Effects Of Acute Exercise Research Articles

Acute Effects of Exercise at Different Temperatures on Clinical Symptoms and Nasal Blood Flow in Patient with Allergic Rhinitis: A randomized crossover trial

Acute Effects of Exercise at Different Temperatures on Clinical Symptoms and Nasal Blood Flow in Patient with Allergic Rhinitis: A randomized crossover trial

Acute effects of exercise on macro- and microvasculature in individuals with type 1 diabetes - a secondary outcome analysis.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with insulin-producing beta cell destruction, declining insulin secretion, and elevated blood glucose. Physical activity improves glycaemic control and cardiovascular health. This study explores acute effects of maximal exhaustion induced by a cardiopulmonary exercise on macro- and microvascular parameters in type 1 diabetes. Twenty-five participants with type 1 diabetes (14 males, 11 females), aged 41.4 ± 11.87 years, BMI 23.7 ± 3.08, completed a repeated-measure study. Measurements pre-, post-, 30- and 60-minutes post-exhaustion involved a maximal incremental cardio-pulmonary exercise test. Macro- and microvascular parameters were assessed using VICORDER® and retinal blood vessel image analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS (Version 27.0) analysed data. Post-exercise, heart rate increased (p<.001), and diastolic blood pressure decreased (p=.023). Diabetes duration correlated with pulse wave velocity (r=0.418, p=.047), diastolic blood pressure (r=0.470, p=.023), and central retinal arteriolar equivalent (r=0.492, p=.023). In type 1 diabetes, cardiopulmonary exercise-induced exhaustion elevates heart rate and reduces diastolic blood pressure. Future research should explore extended, rigorous physical activity protocols for greater cardiovascular risk reduction.

A novel genetic model provides a unique perspective on the relationship between postexercise glycogen concentration and increases in the abundance of key metabolic proteins after acute exercise.

Some acute exercise effects are influenced by postexercise (PEX) diet, and these diet-effects are attributed to differential glycogen resynthesis. However, this idea is challenging to test rigorously. Therefore, we devised a novel genetic model to modify muscle glycogen synthase 1 (GS1) expression in rat skeletal muscle with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) short hairpin RNA knockdown vector targeting GS1 (shRNA-GS1). Contralateral muscles were injected with scrambled shRNA (shRNA-Scr). Muscles from exercised (2-hour-swim) and time-matched sedentary (Sed) rats were collected immediately postexercise (IPEX), 5-hours-PEX (5hPEX), or 9-hours-PEX (9hPEX). Rats in 5hPEX and 9hPEX experiments were refed (RF) or not-refed (NRF) chow. Muscles were analyzed for glycogen, abundance of metabolic proteins (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, PDK4; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, PGC1α; hexokinase II, HKII; glucose transporter 4, GLUT4), AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (pAMPK), and glycogen metabolism-related enzymes (glycogen phosphorylase, PYGM; glycogen debranching enzyme, AGL; glycogen branching enzyme, GBE1). shRNA-GS1 versus paired shRNA-Scr muscles had markedly lower GS1 abundance. IPEX versus Sed rats had lower glycogen and greater pAMPK, and neither of these IPEX-values differed for shRNA-GS1 versus paired shRNA-Scr muscles. IPEX versus Sed groups did not differ for abundance of metabolic proteins, regardless of GS1 knockdown. Glycogen in RF-rats was lower for shRNA-GS1 versus paired shRNA-Scr muscles at both 5hPEX and 9hPEX. HKII protein abundance was greater for 5hPEX versus Sed groups, regardless of GS1 knockdown or diet, and despite differing glycogen levels. At 9hPEX, shRNA-GS1 versus paired shRNA-Scr muscles had greater PDK4 and PGC1α abundance within each diet group. However, the magnitude of PDK4 or PGC1α changes was similar in each diet group regardless of GS1 knockdown although glycogen differed between paired muscles only in RF-rats. In summary, we established a novel genetic approach to investigate the relationship between muscle glycogen and other exercise effects. Our results suggest that exercise-effects on abundance of several metabolic proteins did not uniformly correspond to differences in postexercise glycogen.

