Effects Of Resistance Training Research Articles

Effects of Complex-Contrast Versus Traditional Resistance Training on Linear Sprint, Change-of-Direction Speed, Jumps, and Maximal Strength of Physically Active Males

Effects of Complex-Contrast Versus Traditional Resistance Training on Linear Sprint, Change-of-Direction Speed, Jumps, and Maximal Strength of Physically Active Males

Influence of physical exercise on respiratory muscle function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Respiratory function decreases with aging. The literature showed that non-ventilatory specific exercise could have a positive impact on respiratory muscles. A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the effects of non-ventilatory specific exercise on maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in older adults. The included 9 trials investigated the effects of resistance training, yoga, Pilates, physical activity based on walking, and whole-body vibration training. The meta-analysis showed no statistically significant differences in MIP, MEP, and PEF after implementation of a non-ventilatory specific exercise program in older individuals. Between-study heterogeneity was substantial for MIP and MEP outcomes but it was not statistically significant for PEF. Further RCTs will be necessary to determine the effects of physical exercise interventions. PROSPERO registry CRD42023478262.

The effects of resistance training on denervated myofibers, senescent cells, and associated protein markers in middle-aged adults.

Denervated myofibers and senescent cells are hallmarks of skeletal muscle aging. However, sparse research has examined how resistance training affects these outcomes. We investigated the effects of unilateral leg extensor resistance training (2 days/week for 8 weeks) on denervated myofibers, senescent cells, and associated protein markers in apparently healthy middle-aged participants (MA, 55 ± 8 years old, 17 females, 9 males). We obtained dual-leg vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), VL biopsies, and strength assessments before and after training. Fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), satellite cells (Pax7+), denervated myofibers (NCAM+), senescent cells (p16+ or p21+), proteins associated with denervation and senescence, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) proteins were analyzed from biopsy specimens. Leg extensor peak torque increased after training (p < .001), while VL mCSA trended upward (interaction p = .082). No significant changes were observed for Type I/II fCSAs, NCAM+ myofibers, or senescent (p16+ or p21+) cells, albeit satellite cells increased after training (p = .037). While >90% satellite cells were not p16+ or p21+, most p16+ and p21+ cells were Pax7+ (>90% on average). Training altered 13 out of 46 proteins related to muscle-nerve communication (all upregulated, p < .05) and 10 out of 19 proteins related to cellular senescence (9 upregulated, p < .05). Only 1 out of 17 SASP protein increased with training (IGFBP-3, p = .031). In conclusion, resistance training upregulates proteins associated with muscle-nerve communication in MA participants but does not alter NCAM+ myofibers. Moreover, while training increased senescence-related proteins, this coincided with an increase in satellite cells but not alterations in senescent cell content or SASP proteins. These latter findings suggest shorter term resistance training is an unlikely inducer of cellular senescence in apparently healthy middle-aged participants. However, similar study designs are needed in older and diseased populations before definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Effects of combined cognitive and resistance training on physical and cognitive performance and psychosocial well-being of older adults ≥65: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionWith increasing life expectancy of older adult population, maintaining independence and well-being in later years is of paramount importance. This study aims to investigate the impact of three distinct interventions:...

Concurrent Resistance and Cardiorespiratory Training in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Pilot Study.

Background: Exercise training in patients with HCM has evidenced benefits on functional capacity, cardiac function, and a reversion of adverse cardiac remodeling. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a concurrent resistance and cardiorespiratory training program on functional capacity, biochemical parameters, and echocardiographic variables in a pilot group. Methods: Two HCM patients were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of individualized concurrent training with two sessions/week. Pre- and post-training data were compared for each patient. Evaluations included a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), body composition, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and blood analysis. Results: Training promoted an increase in functional capacity (+4 mL·kg-1·min-1), ventilatory thresholds, and other CPET-derived variables associated with a better prognosis and long-term survival. Muscular mass was augmented (0.8 and 1.2 kg), along with a mean increase of 62% in upper and lower body strength. Echocardiographic features demonstrated the maintenance of cardiac function with signs of positive left ventricular remodeling and an improvement in diastolic function. Blood analyses, including cardiac troponins and NT-proBNP, displayed uneven changes in each patient, but the values fell into normal ranges in both cases. Conclusions: The available data suggest a positive effect of concurrent resistance and cardiorespiratory training on patients' functional capacity and cardiac function that may improve their functional class, quality of life, and long-term prognosis. The replication of this protocol in a larger cohort of patients is warranted to confirm these preliminary results.

