Effectiveness Of Salt Research Articles

What is the Effectiveness of Salt and Pepper in Preventing Rainbow Table Attacks in Modern Password Hashing Algorithms?

Password security remains a critical concern in the digital age, as attackers continuously evolve their techniques to crack password databases. Among the most effective defenses against these threats are salt and pepper, two cryptographic techniques used to enhance password hashing security. Salt introduces unique, random values to each password, ensuring that even identical passwords result in different hashes, while pepper adds a hidden system-wide secret to further complicate attacks. This paper explores how salt and pepper work together to defend against rainbow table attacks, significantly increasing the complexity for attackers attempting to reverse-engineer password hashes. While these techniques provide strong protection, they are not foolproof and must be paired with additional security measures such as key-stretching algorithms and multi-factor authentication (MFA) to offer comprehensive defense. The paper also examines the limitations of salt and pepper and suggests future advancements, such as post-quantum cryptography and passwordless authentication, as potential pathways to further improve password security.

Fungal degradation of bamboo treated with crude lake salt and a mixture of borax and boric acid

This study compared the effectiveness of crude lake salt, a traditional preservative used by artisans in Uganda, and borax-boric acid, a conventional preservative, against fungal degradation. Using the European standard, an experiment was set up to determine the durability of Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Oldeania alpina and Bambusa vulgaris treated with 2 % and 6 % crude lake salt and borax-boric acid against Gloeophyllum trabeum, Coniophora puteana and Trametes versicolor. Mass loss comparisons between treated and untreated bamboo samples were made. Durability classes were assigned according to the amount of mass lost. Bamboo samples exposed to G. trabeum had lower surface hyphal coverage compared to those exposed to C. puteana and T. versicolor irrespective of the preservative used. Samples treated with borax-boric acid were in durability class I compared to those treated with crude lake salt that were between class II and III according to European standard. The lowest mass loss for bamboo treated with crude lake salt was 5.9 % in O. abyssinica exposed to G. trabeum. The highest mass loss for bamboo treated with crude lake salt was 14.24 % in B. vulgaris exposed to T. Versicolor. The study confirmed that while artisans use crude lake salt as a traditional preservative, it does not protect against white and brown rot while all concentrations of borax-boric acid provided protection against all fungi.

Effectiveness and safety of clove oil and common salt in the long-term transport of Cyprinus carpio

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of clove essential oil (CEO) in combination with common salt during the long-term transport (24 h) of Cyprinus carpio. The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, including four levels of CEO (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg L−1) and two levels of common salt (0 and 3 g L−1). Sampling was carried out before, immediately after, and 96 h after transport. CEO alone was not completely safe for C. carpio during transportation, as indicated by the increase in unionized ammonia in water and oxidative stress in fish gills and liver. Although common salt reduced water ammonia and fish stress responses (blood glucose), its use in isolation is not recommended, as it caused oxidative damage to the liver and gills. These effects had not been previously reported in the literature. However, the use of 5 mg L−1 CEO in combination with salt provided the best results both immediately after and 96 h after transport. In gills, there was a reduction in nitric oxide and carbonylated proteins and an increase in catalase activity at 96 h after transport. In the liver, there was a decrease in nitric oxide and oxidative damage (carbonylated proteins and malondialdehyde) immediately after transport, as well as a decrease in nitric oxide and an increase in glutathione-S-transferase activity at 96 h after transport. Thus, combined use of 5 mg L−1 CEO and 3 g L−1 common salt proved to be effective and safe, resulting in better maintenance of water quality (lower ammonia content) and redox status of the gills and liver in C. carpio during long-term transport.