Effect of acute anaerobic performance on zinc alpha 2 glycoprotein, apelin and lipasin levels.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute anaerobic exercise on serum levels of adipokines Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), apelin, and lipasin. Eighteen male athletes who actively played soccer and trained at least four days a week, with a mean age of 19.11 ± 2.59 years, body weight of 70.61 ± 8.17 kg, height of 176.0 ± 7.71cm, sport age of 7.22 ± 2.60 years and BMI of 22.76 ± 1.68 kg/m2 participated in the study. Athletes were subjected to the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) for anaerobic performance. Blood samples were collected from the athletes 4 times (at rest, 10 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours after exercise). The results of the study showed that acute anaerobic exercise significantly increased ZAG levels (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was detected in apelin and lipasin levels (p>0.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that acute anaerobic exercise is associated with an increase in ZAG levels, but not apelin or lipasin levels. The observations suggest that ZAG may have a specific response to anaerobic exercise, which provides valuable insight into its potential impact on energy metabolism.

Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise Do Not Modulate Task-Evoked Midfrontal Theta Oscillations in School-Age Children

While acute aerobic exercise has been found to have a facilitative effect on task components with varied cognitive control demands in school-age children, its effects on specific neural processes evoked by a cognitive control task remain underexplored. The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of acute aerobic exercise on task-evoked midfrontal theta event-related synchronization (ERS)—which plays a crucial role in supporting cognitive control. Thirty-three preadolescent children were recruited into this within-subjects, crossover study. Participants engaged in an aerobic exercise condition and a seated rest condition in a counterbalanced order. After both conditions, participants completed a flanker task, with concurrent EEG data collection. The results revealed no differences in midfrontal theta ERS following acute aerobic exercise as compared with following the control condition. However, midfrontal theta ERS was higher during congruent trials relative to incongruent trials following control condition but not following aerobic exercise. Collectively, acute bouts of aerobic exercise do not appear to modulate the control and behavioral monitoring processes indexed by midfrontal theta ERS during cognitive control in children.

Acute Exercise Promptly Normalizes Myocardial Myosin Heavy-Chain Isoform mRNA Composition in Diabetic Rats: Implications for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

Background and Objectives: The acute effects of exercise on the myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoform mRNA expression and the upstream transcription factors in diabetic and non-diabetic hearts remain unexplored. We aimed to determine the acute effect of a single exercise session on the expression of left ventricular MHC, MHC-α and MHC-β, and thyroid receptor (TR), TR-α1 and TR-β, isoform mRNA in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: non-diabetic control (CS), diabetic exercise (DIEX), sedentary diabetic (DIS), and non-diabetic exercise (CEX). Diabetes was induced via streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg). DIEX and CEX rats performed an exercise session (60 min at 50 m/min and 0% grade) 6-7 weeks after diabetes induction. Results: MHC-α mRNA was lower in DIS (p = 0.03) and not different in DIEX (p = 0.1) relative to CS. DIS showed higher MHC-β mRNA than the non-diabetic rats, CS and CEX (p = 0.02 and p = 0.009, respectively). MHC-β mRNA in DIEX was normalized to non-diabetic levels in CS (p = 0.3). TR-α1 was higher in DIS and not different in DIEX relative to CS and CEX (p = 0.03 and p = 1.0, respectively). In CEX, exercise did not change MHC-α, MHC-β, and TR-α1 relative to CS (p = 1.0). TR-β was not different between groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, exercise appears to acutely normalize the myocardial MHC and TR isoform mRNA expression only in the diabetic heart. These responses may induce therapeutic mechanisms other than changing the MHC isoform composition.

High-intensity exercise increases breast milk adiponectin concentrations: a randomised cross-over study.