Can resistance training improve throwing performance in handball players? A Systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThrowing is one of the most important movement in handball. Throwing performance is crucial for success in handball.ObjectiveΤo investigate the level of evidence for the effect of resistance training (RT) on throwing performance in handball players.MethodsSystematic searches of Pubmed, Medline complete, Cinahl, Sport Discus and Scopus were undertaken for peer reviewed articles published between 18 March 1995 to 18 March 2023. Randomized, controlled, clinical studies, written in English, aiming to investigate the effect at least one modality of RT on throwing performance (velocity or/and accuracy) in handball players were considered for inclusion in the study. The eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDRO) scale. The Best Evidence Synthesis (BES) approach was used for synthesizing and reporting the results. Furthermore, the random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis and the Q-statistic was used to test the null hypothesis that all studies in the analysis share a common effect size.ResultsOne hundred ninety-eight studies were identified, of which 30 were included. A total of 727 handball players (males = 388, females = 292) were included. 28 of the 30 studies were rated as high methodological quality studies (PEDRO score > 70%) while the rest of the studies were rated as moderate methodological quality studies (PEDRO score ≤ 60%). The mean effect size for the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) in improving jumping throw, running throw, and standing throw velocity were 1.128 (95% CI 0.457 – 1.798), 1.756 (95% CI 1.111 – 2.400), and 1.098 (95% CI 0.689 – 1.507) correspondingly. Traditional weight training using barbells in mostly compound lifts yielded the most significant and robust results. Other RT modalities such as elastic bands, medicine balls, core training and ballistic training showed no significant results or positive effects due to the limited number of the studies.ConclusionStrong evidence exists only for the effectiveness of RT using barbells in increasing throwing velocity. In contrast, the remaining RT modalities, while yielding positive results, have limited support due to limited number of studies and the high heterogeneity between studies. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence to support various forms of RT in increasing throw distance. Finally, medicine ball training and elastic band training demonstrated no benefits in improving throwing accuracy.Trial registrationPROSPERO ID: CRD42023393574.

Pumping up the Fight against Multiple Sclerosis: The Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Functional Capacity, Muscle Mass, and Axonal Damage.

Resistance training (RT) has been recognized as a beneficial non-pharmacological intervention for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but its impact on neurodegeneration is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity RT on muscle mass, strength, functional capacity, and axonal damage in MS patients. Eleven relapsing-remitting MS patients volunteered in this within-subject counterbalanced intervention study. Serum neurofilament light-chain (NfL) concentration, vastus lateralis thickness (VL), timed up-and-go test (TUG), sit-to-stand test (60STS), and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were measured before and after intervention. Participants performed 18 sessions of high-intensity RT (70-80% 1-RM) over 6 weeks. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed post-intervention for VL (ES = 2.15), TUG (ES = 1.98), 60STS (ES = 1.70), MVIC (ES = 1.78), and NfL (ES = 1.43). Although moderate correlations between changes in VL (R = 0.434), TUG (R = -0.536), and MVIC (R = 0.477) and changes in NfL were observed, only the correlation between VL and MVIC changes was significant (R = 0.684, p = 0.029). A 6-week RT program significantly increased muscle mass, functional capacity, and neuromuscular function while also decreasing serum NfL in MS patients. These results suggest the effectiveness of RT as a non-pharmacological approach to mitigate neurodegeneration while improving functional capacity in MS patients.

