Effect Of Acid Treatment Research Articles

Conductive particulate films fabricated by electrospray deposition of candle soot suspensions with acid treatment

The electrical properties of carbon-based materials have attracted significant interest due to their wide range of potential applications. This study investigated the effect of nitric acid treatment on the electrical conductivity of candle soot particle films. Electrospray deposition was used to deposit the candle soot dispersion on a solid substrate. The electrical conductivity of the films increased as the concentration of nitric acid increased, with the highest conductivity of 27.65 S cm−1 observed in the film treated with 5 M nitric acid. The increase in conductivity was attributed to the enhancement of interparticle bonding between soot particles after acid treatment. Functional groups such as carboxylic or nitro groups were observed in the films by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy showed a broadening of the D bands, suggesting a defect in the crystalline structure due to the formation of functional groups on the soot structure. These results suggest that nitric acid treatment can be used to improve the electrical conductivity of candle soot particle films.

Synergistic effect of ultrasound and citric acid treatment on functional, structural and storage properties of hog plum (Spondias mombin L) bagasse.

A novel approach in promoting the valorisation of fruit waste as potential bio-ingredients in food applications is gaining research attention in recent times. In the present study, hog plum bagasse (HPB) treated with citric acid alone (0.12 dm3, 99.0% purity) and in synergistic treatment with ultrasound (40 KHz, 400 W, 0.348 W/cm3, 60 min, 80 °C). Treated samples were evaluated for proximate and lignocellulose composition, functional, bioactive, structural, morphology and microbial properties, while the untreated samples served as control. HPB showed varied proximate values with treatment effect. Notably, a significant reduction (42.06%) was observed in fibre content. A similar reduction was observed in the hemicellulose and lignin fraction but improved the yield of the cellulose component. Furthermore, treatment increased bulk density (0.120-0.131 g/cm3), water absorption capacity (5.60-6.35 g/g), swelling power (8.85-9.94 g/g) and solubility index (1.01-2.32%) but reduced oil absorption capacity (7.50-4.15 g/g). All colour parameters were reduced with treatment, while the total phenolic compound and antioxidant capacity of treated bagasse improved by 24.70% and 45.37%. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy alterations were observed in the absorption spectra with treatment, while scanning electron microscopestructure in treated samples showed cavity formation. Also, the microbial population was reduced to a non-detectable level after treatment. Ultrasound-assisted treatment of HPB holds a valorisation potential for its food application by relevant agro-based industries.

Stearic Acid Treatment Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Biomimetic-Deposited Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate Coating on Medical Degradable Magnesium Alloy.

Magnesium (Mg) alloys, a degradable material, have been studied for medical applications due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties. However, their applications are limited by rapid corrosion. In this work, stearic acid and sodium stearate were used to treat the silane-induced calcium phosphate dihydrate coating to improve its protection for the Mg alloy further without changing the bone-like structure of calcium phosphate. The different effects of stearic acid treatment and sodium stearate treatment were compared. Electrochemical test and immersion test results confirmed that the corrosion resistance of the stearic acid-treated composite coating was greatly enhanced with a reduced corrosion current density by 3 orders of magnitude and hydrogen evolution reduced to 1/25 after 14 days. The stearic acid-treated coating also exhibited improved in vitro biocompatibility corroborated by promoted cell viability and better cell morphology.

Effects of Puffing, Acid, and High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatments on Ginsenoside Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Mountain-Cultivated Panax ginseng.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of puffing, acid, and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments on the ginsenoside profile and antioxidant capacity of mountain-cultivated Panax ginseng (MCPG) before and after treatments. Puffing and HHP treatments decreased extraction yield and increased crude saponin content. The combination of puffing and HHP treatment showed significantly higher crude saponin content than each single treatment. Puffing treatment showed the highest ginsenoside conversion compared with HHP and acid treatments. Significant ginsenoside conversion was not observed in HHP treatment but was in acid treatment. When the puffing and acid treatments were combined, Rg3 and compound K content (1.31 mg and 10.25 mg) was significantly higher than that of the control (0.13 mg and 0.16 mg) and acid treatment (0.27 mg and 0.76 mg). No synergistic effect was observed between acid and HHP treatments. In the case of functional properties, the puffing treatment showed a significant increase in TFC (29.6%), TPC (1072%), and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (2132.9%) compared to the control, while acid and HHP combined treatments did not significantly increase; therefore, the synergistic effects of HHP/puffing and acid/puffing treatments were observed in crude saponin content and ginsenoside conversion, respectively. Consequently, puffing combined with acid or HHP treatments may provide new ways to produce high-value-added MCPG with a higher content of Rg3 and compound K or crude saponin compared to untreated MCPG.