Adiponectin plays a role in glucose and fat metabolism and is present in human breast milk. It has been postulated that higher breast milk adiponectin concentrations may prevent rapid weight gain in infancy. Prior research indicates that circulating adiponectin increases acutely after endurance exercise, but no prior research has investigated the effect of exercise on breast milk adiponectin concentrations. The purpose of this randomised, cross-over study was to determine the acute effects of endurance exercise on adiponectin concentrations in human breast milk. Participants who were exclusively breastfeeding a 6-12 week-old term infant (N = 20) completed three conditions in the laboratory: (1) Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), (2) High-intensity interval training (HIIT), and (3) No activity (REST). At each condition, we collected breast milk at 07:00 h (before exercise/rest), 11:00 h (immediately after exercise/rest), 12:00 h (1 h after exercise/rest), and 15:00 h (4 h after exercise/rest) and determined adiponectin concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared changes in adiponectin concentrations after MICT and HIIT, adjusted for the morning concentration on each test day, with those after REST, using paired t-tests. Adiponectin concentrations increased 1 h after HIIT, from 4.6 (± 2.2) μg/L in the 07:00 h sample to 5.6 (± 2.6) μg/L. This change was 0.9 μg/L (95% confidence interval 0.3 to 1.5) greater than the change between these two timepoints in the REST condition (p = 0.025). There were no other statistically significant changes in adiponectin concentrations. HIIT may increase adiponectin concentrations in breast milk acutely after exercise. Further studies should determine the impact of exercise-induced elevations in breast milk adiponectin concentrations on growth and metabolism in infancy.

Effect of acute and long-term exercise on leptin levels in depressed outpatients

BackgroundDepression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a significant contributor to the global burden of disease. Altered leptin levels are known to be associated with depressive symptoms, however discrepancies in the results of increased or decreased levels exist. Due to various limitations associated with commonly used antidepressant drugs, alternatives such as exercise therapy are gaining more importance. Therefore, the current study investigates whether depressed patients have higher leptin levels compared to healthy controls and if exercise is efficient to reduce these levels.MethodsLeptin levels of 105 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD; 45.7% female, age mean ± SEM: 39.1 ± 1.0) and 34 healthy controls (HC; 61.8% female, age mean ± SEM: 36.0 ± 2.0) were measured before and after a bicycle ergometer test. Additionally, the MDD group was separated into three groups: two endurance exercise intervention groups (EX) differing in their intensities, and a waiting list control group (WL). Leptin levels were measured pre and post a 12-week exercise intervention or the waiting period.ResultsBaseline data showed no significant differences in leptin levels between the MDD and HC groups. As expected, correlation analyses displayed significant relations between leptin levels and body weight (HC: r = 0.474, p = 0.005; MDD: r = 0.198, p = 0.043) and even more with body fat content (HC: r = 0.755, p < 0.001; MDD: r = 0.675, p < 0.001). The acute effect of the bicycle ergometer test and the 12-week training intervention showed no significant changes in circulating leptin levels.ConclusionLeptin levels were not altered in patients with major depression compared to healthy controls and exercise, both the acute response and after 12 weeks of endurance training, had no effect on the change in leptin levels.Trial registrationThe study was registered at the German register for clinical studies (DRKS) and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00008869 on 28/07/2015.

Effects of Hyperthermia and Acidosis on Mitochondrial Production of Reactive Oxygen Species.

Exercise is associated with the development of oxidative stress, but the specific source and mechanism of production of pro-oxidant chemicals during exercise has not been confirmed. We used equine skeletal muscle mitochondria to test the hypothesis that hyperthermia and acidosis affect mitochondrial oxygen consumption and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, after an acute episode of fatiguing exercise, and after a 9-week conditioning program to increase aerobic fitness. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ROS production were measured simultaneously using high-resolution respirometry. Both hyperthermia and acidosis increased non-phosphorylating (LEAK) respiration (5.8X and 3.0X, respectively, p<0.001) and decreased efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. The combined effects of hyperthermia and acidosis resulted in large decreases in phosphorylating respiration, further decreasing oxidative phosphorylation efficiency from 97% to 86% (p<0.01). Increased aerobic fitness reduced the effects of acidosis on LEAK respiration. Hyperthermia increased, and acidosis decreased ROS production (2X and 0.23X, respectively, p<0.001). There was no effect of acute exercise, but an aerobic conditioning program was associated with increased ROS production during both non-phosphorylating and phosphorylating respiration. Hyperthermia increased the ratio of ROS production to O2 consumption during phosphorylating respiration, suggesting that high temperature impaired transfer of energy through the electron transfer system despite relatively low mitochondrial membrane potential. These data support the role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of exercise-induced oxidative stress, particularly during forms of exercise that result in prolonged hyperthermia without acidosis.