The Effects of Resistance Training on Sport-Specific Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

This systematic review examines the influence of resistance training (RT) on the performance outcomes of elite athletes. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search across PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was conducted, considering studies up to November 19, 2023. The inclusion criteria were elite athletes involved in high-level competitions. Studies were categorized by the competitive level among elite athletes, athlete's sex, performance outcomes, and a training modality with subgroup analyses based on these factors. Thirty-five studies involving 777 elite athletes were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed a large and significant overall effect of RT on sport-specific performance (standardized mean difference, SMD = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.66), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 84%). Subgroup analyses revealed differential effects based on the competitive level, the type of sport-specific outcomes, and sex. National elite athletes showed more pronounced (large SMD) benefits from RT compared to international elite athletes (small SMD). Global outcomes revealed a medium but non-significant (p > 0.05) SMD, while local outcomes showed a large SMD. Notably, female athletes exhibited a large SMD, though not reaching statistical significance (p > 0.05), probably due to limited study participants. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were found between heavy and light load RT. Resistance training is effective in improving sport-specific performance in elite athletes, with its effectiveness modulated by the competitive level, the type of the performance outcome, and athlete's sex. The findings underscore the need for personalized RT regimens and further research, particularly in female elite athletes, as well as advanced RT methods for international elite athletes.

Resistance training presents beneficial effects on bone development of adolescents engaged in swimming but not in impact sports: ABCD Growth Study

BackgroundSports practice during adolescence is important to enhance bone development, although it may provide different effects depending on the mechanical impact present in the sport. Besides, resistance training (RT) may also induce bone changes directly (via muscle contractions) and indirectly (via myokines). However, there have been no studies analyzing the longitudinal influence of engaging in sport with and without added mechanical load. Thus, this study aims to analyze the combined effects of sports participation and resistance training on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent athletes participating in swimming and impact sports for 12-months.MethodsThis was a 12-month longitudinal study. The sample comprised 91 adolescents (21 females) aged 10 to 18 years, engaged in impact sports (basketball, tennis, track & field, baseball and gymnastics, n = 66) and non-impact sport (swimming, n = 25). The sample was divided according to resistance training participation: impact sports only (n = 45), impact sports + resistance training (n = 21), swimming-only (n = 17) and swimming + resistance training (n = 8). aBMD and soft tissues were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Generalized linear models analysis was used for the resistance training (RT) x type of sport interaction in predicting aBMD changes overtime, adjusting for maturation, sex and baseline aBMD.ResultsAfter 12-months, all groups showed a significant increase in aBMD, except for the swimming groups (regardless of resistant training), which showed a significant loss in spine aBMD (-0.045 [-0.085 to -0.004] g/cm2 in swimming-only and − 0.047 [-0.073 to -0.021] g/cm2 in swimming + RT). In comparisons between groups, only swimming + RT group, compared with swimming-only group presented higher upper limbs aBMD (0.096 g/cm2 [0.074 to 0.118] in swimming + RT vs. 0.046 [0.032 to 0.060] g/cm2 in swimming only; p < 0.05) and whole body less head (WBLH) aBMD (0.039 [0.024 to 0.054] g/cm2 in swimming + RT vs. 0.017 [0.007 to 0.027] g/cm2 swimming-only; p < 0.05).ConclusionDespite the significant gain in aBMD in all groups and body sites after 12-months, except for the spine site of swimmers, the results indicate that participation in RT seems to improve aBMD accrual in swimmers at the upper limbs and WBLH.

Long-Term Effects of a 6-Week Power-Based Resistance Training and Fast Walking Interval Training Program on Physical Function, Muscle Power, Disability, and Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults

Introduction: Concurrent training has been shown to be a beneficial approach to improve overall health status in older adults. However, little is known about the adaptations of this type of training in the long term (i.e., after cessation of exercise), even less in older people affected by frailty syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed (i) to assess the effects of a 6-week concurrent training program composed of power-oriented resistance training and fast walking interval training on physical function, muscle power, disability in activities of daily living and frailty in pre-frail and frail older people, and (ii) to assess the effects of a 6-month detraining period on these outcomes. Methods: A total of 59 pre-frail and frail older adults (>75 years old; Frailty Phenotype >1) were allocated into intervention (INT; n = 32; 81.8 years; 21 women) or control (CON; n = 27; 82.5 years; 19 women) groups. Primary outcomes of this study were Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), relative sit-to-stand (STS) power, Barthel index, Lawton scale and Frailty Phenotype. Assessments were performed at baseline (PRE), after the concurrent training programme (POST) and after 6 months of follow-up (DET) in both groups. Mixed model repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc tests was used. Results: Immediately after the intervention (∆ = POST-PRE), INT improved SPPB (∆ = 3.0 points; p < 0.001), relative STS power (∆ = 0.87 W·kg−1; p < 0.001) and reduced their frailty levels (∆ = −1.42 criteria; p < 0.001), while no changes were observed in CON. After 6 months of detraining (∆ = DET-PRE), INT showed higher SPPB (∆ = 2.2 points; p < 0.001), higher relative STS power (∆ = 0.73 W·kg−1; p < 0.001) and lower frailty (∆ = −1.24 criteria; p < 0.001) values than those reported at baseline, which were significantly different than those reported by CON. Both, Barthel index and Lawton scale values were not modified during the study in either group. Conclusions: The 6-week concurrent training program improved physical function, muscle power and reduced frailty in pre-frail and frail older people and these improvements were maintained above baseline levels after 6 months of detraining. However, due to the individual variability found, future studies of long-term responders versus non-responders in frail populations are required.

Is there evidence for the asymmetrical transfer of strength to an untrained limb?

PurposeThe literature predominantly addresses cross-education of strength in the dominant limb rather than the non-dominant limb, guided by the hypothesis of an asymmetrical transfer of strength from unilateral training protocols. The purpose of the study was to review the literature and determine how much evidence was available to support this claim. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the magnitude of this hypothesized asymmetrical transfer of strength.MethodsA literature search of all possible records was implemented using Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus from February 2022 to May 2022. Comparison of randomized controlled trials was computed. The change scores and standard deviations of those change scores were extracted for each group. Only three studies met the criteria, from which a total of five effect sizes were extracted and further analyzed.ResultsThe overall effect of resistance training of the dominant limb on strength transfer to the non-dominant limb relative to the effects of resistance training the non-dominant limb on strength transfer to the dominant (non-training) limb was 0.46 (SE 0.42). The analysis from this study resulted in minimal support for the asymmetry hypothesis. Given the small number of studies available, we provide the effect but note that the estimate is unlikely to be stable.ConclusionAlthough it is repeatedly stated that there is an asymmetrical transfer of strength, our results find little support for that claim. This is not to say that it does not exist, but additional research implementing a control group and a direct comparison between limbs is needed to better understand this question.

Study on the effect of elastic band resistance training combined with nano-protective gear on postoperative muscle strength and balance ability

This study explored the effect of elastic band resistance training combined with nano-protective gear on post-operative muscle strength and balance ability in elderly patients with hip fracture. A sample of 100 elderly patients with hip fractures who received treatment at the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics in our hospital from July 2020 to December 2021 were selected for this study. These patients were randomly assigned to either the observation group or the control group, with 50 patients in each group. Rehabilitation exercises were conducted for both groups starting six weeks after surgery. The control group received traditional rehabilitation training, while the observation group engaged in elastic band resistance training combined with nano-protective gear. The study compared the fracture healing time, hospitalization time, and complication rate between the two groups. Additionally, the study assessed the calcaneal bone mineral density, grip strength of both upper limbs, Harris hip joint function, and daily living activity assessment scale (BADL) in both groups at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Furthermore, the balance ability (TUGT), fall efficacy (MSFE) and nursing satisfaction of the two groups of patients were evaluated 6 months after surgery. The hospitalization time and fracture healing time of patients in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group. During follow-up at various time points (3, 6, and 12 months) after discharge, the observation group exhibited significantly higher Harris hip scores, BADL scores, quality of life scores, balance ability (TUGT) scores, and fall efficacy (MSFE) scores compared to the control group. Furthermore, the observation group had a lower incidence of complications and higher nursing satisfaction (92%) compared to the control group (74%). The findings of this study suggest that combining elastic band resistance training with nano-protective gear can improve postoperative muscle strength, balance ability, joint function, alleviate negative emotions, enhance daily living ability, improve quality of life, and increase nursing satisfaction in elderly patients with hip fracture.