Regulatory Effect of Ellagic Acid on Immune Function in Burned Rats.

To investigate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) treatment on immune function in burned rats. First, 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were established as a deep second-degree burn model. They were randomly divided into three groups: Model group, EA 50 mg/kg, and EA 100 mg/kg group. The wound area of rats at 0-7 days was measured and the wound healing rate was calculated. The levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgM in rat serum were evaluated by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to detect the CD4 +/CD8 + T cell ratio, levels of Foxp3 + Treg cells, and CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Treg) cells levels in the peripheral blood of rats. On the fourth to seventh day of the burn, EA treatment could significantly promote the decrease of the wound area and the increase of the wound healing rate in burned rats. Further examination revealed that the levels of inflammatory factors in serum were remarkedly decreased and immunoglobulins levels were increased in the EA group, compared with the Model group. Meanwhile, the levels of CD4 + CD25 + Treg cells and Foxp3+ Treg cells were significantly decreased, whereas the CD4+/CD8 + T cell ratio was observably increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Altogether, EA effectively promotes the wound healing of burned rats by regulating the levels of inflammatory factors, immunoglobulin, and T cells in burned rats, and improves the symptoms of burn immunosuppression.

Effect of acidic treatment on DSSC performance of TiO2 nanostructures

Effect of acidic treatment on DSSC performance of TiO2 nanostructures

옥살산을 이용한 꿀벌 안전성과 꿀벌응애류 방제 효율 평가

This study investigated the safety of oxalic acid (natural acaricide), on honeybee ( Apis mellifera) colonies and its acaricidal effects on honeybee pest mites (Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps mercedesae). To determine the safety and acaricidal effects of oxalic acid, the impacts of oxalic acid was examined using different treatment methods (i) fumigation and (ii) dripping (trickling), and concentrations (0.7, 3, and 6%). For the fumigation, 1 g of oxalic acid was treated inside the beehive, and the experimental groups were divided by blocking the entrance of the beehive for different durations (1, 5, 10, and 15 min.). For the dripping, oxalic acid-sugar solutions with different concentrations (0.7, 3, and 6%) were prepared and applied to the beehive to measure safety and efficacy of oxalic acid. The safety of honeybees with oxalic acid treatment showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups for both the fumigation and dripping methods, and had no significant impact on the honeybee colonies. The acaricidal effect of oxalic acid treatment was higher against V. destructor in all experimental groups compared to the control group in the fumigation method. In the dripping method, only the experimental groups with 3 and 6% concentrations showed significant differences and demonstrated acaricidal effects compared to the control group. For T. mercedesae , the low number of detected individuals resulted in no significant effects. Both treatment methods did not show any significant acaricidal effects on V. destructor and T. mercedesae, which exist inside the capped brood cells.

Effect of acid treatment on the catalytic performance of CuO/Cryptomelane catalyst for CO preferential oxidation in H2-rich streams