The Acute and Chronic Effect of Endurance Versus Resistance Exercise on Circulating Irisin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background Exercise-induced release of irisin is associated with various improved health outcomes. However, the most effective exercise mode(s) to stimulate irisin release remain unclear. In this systematic review, we separately examine potential differences in (i) resting irisin concentrations (chronic change) after resistance (RT) and endurance training (ET) and (ii) the concentrations of irisin after a single bout (acute change) of resistance (RE) and endurance exercise (EE). Methods Searching was completed February 2022 in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and SportDiscus. Studies were included by consensus of 2 reviewers, if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or comparison studies with adults over 18 years and compared chronic change after RT and ET for any intervention duration or acute change after RE and EE. Risk of bias and quality of findings were independently assessed using PEDRo and GRADE, respectively. Irisin post means and standard deviations were extracted to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals using a random effect model. Results Of 174 studies screened, 8 chronic and 4 acute studies were included in the analysis, comprising a total of 332 participants. No difference between RT or ET for chronic irisin response was found (P = 0.380, SMD = 0.17, n = 248); however, there tended to be greater acute increases in circulating irisin after RE than EE (P &amp;lt; 0.001, SMD = 0.93, n = 56). Conclusions A greater effect of RE on irisin concentrations than EE was found in acute studies. Future research requires larger sample sizes and matched intensities.

Endocannabinoid and psychological responses to acute resistance exercise in trained and untrained adults.

This study examined the effects of acute resistance exercise on circulating endocannabinoid (eCB) and mood responses in trained and untrained healthy adults. Thirty-two healthy adults (22.1 ± 2.9 years) were recruited from trained (reporting resistance exercise at least twice per week for ≥ previous three months) and untrained (performing no resistance exercise for ≥ previous three months) groups. Participants (13 male, 19 female) completed three sets of resistance exercise (16 repetitions at 50% 1-repetition max, 12 repetitions at 70% 1-repetition max, 8 repetitions at 80% 1-repetition max). Resistance machines targeted the legs, chest, back, and abdominal muscles. Mood states, affect, and circulating eCB concentrations were evaluated before and after resistance exercise. There were significant decreases in AEA, PEA, and OEA levels following acute resistance exercise (p <0.05; ds = -0.39, -0.48, -0.65, respectively), with no significant group differences or group by time interactions. 2-AG did not change significantly. Positive affect increased significantly following resistance exercise (p = 0.009), while negative affect decreased (p <0.001). Depressive symptoms, anger, confusion, and total mood disturbance decreased significantly (p <0.05), while vigor increased significantly following resistance exercise (p = 0.005). There were no significant group differences or group by time interactions for any psychological outcomes. These results indicate that acute resistance exercise may reduce eCB and related lipid concentrations, which is opposite to the increase in lipids typically observed with acute aerobic exercise. Furthermore, psychological improvements occur after resistance exercise regardless of decreases in eCBs, supporting the notion that psychological changes with exercise likely occur through a wide variety of biological and environmental mechanisms.

Effects of Acute and Endurance Exercise on Cerebrovascular Function and Oxygen Metabolism: A Photoacoustic Microscopy Study.