The efficacy of salt treatment for Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenea) infection in Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Salt is widely recommended as a cost-effective and readily available compound against freshwater fish parasites in aquaculture; however, a limited number of studies provide scientific evidence regarding the efficacy of salt use despite its frequent use as an anti-parasitic in fish culture. Dactylogyrus is a severe gill parasite, causing considerable losses in freshwater aquaculture. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-parasitic efficacy of salt against Dactylogyrus extensus in Cyprinus carpio. In vitro, mortality of D. extensus showed time- and concentration-dependent patterns. In vivo, the anti-parasitic effectiveness of salt to D. extensus was assessed at 23.56% after exposure to salt at a concentration of 1.25 g/L for 10 min. Anti-parasitic efficacy of salt in short-term application in carp can be categorised between slight and mild against monogenean, D. extensus.

Fate of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella during Kosher Processing of Fresh Beef

Traditional kosher meat processing involves the following steps after slaughtering: soaking with water to remove blood, salting to help draw out more blood, and rinsing to remove salt. However, the impact of the salt used on foodborne pathogens and beef quality is not well understood. The objectives of the current study were to determine the effectiveness of salt in reducing pathogens in a pure culture model, on surfaces of inoculated fresh beef during kosher processing, and the effect of salt on beef quality. The pure culture studies indicated that the reduction of E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 STEC, and Salmonella increased with increasing salt concentrations. With salt concentrations from 3 to 13%, salt reduced E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 STEC, and Salmonella ranging from 0.49 to 1.61 log CFU/mL. For kosher processing, the water-soaking step did not reduce pathogenic and other bacteria on the surface of fresh beef. Salting and rinsing steps reduced non-O157 STEC, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella ranging from 0.83 to 1.42 log CFU/cm2, and reduced Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and aerobic bacteria by 1.04, 0.95, and 0.70 log CFU/cm2, respectively. The salting process for kosher beef resulted in reducing pathogens on the surface of fresh beef, color changes, increased salt residues, and increased lipid oxidation on the final products.

Effectiveness of salt substitute on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hypertension-related death is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, making blood pressure (BP) control an important issue. Salt substitute is a non-pharmaceutical strategy to improve hypertension control. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt substitute on BP and cardiovascular disease. The authors searched the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases through March 2022, and assessed the risk-of-bias for included studies by the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Twenty-three randomized controlled trials with 32073 patients were included in our systematic review. A meta-analysis with random effects was performed to analyze the effects of salt substitute on systolic and diastolic BP, 24-h urinary sodium and potassium, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. In the random-effects model, participants consuming salt substitute showed significant reduction in systolic BP (mean difference (MD) -4.80mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -6.12 to -3.48, P<0.0001) and diastolic BP (MD -1.48mmHg, 95% CI -2.06 to -0.90, P<0.0001) compared with participants consuming normal salt. In the urine electrolyte analysis, the salt substitute group had significant reduction in 24-h urine sodium (MD -22.96mmol/24-h, P=0.0001) and significant elevation in 24-h urine potassium (MD 14.41mmol/24-h, P< 0.0001). Of the five studies with mortality outcome data, salt substitute significantly reduced all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.88, P=0.0003). In conclusion, our analyses showed that salt substitute has a strong effect on lowering BP and reducing all-cause mortality. By modifying the daily diet with salt substitute, the authors can improve BP control by using this non-pharmaceutical management.

Salting Reduces Mercury Concentrations in Odontocete Muscle Tissue

High mercury (Hg) concentrations in seafood present a major global public health concern, especially in regions heavily dependent upon seafood like the Caribbean. Tissues from predatory fishes and other high trophic-level marine organisms such as odontocetes (toothed whales and dolphins) are often elevated in mercury, owing to biomagnification. We investigated whether salting reduces the total mercury (THg) concentration in muscle tissue from odontocetes (“blackfish”) taken for human consumption in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Muscle from 21 odontocetes was coated in table salt or sea salt and dried for one, three, or seven days, after which the THg concentration in each sample was determined and compared to the THg concentration in the corresponding unsalted control. Every salted sample had a lower THg concentration than the unsalted control (mean decrease = 29.4%). There was no difference in the effectiveness of table salt versus sea salt at reducing the THg concentration. Our results show that, while salting successfully removed Hg, only 11% of samples had a methylmercury (MeHg) concentration below the World Health Organization's 1.0 µg/g wet weight advisory level, indicating that consuming odontocete muscle still poses a risk to human health—though that risk may be reduced by the application of salt during drying. The method that we present here may also be applicable to tissues from other marine species with lower initial THg concentrations and may be effective at rendering those tissues safer for human consumption.