The effect of acid treatment on the catalytic performance of CuO/Cryptomelane (CuO/CR) for CO preferential oxidation (CO-PROX) in H2-rich streams has been investigated. The CR supports are synthesized via the sol-gel approach. The hydrochloric acid or water is used to treat the CR support, and the corresponding CuO/CR catalysts are prepared by an initial wet impregnation method. Compared with the pristine CuO/CR and water-treated CuO/CRW catalysts, the acid-treated CuO/CRH exhibits the best catalytic activity with almost 100% of CO conversion at 110 °C, which can be maintained at least 100 h. The characterization results show that acid treatment decreases the K+ content in the CuO/CRH catalyst, which is conducive to the formation of more oxygen vacancies, thereby promoting the reducibility of CuO/CRH. This is the main reason for the high catalytic activity of the acid-treated CuO/CRH catalyst. Moreover, the abundant Brönsted acid sites on CuO/CRH are favorable for the desorption of acidic product CO2, which also could result in the significant promotion of the catalytic activity for CO-PROX. This study sheds a light on the importance of acid treatment for cryptomelane and provides an efficient catalyst for hydrogen purification.

Physicochemical and textural properties of squid (Loligo vulgaris) muscle treated with organic acids

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of organic acid treatments on tenderizing of squid muscle. Squid samples removed head, skin, viscera, and tentacles and cut into square pieces of 4 x4 cm were soaked into the citric and lactic acid solvents (1 and 2%) and kept in a refrigerator (4°C) for 24 h. It was found that organic acid treatments affected the physicochemical properties of squid. While acid application decreased pH values and water holding capacity, its increased cooking loss and free amino acid content. Texture profile parameters and sensory texture scores did not change significantly after acid treatments. The type and concentration of acids were not effective for all parameters except cooking loss.Keywords: Physicochemical; Organic acids; Squid; Texture

Effects of Hypochlorous Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment on Bacterial Disinfection Treatments in Implantoplasty Procedures.

One of the main problems in oral implantology today is peri-implantitis, which affects almost 20% of dental implants placed in patients. One of the most commonly used techniques to eliminate bacterial biofilm is the implantoplasty, that consists of the mechanical modification of the implant surface topography followed by treatments with chemical reagents for decontamination. In this study, the main aim is to evaluate the use of two different chemical treatments based on hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For this purpose, 75 titanium grade 3 discs were treated with implantoplasty according to established protocols. Twenty-five discs were used as controls, 25 were treated with concentrated HClO and 25 were treated with concentrated HClO followed by treatment with 6% H2O2. The roughness of the discs was determined using the interferometric process. Cytotoxicity with SaOs-2 osteoblastic cells was quantified at 24 and 72 h, whereas bacteria proliferation using S. gordonii and S. oralis bacteria was quantified at 5 s and 1 min of treatment. The results showed an increase in the roughness values, the control discs had an Ra of 0.33 μm and those treated with HClO and H2O2 reached 0.68 μm. Cytotoxicity was present at 72 h, together with a significant proliferation of bacteria. These biological and microbiological results can be attributed to the roughness produced by the chemical agents that triggered bacterial adsorption while inhibiting osteoblast adhesion. The results indicate that even if this treatment can decontaminate the titanium surface after implantation, the produced topography will generate an environment that will not favor long-term performance.

The effect of salicylic acid treatments on quality features of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during cold storage

Bu çalışmada son yıllarda ürünlerin hasat sonrası ömrünün uzatılmasında sıklıkla kullanılmaya başlanan salisilik asidin kültür mantarlarında soğukta muhafaza süresince kalite özelliklerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Hasat edilen mantarlar farklı dozlardaki (0, 1, 2 ve 4 mM) salisilik asit çözeltilere 3 dakika süreyle batırılmıştır. 4 °C ve %90-95 oransal nem içeren depoda 15 gün süreyle muhafaza edilen örneklerde 5 gün aralıkla fiziksel ve biyokimyasal kalite analizleri yapılmıştır. 15 günlük muhafaza süresince mantarlarda salisilik asit uygulamalarının kalite özelliklerini koruduğu saptanmıştır. Salisilik asit uygulamaları kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında mantarlarda ağırlık kaybını azaltmıştır. Ayrıca bütün dozlar sertlik, toplam antioksidan aktivite ve titre edilebilir asitlik değerlerinin korunmasında etkili olmuştur. Ancak 2 ve 4 mM salisilik asit uygulanan mantarlarda ilerleyen muhafaza süresi ile birlikte kararma meydana geldiğinden bu dozlar kalite kayıplarına neden olmuştur. Yüksek doz uygulanmış şapkalarda meydana gelen kararmalar nedeniyle 1 mM dozlu salisilik asit uygulamasının kalite özelliklerini korumada daha uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.