Regular exercise improves the cerebrovascular function and has shown considerable therapeutic effects on a wide variety of brain diseases. However, the influence of exercise on different aspects of the cerebrovascular function remains to be comprehensively examined. In this study, we combined awake-brain photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and a motorized treadmill to assess the effects of both acute exercise stimulation and endurance exercise training on the cerebrovascular function and cerebral oxygen metabolism under both physiological and pathological conditions. Acute exercise stimulation in nondiabetic mice resulted in robust vasodilation, increased cerebral blood flow (CBF), reduced oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and unchanged cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2)-demonstrating the utility of this experimental setting to evaluate the cerebrovascular reactivity. Also, endurance exercise training for six weeks in diabetic mice reversed the diabetes-induced increases in the resting-state CBF and CMRO2 and maintained a stable OEF and CMRO2 under the acute exercise stimulation-shedding new light on how exercise protects the brain from diabetes-induced small vessel disease. In summary, we established an experimental approach to assess the effects of both acute exercise stimulation and endurance exercise training on the cerebrovascular function and tissue oxygen metabolism at the microscopic level and applied it to study the therapeutic benefits of endurance exercise training in diabetic mice.

Acute effects of outdoor and indoor walking on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms and affective response during temporary smoking abstinence

RationaleCigarette smoking is one of the leading preventable causes of premature death worldwide. There is evidence in the literature that brief exercise units indoors can improve well-being in temporarily abstinent smokers and reduce cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms.ObjectiveBecause exercise in natural environments showed enhanced psychological effects, the aim of our study was to examine the acute effects of outdoor exercise compared with indoor exercise on craving, withdrawal symptoms and affective response in temporarily abstinent smokers.MethodsIn a randomized controlled within-subject-design, temporarily abstinent smokers (N = 16) participated in three interventions lasting 10 min: outdoor walking (OUT-EX), indoor walking (IN-EX) and a sedentary control condition (CC). Self-reported cigarette craving, withdrawal symptoms and affective response were assessed pre-, mid-, post-interventions and at follow-up.ResultsIn contrast to CC, OUT-EX and IN-EX significantly reduced cigarette cravings during and at the end of the intervention compared to pre-intervention, but not at 20 min follow-up. Cigarette withdrawal symptoms decreased significantly over time in all three groups, but no significant group differences were found. OUT-EX and IN-EX, but not CC, showed significantly improved affective valence at the end of the intervention and at follow-ups. Outdoor walking resulted in significantly lower cigarette cravings than indoor walking at the end of the intervention.ConclusionThe study adds to existing evidence that short bouts of indoor or outdoor exercise can help reduce cigarette cravings and increase well-being in abstinent smokers. Further studies are needed to address the potential additional effect of outdoor exercise on craving, affective states and smoking cessation.

Physical activity and cognitive function: moment-to-moment and day-to-day associations

BackgroundThe beneficial effect of acute physical exercise on cognitive performance has been studied in laboratory settings and in long-term longitudinal studies. Less is known about these associations in everyday environment and on a momentary timeframe. This study investigated momentary and daily associations between physical activity and cognitive functioning in the context of everyday life.MethodsMiddle-aged adults (n = 291, aged 40–70) were asked to wear accelerometers and complete ecological momentary assessments for eight consecutive days. Processing speed and visual memory were assessed three times per day and self-rated evaluations of daily cognition (memory, thinking, and sharpness of mind) were collected each night. The number of minutes spent above the active threshold (active time) and the maximum vector magnitude counts (the highest intensity obtained) before each cognitive test and at a daily level were used as predictors of momentary cognitive performance and nightly subjective cognition. Analyses were done with multilevel linear models. The models were adjusted for temporal and contextual factors, age, sex, education, and race/ethnicity.ResultsWhen participants had a more active time or higher intensity than their average level within the 20 or 60 minutes prior to the cognitive test, they performed better on the processing speed task. On days when participants had more active time than their average day, they rated their memory in the evening better. Physical activity was not associated with visual memory or self-rated thinking and sharpness of mind.ConclusionsThis study provides novel evidence that outside of laboratory settings, even small increases in physical activity boost daily processing speed abilities and self-rated memory. The finding of temporary beneficial effects is consistent with long-term longitudinal research on the cognitive benefits of physical activity.