Effects of resistance training on sleep quality and disorders among individuals diagnosed with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Sleep disorders are often complained by cancer patients and can last years after the end of therapies, leading to different negative consequences. Non-pharmacological strategies such as exercise interventions may be considered to counteract this phenomenon. The literature supports the beneficial effects of aerobic training (AT), while evidence on resistance training (RT) is scarce. Accordingly, our systematic review aims to investigate the potential novel effect of RT on sleep outcomes in cancer survivors. The literature search was conducted on MEDLINE (Pubmed), Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, including only randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The screening procedure was conducted using the web-based software COVIDENCE. Sleep outcomes assessed through self-reported questionnaires or objective sleep measurements were extracted from RCTs recruiting cancer survivors of any age and gender, on or off treatment. The risk of bias (RoB) for each study was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool for RCTs. Meta-analytic syntheses were performed on sleep quality and insomnia. A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Considering the mean percentage differences of all studies combined, promising positive results were found after combined aerobic and resistance exercise program (COMB) for sleep quality (-19%) and sleep disturbance (-17.3%). The meta-analysis results showed significant improvement for both sleep quality and insomnia (d = 0.28, SE: 0.11, Z = 2.51, p < 0.01, 95% CI: 0.07-0.49 and d = 0.43, SE: 0.20, Z = 2.18, p = 0.029, 95% CI: 0.07-0.49, respectively). RT interventions of 60 minutes per session, performed 2-3 times a week for 12 weeks, with exercise intensity ranging from 60% to 80% of one-repetition maximum can be administered to cancer survivors, aiming to improve sleep outcomes.

Comparing the Effects of Resistance Training and Aerobic Exercise With Low and Moderate Intensities on Working Memory and Selective Attention of Inactive Young Girls

Comparing the Effects of Resistance Training and Aerobic Exercise With Low and Moderate Intensities on Working Memory and Selective Attention of Inactive Young Girls

The Effect of Resistance Training with Outdoor Fitness Equipment on the Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Physical Health of Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study examined the effect of outdoor-fitness-equipment-based resistance training on the health parameters of middle-aged and older adults, as well as analyzing the effect of age on the results found. A total of 149 volunteers were randomly assigned to the training (TG) and control (CG) groups. The TG performed two weekly sessions of resistance training for 8 weeks using outdoor fitness equipment, while the CG continued with their regular daily activities. Body composition was measured using DXA, and the maximal isometric voluntary contraction in knee extension, elbow flexion, and hand grip were assessed, along with the 4 m walk test, the Timed Up and Go Test, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire. The TG showed a significant increase in the lean mass index (p = 0.002) and maximal isometric voluntary contraction in both legs (p < 0.001) and arms (p < 0.001), as well as in physical functioning (p < 0.001) and the role physical dimension (p = 0.006) of the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire, compared to the CG, which showed a decrease in all these variables. In addition, the TG showed a greater decrease in fat mass (p < 0.001), fat mass index (p = 0.003), and the Timed Up and Go Test (p < 0.001) than the CG. Age conditioned the evolution of most of the variables analyzed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, resistance training with outdoor fitness equipment may be useful for improving the health of middle-aged and older adults, although age is a factor that could influence the adaptations found.

Acute Effect of Velocity-Based Resistance Training on Subsequent Endurance Running Performance: Volume and Intensity Relevance

This study aimed to compare the acute effect of four back squat velocity-based training (VBT) protocols in terms of intensity (60% vs. 80% of the one repetition maximum [1RM]) and volume (10% vs. 30% threshold for velocity loss in the set) on the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) estimated from a running track test (RTT) in recreationally trained young adult men and women. Twenty participants (eleven men and nine women) undertook five randomized protocols in separate occasions: (i) RTT alone (control condition); (ii) VBT with 60% 1RM and a 10% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT60–10 + RTT); (iii) VBT with 60% 1RM and a 30% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT60–30 + RTT); (iv) VBT with 80% 1RM and 10% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT80–10 + RTT); (v) VBT with 80% 1RM and 30% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT80–30 + RTT). All VBT protocols involved three sets with three minutes of rest. The MAS was higher for RTT (control) than VBT60–30 + RTT (p &lt; 0.001; Δ = 3.8%), VBT60–10 + RTT (p = 0.006; Δ = 2.8%), VBT80–10 + RTT (p = 0.008; Δ = 2.7%), and VBT80–30 + RTT (p = 0.019; Δ = 1.9%). No protocol × sex interaction was noted (p = 0.422). Therefore, regardless of sex, MAS is acutely impaired after VBT, especially if the training sets are performed with a low relative load and a high velocity loss threshold.