Thermodynamic study of corrosion inhibition of Dioctylsulfosuccinate Sodium Salt as corrosion inhibitor against mild steel in 1 M HCl

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and weight loss studies were performed to determine the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of Dioctylsulfosuccinate Sodium Salt in 1 M HCl against mild steel. The inhibitory effectiveness of Dioctylsulfosuccinate Sodium Salt improves with increasing doses but declines with temperature, reaching 93.32 % at 298 K at 0.67 mM, according to the findings. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was followed by the adsorption mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters such as Kads and ΔG°ads are determined and explained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) verified the development of an inhibitor-adsorbed layer on the mild steel (MS) surface. The findings demonstrated that the investigated inhibitor significantly decreased mild steel corrosion in acid environments.

The SALT and START Triage System for Classifying Patient Acuity Level: A Systematic Review

Background: Two common triage systems have been widely used in mass casualty incidents (MCIs) and disaster situations, namely START (simple triage algorithm and rapid treatment) and SALT (sort, assess, lifesaving, intervention, and treatment/transport). There is currently controversy regarding the effectiveness of SALT over the START triage system.Purpose: This systematic review aims to compare the accuracy of the SALT and START triage systems in disaster and MCI settings.Methods: The literature was searched using a systematic search strategy for articles published from 2009 to 2020 in the Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest databases, and the grey literature. This review included simulation-based and medical record-based studies investigating the accuracy and applicability of the SALT and START triage systems in adult and child populations during MCIs and disasters. All types of studies were included. The PRISMA flowchart was used to retain the articles, and the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used to assess the quality of the reviewed studies.Results: Of 1,450 articles identified in the search, 10 articles were included. It was found that the START triage system had a wide range and inconsistent levels of accuracy (44% to 94.2%) compared to the SALT triage system (70% to 83%). The under-triage error of the START triage system ranged from 2.73% to 20%, which was slightly lower than the SALT triage system (7.6% to 23.3%). The over-triage error of the START triage system (2% to 53%) was slightly higher than the SALT triage system (2% to 22%). However, the time taken to apply START triage system (70 to 72.18 seconds) was faster than for the SALT triage system (78 seconds).Conclusion: The START triage system was simpler and faster than SALT. Conversely, the SALT triage system appeared to be slightly more accurate, more consistent, and had a lower rate of under- and over-triage error than START. It appears that neither the SALT nor the START triage system is superior to the other. Further research is needed to establish the most appropriate disaster and MCI triage system, especially for the Indonesian context.

Coconut Water as One of the Optional Oral Electrolyte Solutions

In an attempt to overcome mild and moderate dehydration, caused by diarrheal diseases with the outlook of reducing its mortality rate, it seems to be very important to find out many varieties of oral electrolyte solutions which are available in the communities.&#x0D; Our study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of salt in half strength of coconut water solution as one of the optional oral electrolyte solutions.&#x0D; Children under five years of age with diarrhea were used as subjects in this study, and were divided into two groups, i.e. the ooconut water group and the oratrolyte group (Kimia Parma).&#x0D; The willingness to drink (acceptability)·, the frequency of diarrhea and vomiting, the severity of dehydration before and after rehydration, and the symptoms and signs of side-effects such as abdominal cramps and hyperkalemia were recorded.&#x0D; From this study it is clear that finely ground salt in half strength of coconut water can be used as an optional oral electrolyte solution with satisfactory results and without any harmful effects.