High intensity interval exercise maintains irisin level and reduces body fat in overweight women

Abstract A body mass index of more than 23 kg/m2 refers to being overweight. When overweight is not treated well, it can lead to obesity which is the condition of accumulation of excess adipose tissue. Obesity increases the risk of metabolic disease and physical activity has been known to prevent it. Irisin has been established to have a positive correlation with body fat burning. The purpose of this study is to analyse the acute effect of high intensity interval exercise on irisin level and body fat percentage in overweight sedentary women. Subjects were divided into 2 groups, the experimental (EXP) group (n = 10) and the control (CON) group (n = 10). The EXP group was using an ergo cycle of 10 sets, consisting of 60 s at 80-90% HRmax (cycling ∼120 rpm) and 60 s of active resting (cycling ∼40 rpm), intermittently. Blood serum and body fat percentage were measured before treatment and after 60 min of treatment. The results showed the serum irisin level was insignificant differences between EXP and CON groups. However, there was a significant decrease of irisin level between pre- and post-data in both EXP and CON, and the significant decrease of it between pre and post was in control group (EXP 6.65 ± 0.767 vs 5.76 ± 0.825, ; CON 7.46 ± 1.659 vs 5.80 ± 0.935 ng/ml, ). The change in body fat percentage was significant lower in EXP compared to CON (0.30 ± 0.217; 0.23 ± 0.118%; ). The conclusion is that the acute effect of HIIE can maintain the irisin level, and may also maintain the burning of body fat, which will lead to the reduction of body fat.

The alteration of oral microbiota before and after training in swimmers.

We aimed to analyze the effect of acute exercise on oral microbiota in regularly trained swimmers. As environmental factors may affect the oral microbiota; we also aimed to analyze the short-duration effect of swimming training on the oral bacteria relative difference in swimmers. Saliva samples of 20 swimmers both before and after the training were used for the oral microbiota metagenesis. The next-generation sequencing method targeting 16S rDNA gene fragments was used for genotyping. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for the statistical evaluation of the taxons. The alfa diversity comparisons were assessed with the One-Way ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine bacterial diversity. Decayed- Missed- Filled total (DMF-T) scores were the indicators of oral hygiene. A comparison of the before and after exercise microbiota of the swimmers gave rise to a statistically significant difference for Firmicutes (p=0.014) and Bacteroidetes (p=0.007) phylum; Clostridia (p=0.006) and Bacilli (p=0.048) classes; Clostridiales (p=0.004), Entomoplasmatales (p=0.009) and Bacillales (p=0.006) for ordo; Lachnospiraceae (p=0.001) family and Stenotrophomonas (p=0.013) genus. Although there were some differences within the other taxa of the bacteria, all were statistically insignificant. Streptococcus, Pseudomonas and Rothia mucilaginosa showed a correlation with the DMF-T values in swimmers. This study was the first in Turkish swimmers to investigate the relative abundance of oral microbiota. We showed that exercise within the pool water changed the oral bacteria's relative abundance. To confirm our results and clarify the effect of pool water on oral bacteria relative abundance, more studies on dietary intake should be carried out.

