Ta, the preferred orientation, crystallinity, and stress state of the films were analyzed by XRD, and their surface morphology was observed by SEM. Meanwhile, the chemical states of Sn, O and Sb as well as Sb content in the films were analyzed by XPS, and their lattice vibration modes of the film were studied by Raman spectra. Finally, the process-structure-properties correlations were established for the ATO films.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Solid Solution Extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr Alloys

In this investigation, the effects of different annealing temperatures (180, 200, 220, 240, 260, and 280 °C) on the microstructure evolution and properties of an extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr (wt%) magnesium alloys were determined. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immersion corrosion, electrochemical corrosion experiments, and tensile testing were performed. Research has found that combining hot extrusion with subsequent low-temperature annealing significantly improves the strength, plasticity, and corrosion resistance of alloys due to grain refinement and a reduced dislocation density. The alloy was completely recrystallized at an annealing temperature of 240 °C for 4 h after solid solution extrusion, and the grains were fine and uniform, demonstrating the best comprehensive properties. Its corrosion rate, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation were 0.454 ± 0.023 mm/y, 346.7 ± 8.9 MPa, 292.4 ± 6.9 MPa, and 19.0 ± 0.4%, respectively. The corrosion mechanism of the specimens under extruded and annealed conditions was analyzed. After annealing at 240 °C for 4 h, the dislocation and bimodal grain structure of the samples were almost eliminated, resulting in uniform and fine grains, which were conducive to the formation of a more uniform and denser oxide film, thus improving the corrosion resistance of the alloy.

Annealing temperature effects on microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe-6.5wt. %Si alloy strips prepared by TSTRC process

The Fe-6.5wt.%Si alloy exhibits remarkable soft magnetic characteristics, such as high magnetic permeability, low coercivity, high resistivity, and nearly zero magnetostriction. These attributes establish it as an ideal material for low-power, low-noise electric motors and transformers. This investigation aimed to assess the impact of annealing temperature (ranging from 800 to 1200 °C for 1 h) on the microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties of a 0.15 mm thick Fe-6.5wt.%Si alloy sheet, which was obtained by subjecting the strips produced through the top side-pouring twin-roll casting (TSTRC) process to multi-pass warm rolling in the temperature range of 600 ∼ 800 °C, avoiding hot rolling. Additionally, the recrystallization mechanism of the annealed sheet at 1100 °C for 1 h was explored. The findings indicate that enhancing the annealing temperature corresponded to a reduction in magnetic induction (B8 and B50) as well as iron losses (P10/50, P10/400, and P2/1000). The annealed sheet at 1200 °C for 1 h demonstrated the most favorable magnetic properties, displaying iron losses of 0.486 W/kg, 6.895 W/kg, and 1.232 W/kg for P10/50, P10/400, and P2/1000, respectively. These results illustrate excellent overall magnetic characteristics. The coercivity (Hc) of both B8 and B50 decreased as the annealing temperature increased in the hysteresis loop measurements. Specifically, for B8, it decreased from 62.84 A/m to 24.50 A/m, and for B50, it decreased from 78.10 A/m to 35.50 A/m. The average grain size of the samples gradually increased as the annealing temperature ranged from 800 to 1200 °C. The dominant texture observed was {111}, and the volume fraction of {111} texture increased while the volume fractions of {100} and {110} textures decreased. Upon annealing at 1100 °C for 8 s, the elongated and flattened deformed structures were mainly replaced by equiaxed grains, indicating the completion of the recrystallization process. However, there was a noticeable distinction in the coarsening degree of equiaxed grains based on their orientations. The presence of λ-oriented grains was less prominent, while α-oriented and γ-oriented grains were relatively more abundant. As the annealing time increased from 8 s to 1 h, there was a decrease in the presence of λ-oriented and α-oriented grains, while the presence of γ-oriented grains significantly increased.

Mitigation of strength-ductility trade-off of CoCrNi medium entropy alloys with heterogenous structure by controlled Gd addition and annealing

In this work, we synthesized a series of (CoCrNi)100–xGdx (x = 0/0.3/0.5/1.0) medium entropy alloys (MEAs) using arc melting followed by homogenization, hot-rolling, and annealing at 700, 800, and 900 °C for 1 h. The effects of Gd content and annealing temperature on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Gd-doped CoCrNi MEAs were investigated. The heterogenous microstructure, consisting of the deformed grains, recrystallized grains and precipitates of GdNi5 phase, was obtained in the present study and it exhibited an excellent combination of strength and ductility. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained for CoCrNi MEA with 0.3–0.5 at.% Gd addition and annealed at 700 °C for 1 h to yield the heterogenous microstructure in the present study, and it had the tensile strength of ∼1.3 GPa and fracture strain of 30–40%. The synergetic hardening mechanisms included solid solution, precipitation, grain refinement, nanotwinning and pre-existing dislocation hardening. The relations among compositions, microstructures and mechanical properties of (CoCrNi)100–xGdx MEAs were addressed.