Effectiveness of table salt versus copper sulphate in treating umbilical granuloma: A pilot randomized controlled trial

BackgroundUmbilical granuloma is a common infantile condition which usually responds to non operative management. Copper sulphate (CuSO4) is often used as chemical cauterization but can cause superficial skin burns. An alternative is table salt (NaCl), which osmotically dehydrates wet granulation tissue causing necrosis. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of NaCl versus CuSO4 in treating umbilical granuloma. MethodWe performed a multi centerrandomized controlled trial involving three regional pediatricsurgical units. We included children who presented with umbilical granuloma from December 2018 to May 2020. Children who received treatment prior to index visit were excluded. They were randomly allocated to receive NaCl (twice/day application for 5 days by caregiver) or CuSO4 (single application by clinician). Demographic data, compliance in the NaCl group by pill counting method, treatment outcomes, and complications were recorded. Treatment success was defined as complete lesion resolution. Partial or no response was considered treatment failure. Subsequent treatment then reverted to the respective center’s routine management. ResultWe recruited 70 participants with 6 dropouts (2 defaulters, 1 vitellointestinal duct, 3 urachal remnants), leaving 64 subjects for final analysis: 31 NaCl, 33 CuSO4. Compliance rate of 77.4% was recorded for NaCl, with 6 (20%) ‘poor compliance’ participants stopping therapy before completion owing to complete resolution. NaCl group had a significantly higher complete resolution rate (90.4%) compared to CuSO4 (69.7%), p = 0.040. No NaCl participant developed complications versus 9% (n = 3) in CuSO4 (periumbilical superficial skin burn). ConclusionTable salt is an ideal treatment choice for umbilical granuloma as it is effective, safe, and readily available. Level of evidenceII.

Clinical effectiveness and safety of salvia miltiorrhiza depside salt combined with aspirin in patients with stable angina pectoris: A multicenter, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSalvia Miltiorrhiza Depside Salt (SMDS) was extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza with high-quality control of active principles. In 2005, China's FDA approved the use of SMDS for stable angina pectoris (SAP), but the evidence of SMDS combined with aspirin remains unclear. PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of SMDS combined with aspirin in patients with SAP. MethodsA multicenter, pragmatic, three-armed parallel group and an individually randomized controlled superiority trial was designed. Participants aged 35 to 75 years old with SAP were recruited from four "Class Ⅲ Grade A" hospitals in China. Participants who were randomized into the SMDS group were treated with SMDS by intravenous drip. Participants in the control group received aspirin enteric-coated tablets (aspirin). Participants who were randomly assigned to the combination group received SMDS combined with aspirin. All participants received standard care from clinicians, without any restrictions. The primary outcome measure was thromboelastography (TEG). Secondary outcome measures included symptom score of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), visual analogue scale (VAS) score of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms, platelet aggregation measured by light transmittance aggregometry (LTA), and fasting blood glucose. Effectiveness evaluation data were collected at baseline and ten days after treatment. Researchers followed up with participants for one month after treatment to determine whether adverse events (AEs) or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) such as bleeding tendency occurred. All statistical calculations were carried out with R 3.5.3 statistical analysis software. ResultsA total of 135 participants completed follow-up data on the primary outcome after ten days of treatment. Participants in the SMDS combined aspirin group had the highest improvement rate of sensitivity in AA% [p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.00–0.00)], from 30.6% before treatment to 81.6% after treatment. Participants with drug resistance (AA% < 20%) in the SMDS combined with aspirin group also had the highest sensitivity rate [p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.00–0.00)] after treatment (accounting for 81.0% of the combination group and 60.7% of the sensitive participants). The improvement of TCM symptoms in participants treated with SMDS combined with aspirin was significantly better than that of the aspirin group [MD = 1.71, 95% CI (0.15–3.27), p = 0.032]. There were no significant differences in other indexes (R, TPI, MA, K, CI, α value) of TEG, SAQ, platelet aggregation and fasting blood glucose among the three groups. No bleeding tendency or ADRs occurred in all participants. ConclusionSMDS combined with aspirin is a clinically effective and safe intervention to treat adults aged 35 and older with SAP. This trial shows that SMDS combined with aspirin can significantly improve the sensitivity rate of AA% in TEG and the VAS score of TCM symptoms. Further large samples and high-quality research are needed to determine if certain participants might benefit more from SMDS combined with aspirin. The study protocol was registered in the Clinical Trials USA registry (registration No. NCT02694848).