Effect of acute strenuous exercise on platelet aggregation, thrombin generation and fibrinolysis in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Introduction Acute strenuous exercise may cause coronary thrombosis and sudden cardiac death. Purpose To investigate the effect of acute strenuous exercise on platelet aggregation, thrombin generation and fibrinolysis in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and healthy individuals. Method Patients with stable CAD (n=164) and healthy individuals (n=25) performed acute strenuous exercise on a cycle ergometer until exhaustion. Blood samples were taken at baseline (before exercise), immediately after and 2 hours after acute strenuous exercise. Results From baseline to immediately after strenuous exercise, TRAP-induced platelet aggregation increased significantly in CAD patients (Δ77 AU×min, 95% confidence interval (CI): 55;98, p&amp;lt;0.001) and also in healthy individuals (Δ153 AU×min, 95%CI: 103;225, p&amp;lt;0.001), and remained slightly elevated 2 hours after strenuous exercise in both groups (CAD patients: Δ53 AU×min, 95%CI: 27;80, p&amp;lt;0.001; healthy individuals: Δ140 AU×min, 95%CI: 56;225, p=0.002). Thrombin generation was not affected immediately after exercise, but decreased after 2 hours in patients with CAD (endogenous thrombin potential: Δ-5%, 95%CI: -9;-2, p=0.004). Fibrin clot lysis time increased immediately after exercise (CAD patients: Δ10%, 95%CI: 3-16, p=0.003; healthy individuals: Δ30%, 95%CI: 16;46, p&amp;lt;0.001), whilst plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) decreased (CAD patients: Δ-17%, 95%CI: -33;-10, p&amp;lt;0.001; healthy individuals: Δ-40%, 95%CI: -53;-25, p&amp;lt;0.001). After 2 hours, an increased fibrinolysis was seen in both groups, expressed as a decrease in PAI-1 in both groups (CAD patients: Δ-41%, 95%CI: -46;-35 p&amp;lt;0.001; healthy individuals: Δ-64%, 95%CI: -75;-46, p&amp;lt;0.001) and a reduced fibrin clot lysis time in patients with CAD (Δ-18%, 95%CI: -24;-11, p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusions Acute strenuous exercise induced an immediate increase in platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation remained slightly elevated after 2 hours while fibrinolysis was increased and thrombin generation slightly decreased indicating a more favourable haemostatic profile after 2 hours.

Ahletic adaptations of thin-walled structures of the heart: a cross-sectional echocardiographic study of elite athletes

Abstract Background Cardiac adaptation to exercise is characterized by eccentric remodeling due to increased volume load[1], it is however unclear how systolic function is affected in all chambers. Endurance sports is a known risk factor for later onset atrial fibrillation[2]. Moreover, recent studies of the acute effects of exercise have reported reversable right ventricular (RV) dilation and reduced function in triathletes resembling ARVC, while the left ventricle (LV) was unchanged[3]. These findings have raised concern regarding the long-term adaptations in the thin-walled chambers of the heart. Purpose The aim of the current study was to assess atrial and RV remodeling by echocardiography in elite athletes. Methods A cross-sectional study of 482 healthy active elite athletes from 30 sports was investigated with a standard resting echocardiogram. Using the Mitchell sports classification, athletes were grouped according to levels of endurance demands for their sport into low (Mitchel 1A), intermediate (Mitchel 1B-C, 2A-B-C), and high endurance demand (3A-B-C). All measures were adjusted for body surface area (BSA), sex, and age. Analysis of Covariance models was used to allow for adjustments for categorical variables and continuous covariates. Results Left atrial minimum volume/BSA (LAminV/BSA) was higher in athletes who performed high endurance demanding sports than in the intermediate and low groups (High: 11.3 ml/m2, confidence interval (CI): 10.1-12.5; Int: 8.9 ml/m2, CI: 8.3-9.5, p&amp;lt;0.01; Low: 7.7 ml/m2, CI: 5.8-9.7, p&amp;lt;0.01). We found no difference between the low and intermediate groups. RV systolic area/BSA (RVsysA/BSA) was significantly higher in the high and intermediate groups compared to the low group (high 9.5 ml/m2, CI: 9.1-9.8, p=0,014; Int 9.3 ml/m2, CI: 9.1-9.5, p=0.04; Low: 8.3 ml/m2, CI: 7.7-9.0). The LA/RV minimum size ratio showed a larger size difference between the groups in the LA compared to the RV (High 1.183, CI: 1.063-1.303; Int 0.968, CI: 0.906-1.029, p&amp;lt;0.01, Low 0.921, CI: 0.726-1.116 p=0.02). A comparison of LA and LV size (LAminV/LVsysV) showed a significant decrease between high and intermediate groups, but not the low group (High: 0.366; Int: 0.296, p&amp;lt;0.01; Low: 0.302, p=0.16). The LA/RA size ratio was equal in all groups. LA strain analysis showed reduced contraction in the high and intermediate groups compared to the low group (High -10.2, CI: -10.9-(-9.4), p&amp;lt;0,01, Int -10.6, CI: -11.1-(-10.2), p&amp;lt;0.01, Low: -12.9, CI: -14.2-(-11.6)), the same pattern was not found in RA function, RV freewall and LV GLS (table 1). Conclusion We found a bilateral increase in atrial size while LA (but not RA) also showed reduced contraction in athletes from intermediate and high endurance demanding sports. Athletes from sports with high and intermediate endurance demands exhibited dilated ventricles but no decreased function was detected. Adaptations of atrial size and function were more pronounced than that of either ventricle.Table 1:Population characteristicsTable 2:Echocardiographic measures

Acute effects of isotonic eccentric exercise on the neuromuscular function of knee extensors vary according to the motor task: impact on muscle strength profiles, proprioception and balance.