The effect of tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) treatment on placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in a rat model of advanced maternal age.

Advanced maternal age (≥35 years) is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. We previously demonstrated poor pregnancy outcomes (reduced fetal body weight), altered vascular function, and increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (phospho-eIF2α and CHOP) in mesenteric arteries from a rat model of advanced maternal age. Further, treatment of aged dams during pregnancy with an ER stress inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) increased fetal body weight (both male and female), tended to improve uterine artery function, and reduced expression of phospho-eIF2α and CHOP in systemic arteries. Placental ER stress has been linked to poor pregnancy outcomes in complicated pregnancies but whether placental ER stress is evident in advanced maternal age is not known. In addition, sex-specific changes in the placental labyrinth and junctional zones from male and female offspring in advanced maternal age have not been investigated. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of TUDCA intervention on placental ER stress. We hypothesize that placental ER stress is increased in a rat model of advanced maternal age that is alleviated by TUDCA intervention for both sexes. Placental ER stress markers (GRP78, phospho-eIF2α, ATF-4, CHOP, ATF-6α, and sXBP-1) were quantified by Western blot in placentas from male and female offspring; the labyrinth and junction zones were analyzed separately. In the placental labyrinth zone from male offspring, only GRP78 (p = 0.007) was increased in aged dams compared to young dams; TUDCA treatment reduced the placental expression of GRP78 in aged dams (p = 0.003). In addition, TUDCA reduced the levels of phospho-eIF2α (p = 0.021), ATF-4 (p = 0.016), and CHOP (p = 0.012) in aged dams but no effect was observed in young TUDCA-treated dams. In the placental labyrinth zone from female offspring, an increased level of phospho-eIF2α (p = 0.005) was observed in aged dams compared to young dams, and TUDCA treatment had no effect in both young and aged groups. In the placental junctional zone from male and female offspring, no changes in the expression of GRP78, phospho-eIF2α, ATF-4, CHOP, and ATF-6α was observed with or without TUDCA treatment in both young and aged groups, however, a reduced expression of sXBP-1 protein was observed in from both male (p = 0.001) and female (p = 0.031) placentas from aged-TUDCA treated dams compared to aged control. In conclusion, our data highlight the complexity and sex-specificity of ER stress responses in advanced maternal age with TUDCA treatment maintaining ER stress proteins to basal levels and improving fetal growth in both male and female offspring.

Application of Chitosan and Citric Acid Coating to Increase The Storage of Marigold Flowers (Tagetes Patula L.)

Marigold is a flower that can be consumed (edible flower) in fresh condition. Marigold flower damage is characterized by withering and changing the color of the petals to brown (browning). Coating treatment combined with citric acid is expected to be one of the solutions to maintain quality and increase the shelf life of Marigold flowers.. This study aims to examine the effect of citric acid treatment and application of coating made from chitosan on changes in the quality of Marigold flowers as fresh edible flowers. The concentrations of chitosan (K) studied were 0.05% and 0.1%; while the concentration of citric acid (A) was 1% and 2%. Citric acid solution is sprayed first. After air dried, the flowers were sprayed with a coating solution and air-dried. All flower samples, both control and treatment, were packaged and stored at 10oC. During storage, respiration rate, moisture content, weight loss and color were measured. Organoleptic test was carried out by 35 panelists with hedonic values 0-5. The best treatment was A2K2 (2% citric acid and 0.1% chitosan) which was still accepted by the panelists (score 3) until the 6th day of storage with a moisture content of 83.04%, weight loss 21.05%, and the value of °hue 79.70°. A2K2 treatment could increase the shelf life of three days longer than the control. Keywords: Chitosan, Citric acid, Coating, Edible flower, Marigold flower.