Effectiveness of Resistive Vibration Exercise and Whey Protein Supplementation Plus Alkaline Salt on the Skeletal Muscle Proteome Following 21 Days of Bed Rest in Healthy Males.

Muscle atrophy is a deleterious consequence of physical inactivity and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to decipher the mechanisms involved in disuse muscle atrophy in eight healthy men using a 21 day bed rest with a cross-over design (control, with resistive vibration exercise (RVE), or RVE combined with whey protein supplementation and an alkaline salt (NEX)). The main physiological findings show a significant reduction in whole-body fat-free mass (CON -4.1%, RVE -4.3%, NEX -2.7%, p < 0.05), maximal oxygen consumption (CON -20.5%, RVE -6.46%, NEX -7.9%, p < 0.05), and maximal voluntary contraction (CON -15%, RVE -12%, and NEX -9.5%, p < 0.05) and a reduction in mitochondrial enzyme activity (CON -30.7%, RVE -31.3%, NEX -17%, p < 0.05). The benefits of nutrition and exercise countermeasure were evident with an increase in leg lean mass (CON -1.7%, RVE +8.9%, NEX +15%, p < 0.05). Changes to the vastus lateralis muscle proteome were characterized using mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics, the findings of which suggest alterations to cell metabolism, mitochondrial metabolism, protein synthesis, and degradation pathways during bed rest. The observed changes were partially mitigated during RVE, but there were no significant pathway changes during the NEX trial. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD006882. In conclusion, resistive vibration exercise, when combined with whey/alkalizing salt supplementation, could be an effective strategy to prevent skeletal muscle protein changes, muscle atrophy, and insulin sensitivity during medium duration bed rest.

Sodium reduction in butter using microparticulated salt

PurposeExcessive sodium intake is associated with several diseases. Accordingly, several measures, including microparticulate salt, have been adopted to reduce the salt contents of food products. However, no studies have reported the effectiveness of microparticulate salt in semisolid and liquid products. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the application of microparticulate salt to reduce sodium contents in semisolid products.Design/methodology/approachThe optimal salt content to be added in butter was defined by the just-about-right-scale test. Butter samples were prepared using microparticulate salt to achieve 25, 50 and 75 per cent reductions in conventional salt concentrations. Multiple comparison tests were performed to evaluate sample taste.FindingsThe ideal concentration of conventional salt to be added to butter was 2.16 per cent. Discriminative tests showed that samples with 25 and 75 per cent salt reduction showed significant differences (p ⩽ 0.05) compared with butter prepared at the ideal salt content, whereas the sample with 50 per cent salt reduction had no significant difference (p > 0.05). Thus, microparticulate salt showed higher salting power than conventional salt. These results indicated the effectiveness of microparticulate salt in the preparation of semisolid products with sodium reduction.Research limitations/implicationsMore detailed studies about the reduced-sodium butter shelf life are necessary to verify the microparticulate salt application in the product preparation. Moreover, microparticulate salt application in semisolid and liquid products elaboration must be more investigated to better elucidate its practicability of reducing sodium content in these kinds of products. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further.Practical implicationsMicroparticulate salt has been successfully applied to reduce sodium in solid products, being added to the finished product surface. However, there are no studies that report its effectiveness in semisolid and liquid products, such as the butter, in which the salt is added during the product preparation. Thus, this research provides new scientific information to the food industry and research fields, to expand the knowledge of reduced-sodium products development using microparticulate salt with sensory quality.Originality/valueNo studies have evaluated the application of microparticulate salt for semisolid product preparation. Therefore, the findings will support the development of healthy products.