Effect of Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and VO2 Peak in Middle-aged and Older Patients with Heart Failure: A Meta-analysis

Several interventions using resistance training have been attempted for people with heart failure. Still, the overall effectiveness of resistance training in improving muscle strength and peak oxygen uptake based on age remains inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of resistance training on muscle strength and VO2 peak in patients with heart failure based on age. A search was conducted using English articles from 2000 to 2023 to find information on resistance training from Embase, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, PEDro, and Google Scholar. Standardized mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and publication biases were presented by funnel plots and Egger’s test. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme was used to examine the quality of the studies. Results showed that 23 randomized control trial articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, comprising 830 respondents, with 422 in the intervention and 408 in the control group. In the middle-aged subgroup, resistance training had a significant effect on increasing muscle strength in the upper limb and lower limb. Similarly, a significant effect was observed in the older subgroup for the upper limb and lower limb. Resistance training significantly increased VO2 peak in middle-aged and older patients with heart failure. Resistance training was identified as one of the effective ways to improve muscle strength and VO2 peak, and it should be recommended as a part of the rehabilitation for people with heart failure. Additionally, the components of interventions should be considered based on the patient’s age to maximize the exercise programs using resistance training.

Effects of high-intensity and progressive volume resistance training on functional, mental states, and quality of life of people with spinal cord injury

Effects of high-intensity and progressive volume resistance training on functional, mental states, and quality of life of people with spinal cord injury

A Network Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Different Exercise Types in Patients With COPD.

This study aimed to compare and rank the effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training, endurance training, and high-intensity interval training in COPD by network meta-analysis. PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and the Web of Science were searched to identify randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of exercise training on COPD. The search period began on the date of database establishment and ended on April 8, 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved articles, extracted relevant data, and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. Network meta-analysis was performed by using statistical software. This study included a total of 27 studies that involved 1,415 subjects. The network meta-analysis findings indicated that high-intensity interval training was the most-effective intervention for improving 6-min walk distance with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve score of 87.68%. In addition, high-intensity interval training showed the highest efficacy in improving FEV1 with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve score of 73.17%, FEV1/FVC with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve score of 79.52%, and St. George Respiratory Questionnaire score with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve score of 73.88%. Conversely, endurance training was found to be the most effective for ameliorating FVC with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve score of 73.39%. The findings of this study suggest that high-intensity interval training may be more effective than endurance exercise, resistance exercise, and aerobic exercise in improving the 6-min walk distance, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and St. George Respiratory Questionnaire scores in patients with COPD. In addition, endurance training may be better than resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, and high-intensity interval training in improving FVC in patients with COPD. However, due to the limited number of studies conducted on high-intensity interval training, more high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to verify these conclusions.

The Effect of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Body Mass Index Among ‎Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomised Trials

Obesity has become a global health concern among the child and adolescent populations. We performed a systematic review for an indirect comparison of the effectiveness of aerobic exercise (AE) school-based physical activity (SBPA) interventions versus resistance training (RT) SBPA interventions in changing adolescent body mass index (BMI). OVID Medline, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched. All English-language, peer-reviewed randomized control trials (RCTs) that examined SBPA inter- ventions and objectively measured BMI as an outcome in adolescents aged 10-18 were eligible for inclusion. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Of the 355 records identified, 10 met the eligibility criteria and 5 were included in the best evidence synthesis (BES). Five studies had a high risk of bias, two had some concerns and three had a low risk of bias. In the BES, this study found that both types of interventions reported either decreases or maintenance in BMI. However, due to the limited number of included studies, this review was unable to conduct an indirect comparison of the effects of AE and RT on changes in BMI. This finding could be beneficial in the planning of strategies to address overweight and obesity in adolescents. Further RCTs with a low risk of bias are required to compare the effects of AE and RT SBPA on BMI in adolescents.