Physicochemical and textural properties of squid (Loligo vulgaris) muscle treated with organic acids

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of organic acid treatments on tenderizing of squid muscle. Squid samples removed head, skin, viscera, and tentacles and cut into square pieces of 4 x4 cm were soaked into the citric and lactic acid solvents (1 and 2%) and kept in a refrigerator (4°C) for 24 h. It was found that organic acid treatments affected the physicochemical properties of squid. While acid application decreased pH values and water holding capacity, its increased cooking loss and free amino acid content. Texture profile parameters and sensory texture scores did not change significantly after acid treatments. The type and concentration of acids were not effective for all parameters except cooking loss.Keywords: Physicochemical; Organic acids; Squid; Texture

Effect of Acetic Acid and/or Sodium Hydroxide Treatment towards Characters of Wonosari Natural Zeolite for Hydrotreatment of Castor Oil into Biofuel

Natural zeolite (ZA) obtained from Wonosari, Indonesia, was treated with acetic acid (ZAA) or NaOH (ZAB), and the combination of both treatments (ZAAB) in order to increase the Si/Al ratio and catalytic performance on hydrotreatment of castor oil. The Si/Al ratio of ZA increased after the combination of acetic acid and NaOH treatment. The change of the Si/Al ratio was observed in the FTIR spectra as the shifting of internal asymmetric stretching vibration of T−O−T at 1032-1100 cm−1. The XRD profile of ZA was maintained after being subjected to treatments, and ZAB exhibited the lowest crystallinity. The surface area of the ZA after treatment is in the order ZAA < ZA < ZAAB < ZAB. The ZAB catalyst having the highest surface area (19.144 m2 g−1) showed the highest catalytic activity on the hydrotreatment of castor oil with a liquid fraction of 55.1 wt.% and selectivity towards the hydrocarbon compounds of 22.40 wt.%.

Effect of Acid Treatment on the Opening of Catalyst Pores

Research on the effect of acid treatment on the opening of the pore mouths on the surface of the zeolite catalyst has been carried out. The preparation of the zeolite catalyst was carried out through the processes of soaking, calcination, oxidation and reduction. Initially, the zeolite was soaked for 3 hours in distilled water, then drained and crushed until its size passed a 100 mesh sieve, followed by a calcination process with nitrogen for 5 hours. Then proceed with oxidation for 3 hours followed by a reduction process for 2 hours with hydrogen. Furthermore, the catalyst was impregnated with Ni from the salt {Ni.NO3.6(H2O)} After that the catalyst is stored and placed in a desiccator. Then an analysis of the catalyst obtained with AAS was carried out to determine the content of Na, Ca, Fe, Mg and K cations, and the content of Al and Si. Then continued with the analysis of acidity with gravimetric method and continued with analysis with the BET method to determine the specific surface area and pore size distribution. Furthermore, the catalyst is used in the catalytic cracking process at various temperatures

Effect of formic acid treatment on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in sperm whale teeth dentine.

Stable isotope analysis of growth layers in sperm whale teeth dentine can provide valuable insight into individual long-distance displacements and diet. Although treating teeth half-sections with formic acid and rubbing their surface with a graphite pencil improves growth layer visibility and reduces sampling error, previous studies mostly used untreated half-sections as the effect this treatment may have on stable isotope ratios in dentine is unknown. The present study investigates the treatment effect on stable C and N isotope ratios in sperm whale teeth dentine. In the teeth of 30 sperm whales, we analysed and compared samples of powdered dentine obtained from a) untreated half-sections, b) half-sections etched with formic acid and rubbed with a graphite pencil, and c) half-sections etched with formic acid from which the graphite pencil rubbing had been cleansed off. δ13 C and δ15 N values were compared between the three sample groups. We found significant differences in values of both elements between untreated and etched samples, with a mean increase of 0.2% in δ13 C and δ15 N values in the etched samples. No significant differences were found between etched samples with graphite rubbing versus those without it. Significant linear regression models were calculated to predict untreated δ13 C and δ15 N values from the values obtained in the etched half-sections with limited precision. We show for the first time that formic acid etching has a clear effect on δ13 C and δ15 N values in sperm whale teeth dentine. The developed models permit to estimate untreated values from etched half-sections, thus enabling the use of the latter in stable isotope analysis. However, as treatment procedures may vary between studies, it is advisable that similar predictive models are developed case-by-case to ensure comparability of results.