Eccentric exercise has often been reported to result in muscle damage, limiting the muscle potential to produce force. However, understanding whether these adverse consequences extend to a broader, functional level is of apparently less concern. In this study, we address this issue by investigating the acute and delayed effects of supramaximal isotonic eccentric exercise on neuromuscular function and motor performance of knee extensors during tasks involving a range of strength profiles, proprioception, and balance. Fifteen healthy volunteers (23.2 ± 2.9 years old) performed a unilateral isotonic eccentric exercise of the knee extensors of their dominant lower limb (4 × 10 reps at 120% of one Repetition Maximum (1RM)). The maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), rate of force development (RFD), force steadiness of the knee extensors, as well as knee joint position sense and mediolateral (MLI) and anteroposterior stability (API) of the dominant lower limb, were measured pre-, immediately, and 24 h after the eccentric exercise. The EMG amplitude of the vastus medialis (VM) and biceps femoris (BF) were concomitantly evaluated. MVC decreased by 17.9% immediately after exercise (P < 0.001) and remained reduced by 13.6% 24 h following exercise (P < 0.001). Maximum RFD decreased by 20.4% immediately after exercise (P < 0.001) and remained reduced by 15.5% at 24 h (P < 0.001). During the MVC, EMG amplitude of the VM increased immediately after exercise while decreasing during the RFD task. Both values returned to baseline 24 h after exercise. Compared to baseline, force steadiness during submaximal isometric tasks reduced immediately after exercise, and it was accompanied by an increase in the EMG amplitude of the VM. MLI and knee joint position sense were impaired immediately after isotonic eccentric exercise (P < 0.05). While MLI returned to baseline values 24 h later, the absolute error in the knee repositioning task did not. Impairments in force production tasks, particularly during fast contractions and in the knee joint position sense, persisted 24 h after maximal isotonic eccentric training, revealing that neuromuscular functional outputs were affected by muscle fatigue and muscle damage. Conversely, force fluctuation and stability during the balance tasks were only affected by muscle fatigue since fully recovered was observed 24 h following isotonic eccentric exercise.

Effects of physical activity and exercise on Nucleobindin-2 gene expression and Nesfatin-1 concentration: A rapid review.

The aim of this rapid review is to examine the research evidence that presents the effects of physical activity and exercise on Nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) gene expression and Nesfatin-1 concentration. Five databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, and Google Scholar) were searched for eligible studies from the earliest available date to August 2023. In human studies, Nesfatin-1 concentration either remains unchanged or increases after exercise training. It appears that higher exercise intensity and longer duration of training accentuate the increase of blood Nesfatin-1 concentration. The few human studies that have examined the acute response of exercise on Nesfatin-1 concentration from blood draws show conflicting results. There is a severe lack of biopsy studies in humans which warrants attention. All published animal studies have used the mouse model. The majority show that regular exercise training increases tissue NUCB2/Nesfatin-1. In some animal studies, where the effects of exercise on tissue Nesfatin-1 concentration has been seen as significant, there has been no significant effect of exercise on plasma Nesfatin-1 concentration. All animal studies evaluated the effect of endurance training except one which used resistance training. No animal studies have investigated the effects of acute exercise, which warrants investigation. In conclusion, human and animal studies have shown that physical training can increase NUCB2/Nesfatin-1, but research evidence examining the effect of acute exercise is in its infancy. In addition, future comparative studies are needed to compare the effects of different training protocols on NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 in humans and animals.