Application of Mobile Health Technologies Aimed at Salt Reduction: Systematic Review.

BackgroundHigh salt consumption has contributed to the rise of noncommunicable diseases around the world. The application of mobile health (mHealth) technologies has witnessed rapid growth in recent years. However, evidence to support mHealth interventions to confront the challenge of salt reduction has not yet been critically reviewed.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify, characterize, and evaluate mHealth interventions aimed at salt reduction across the world.MethodsA systematic search of studies in English or Chinese language published from January 1, 1992 to July 31, 2017 was conducted using 4 English databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Global Health, and Cochrane) and 3 Chinese databases (Wanfang, China Science and Technology Journal, and China National Knowledge of Infrastructure). All studies directly using mobile technologies in health care with a primary or secondary objective of reducing dietary salt consumption were included.ResultsA total of 1609 articles were found using the search strategy, with 11 full articles (8 English and 3 Chinese) being included for data extraction, including 11 interventional studies. Overall, few high-quality interventions were identified. Most interventions were limited by small study population sample sizes, lack of control groups, and short follow-up times, all of which were obstacles in generating long-term scalable approaches. Most interventions employed short message service as a platform for mHealth interventions, whereas some innovative mHealth technologies were also explored. Most interventions had a primary focus of improving awareness of dietary salt consumption. The outcome variables used to measure intervention effectiveness included 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, spot urine sampling, dietary records, and indirect behavior or knowledge indicators targeting salt consumption. Although most interventions displayed positive outcome results, none of them provided reliable evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of salt reduction.ConclusionsSalt reduction in mHealth initiatives remains relatively unexplored; however, studies that did intervene on salt-reduction show the potential of mHealth as an effective intervention method. We provide 3 recommendations for future mHealth interventions in salt reduction—(1) increased use of new, innovative, and interactive mHealth technologies; (2) development of mHealth interventions with primary prevention measures and goals of salt reduction; and (3) large-scale, rigorously designed, and object-targeted clinical trials of mHealth interventions with appropriate quantitative outcome variables, in particular 24-hour urine sodium.

Diamidoamine Salt as the Admixture for Concrete Increasing the Resistance to the Freeze-Thaw Cycle

Concrete freeze-thaw resistance, along with compressive strength, is one of its basic features, which have a significant impact on the durability of structures of buildings and engineering structures. Numerous studies presented in domestic and foreign literature showed that there is a relationship between the concrete mix’s composition and the extent of frost damage. The frost durability of concrete depends on many factors. Therefore, cyclic changes of air temperature in winter conditions (over 100 freeze-thaw event cycles per year are estimated in Poland) must be taken into consideration as soon as in the phase of designing a concrete mix and structural elements. Proper designing of the concrete mix, optimal selecting of proportions and kinds of components, applying of appropriate kinds of additives and admixtures as well as proper maintenance of concrete can protect the investor against serious financial consequences. The paper discussed the influence of sub-zero temperatures effect on cement concretes properties. The requirements that are imposed on designers in terms of concretes resistance to frosts cyclic effect by the currently applicable standards were presented. The paper also presents the results of an original research programme showing the effectiveness of diamidoamine salt as an admixture for concretes that increases their resistance to the freeze-thaw cycle. Within the preliminary tests, the influence of the diamidoamine salt on early and 28-day compressive strength was marked. The air content in fresh concrete, absorbability and water permeability were also specified. The freeze-thaw resistance of concretes with the addition of the diamidoamine salt after 50 freeze-thaw cycles was determined. The conducted preliminary laboratory tests showed that applying the diamidoamine salt causes the decrease in compressive strength. This decrease is proportional to the admixture content. The applied admixture significantly decreases the absorbability, improves waterproofness and freeze-thaw resistance of the concrete.