In-vitro assessment of a novel plant rhizobacterium, Citrobacter freundii, for degrading and biocontrol of food mycotoxin deoxynivalenol

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most harmful and well-known toxins present in food and animal feed throughout the world. Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii-ON077584), a novel DON-degrading strain, was isolated from rice root-linked soil samples. The degrading properties, including DON concentrations, incubation pH, incubation temperatures, bacterial concentrations, and acid treatment effect on degradation, were evaluated. At pH 7 and an incubation temperature of 37 °C, C. freundii demonstrated the capability to degrade more than 90% of DON. The degraded products of DON were identified as 3-keto-DON and DOM-1, which were confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography hyphenated with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analyses. The mechanism of DON degradation into 3-keto-DON and DOM-1 by this bacterial strain will be further explored to identify and purify novel degrading enzymes that can be cloned to the microorganism and added to the animal feed to degrade the DON in the digestion tract.

Extraction of Humic Acids from Lignite and Its Use as a Biochar Activator.

Current research focuses on extracting humic acid (HA) compounds from low-rank coals to obtain high value-added products. In this study, HAs with high purity and low heavy metal content were obtained from lignite by combining acid pretreatment with hydrothermal treatment. Scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to analyze raw lignite and HAs. The effects of acid and hydrothermal treatments on the inorganic elements, functional groups, and yield of HAs were examined. The results showed that acid treatment reduced the ash content of lignite from 20 to 9%, and hydrothermal treatment increased the yield of HAs from 36 to 68%. The chemical properties of HAs exhibited an increase in molecular weight and improved aromaticity after acid and hydrothermal treatments. The results of ICP-OES analysis suggested that the combined method of acid and hydrothermal treatments resulted in a significant reduction of heavy metal elements in HAs. FTIR analysis confirmed the results and demonstrated that the extracted HA from nitric acid pretreated and hydrothermal generation of lignite PHA was rich in carboxyl and phenolic functional groups. PHA was applied to biochar as an activator for the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The experimental results showed that PHA was successfully loaded onto biochar and introduced a large number of functional groups, and the adsorption capacity of the modified biochar for Pb2+ was effectively improved.

The Protective Effect of Exogenous Ascorbic Acid on Photosystem Inhibition of Tomato Seedlings Induced by Salt Stress

This study investigated the protective effects of exogenous ascorbic acid (AsA, 0.5 mmol·L-1) treatment on salt-induced photosystem inhibition in tomato seedlings under salt stress (NaCl, 100 mmol·L-1) conditions with and without the AsA inhibitor lycorine. Salt stress reduced the activities of photosystem II (PSII) and PSI. AsA treatment mitigated inhibition of the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), maximal P700 changes (Pm), the effective quantum yields of PSII and I [Y(II) and Y(I)], and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) values under salt stress conditions both with and without lycorine. Moreover, AsA restored the balance of excitation energy between two photosystems (β/α-1) after disruption by salt stress, with or without lycorine. Treatment of the leaves of salt-stressed plants with AsA with or without lycorine increased the proportion of electron flux for photosynthetic carbon reduction [Je(PCR)] while decreasing the O2-dependent alternative electron flux [Ja(O2-dependent)]. AsA with or without lycorine further resulted in increases in the quantum yield of cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI [Y(CEF)] while increasing the expression of antioxidant and AsA-GSH cycle-related genes and elevating the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). Similarly, AsA treatment significantly decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species [superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)] in these plants. Together, these data indicate that AsA can alleviate salt-stress-induced inhibition of PSII and PSI in tomato seedlings by restoring the excitation energy balance between the photosystems, regulating the dissipation of excess light energy by CEF and NPQ, increasing photosynthetic electron flux, and enhancing the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, thereby enabling plants to better tolerate salt stress.