REDUCING ROAD SALT APPLICATION BY CONSIDERING WINTER MAINTENANCE NEEDS IN PARKING LOT DESIGN

INTRODUCTION Winter snow and ice can have a significant impact on our mobility, whether on foot or by car. Alongside plowing, arguably the greatest tool in combating snow and ice is salt. The most commonly used salt for winter maintenance is Sodium Chloride (NaCl), the same salt used in food and water softeners, is applied to roads, sidewalks, and parking lots as it is an effective deicer when temperatures are between 0°C and −12°C. Studies have shown that deicing with salt reduces accidents by 88% and injuries by 85% (Salt Institute 2017). The effectiveness of road salt, as well as its relative affordability, means that as much as four million tonnes may be applied annually in Canada for deicing (Environment Canada 2012). However, while salt is relatively inexpensive to purchase, there are a number of external costs that are becoming increasingly apparent. These include corrosion of vehicles and infrastructure like concrete, bridges, and water mains; damage and staining to the interior and exterior of bu...

Antimicrobial Activity of Fatty Acid Salts Against Microbial in Koji-Muro

Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae are used as koji fungi in the spot of the brewing. Since koji-muro (room for making koji ) was a low level of airtightness, microbial contamination has long been a concern to the alcoholic beverage production. Therefore, we focused on the fatty acid salt which is the main component of soap. Fatty acid salts have been reported to show some antibacterial and antifungal activity. This study aimed to find the effectiveness of the fatty acid salt in koji-muro. Nine fatty acid salts were tested. The result, C12K was antibacterial effect against B. subtilis . C10K and C12K was antifungal effect against R. oryzae . These results suggest C12K has potential in the field of koji-muro .

Potential alternative to formaldehyde fixatives-A study

Aim : the aim of this study is to find a potential alternative that can be used in place of the regular fixatives . Materials and method : in this study , we will use sodium nitrite as a fixative. 8 samples of the tissue overlying the extracted teeth will be used. Background : fixation is the foundation step behind the study of pathology and essentially exists to prevent the autolysis and degradation of the tissue and tissue components such that they can be observed both anatomically and microscopically following sectioning. A number of fixatives exist, either having being in use for decades, or in the case of formaldehyde over a century, while others have only been created in the last 10 years. The broad objective of tissue fixation is to preserve cells and tissue components in a “life-like state” and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections. Sodium nitrite has been found to inhibit growth of disease-causing microorganisms; give taste and color to the meat; and inhibit lipid oxidation that leads to rancidity. Reason : an innovative method to detect the effectiveness of a new salt like sodium nitrite as a fixative in place of the usual toxic formalin.

Assessing the effectiveness of removing iodized salt on iodine excessive goiter using thyroid volume reference for body surface area

Using the thyroid volume criteria for body surface area (BSA) to assess more precisely the effectiveness of removing iodized salt on the goiter status of children living in areas with excessive iodine in drinking water. Three towns with median water iodine (MWI) of 150-300 µg/L were selected by simple random method in Hengshui city of Hebei province of China in May of 2010. A total of 452 and 459 children in the 3 towns were randomly selected to measure thyroid volume by ultrasound. Iodized salt was removed in July of 2010. In October of 2013, 459 children in these 3 towns were selected by simple random method to measure their thyroid volume by ultrasound again. Their goiter status was judged using the criteria of thyroid volume for BSA recommended by the WHO. After removing iodized salt, the overall BSA specific goiter prevalence in the three towns significantly decreased from 33% (149/452) to 6% (30/459) (χ² = 100.64, P < 0.001). The BSA specific goiter prevalence in 8, 9 and 10 year-old children decreased respectively from 38% (35/92), 31% (59/193) and 33% (55/167) to 6% (10/164), 7% (11/163) and 7% (9/132) (χ² values were 41.35, 31.66, 29.79, P < 0.001). The BSA specific goiter prevalence in boys and girls decreased from 34% (83/244) and 32% (66/208) to 6% (14/225) and 7% (16/234) (χ² values were 55.01, 45.06, P < 0.001) respectively. The BSA specific children's goiter prevalence decreased significantly after removing iodized salt from their diet in the HIA in Hebei province.