Effects Of Progressive Resistance Training Research Articles

Effect of Progressive Resistance Exercise Training on Hepatic Fat in Asian Indians with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance and lifestyle measures form the cornerstone of therapy. Objective: To study the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on hepatic fat Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(1): 114-124, 2014 115 content, body composition and insulin sensitivity in patients with NAFLD. Methods: This study included 24 adult patients with NAFLD diagnosed on ultrasonography. Subjects with alcohol intake >140 gm/week and any secondary cause of fatty liver were excluded. Patients underwent thrice weekly sessions (40 minutes each) of resistance exercises including flexion at biceps, triceps, and hip flexion, knee extension and heel rise for 12 weeks. Preand post-intervention evaluation included anthropometry, BIA analysis, short insulin tolerance test (SITT), lipid profile and hepatic fat quantification by MRI. Results: Twenty four patients (17 males, 7 females, mean age 39.8±10.5 yrs) completed the study protocol with 78.7% compliance to PRT protocol. There was significant decrease in waist, hip and mid-thigh circumferences and skinfold thicknesses at biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac regions (p<0.05), with no significant change in BMI and WHR. Insulin sensitivity improved significantly at 12 weeks as indicated by increase in k-value (rate of change of glucose) on SITT (0.84 vs 1.3, p=0.002). A decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-c with increase in HDL-c was noted after 12 weeks (p<0.05). Hepatic fat content also decreased at 12 weeks (22.3±3.9 vs 21.4±4.0 %, p=0.01). Conclusion: Moderate intensity PRT is associated with significant improvement in hepatic fat, truncal subcutaneous fat and insulin sensitivity in patients with NAFLD.

Progressive resistance training rebuilds lean body mass in head and neck cancer patients after radiotherapy – Results from the randomized DAHANCA 25B trial

PurposeThe critical weight loss observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients following radiotherapy is mainly due to loss of lean body mass. This is associated with decreases in muscle strength, functional performance and Quality of Life (QoL). The present study investigated the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on lean body mass, muscle strength and functional performance in HNSCC patients following radiotherapy. Patients and methodsFollowing radiotherapy HNSCC patients were randomized into two groups: Early Exercise (EE, n=20) initiated 12weeks of PRT followed by 12weeks of self-chosen physical activity. Delayed Exercise (DE, n=21) initiated 12weeks of self-chosen physical activity followed by 12weeks of PRT. Lean body mass, muscle strength, functional performance and QoL were evaluated at baseline and after week 12 and 24. ResultsIn the first 12weeks lean body mass increased by 4.3% in EE after PRT and in the last 12weeks by 4.2% in DE after PRT. These increases were significantly larger than the changes after self-chosen physical activity (p⩽0.005). Regardless of PRT start-up time, the odds ratio of increasing lean body mass by more than 4% after PRT was 6.26 (p<0.05). PRT significantly increased muscle strength, whereas functional performance increased significantly more than after self-chosen physical activity only after delayed onset of PRT. Overall QoL improved significantly more in EE than DE from baseline to week 12. ConclusionPRT effectively increased lean body mass and muscle strength in HNSCC patients following radiotherapy, irrespectively of early or delayed start-up.

Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of progressive resistance training compared to progressive muscle relaxation in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: the BEST study

BackgroundCancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common and distressing side effects of cancer and its treatment. During and after radiotherapy breast cancer patients often suffer from CRF which frequently impairs quality of life (QoL). Despite the high prevalence of CRF in breast cancer patients and the severe impact on the physical and emotional well-being, effective treatment methods are scarce.Physical activity for breast cancer patients has been reported to decrease fatigue, to improve emotional well-being and to increase physical strength. The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of CRF and the molecular-biologic changes induced by exercise, however, are poorly understood.In the BEST trial we aim to assess the effects of resistance training on fatigue, QoL and physical fitness as well as on molecular, immunological and inflammatory changes in breast cancer patients during adjuvant radiotherapy.Methods/designThe BEST study is a prospective randomized, controlled intervention trial investigating the effects of a 12-week supervised progressive resistance training compared to a 12-week supervised muscle relaxation training in 160 patients with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. To determine the effect of exercise itself beyond potential psychosocial group effects, patients in the control group perform a group-based progressive muscle relaxation training. Main inclusion criterion is histologically confirmed breast cancer stage I-III after lumpectomy or mastectomy with indication for adjuvant radiotherapy. Main exclusion criteria are acute infectious diseases, severe neurological, musculosceletal or cardiorespiratory disorders. The primary endpoint is cancer-related fatigue; secondary endpoints include immunological and inflammatory parameters analyzed in peripheral blood, saliva and urine. In addition, QoL, depression, physical performance and cognitive capacity will be assessed.DiscussionThe BEST study is the first randomized controlled trial comparing progressive resistance training with muscle relaxation training in breast cancer patients during adjuvant radiotherapy. Based on the analysis of physiological, immunological and inflammatory parameters it will contribute to a better understanding of the physiological and psychosocial effects and the biological mechanisms of resistance training. The ultimate goal is the implementation of optimized intervention programs to reduce fatigue, improve quality of life and potentially the prognosis after breast cancer.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01468766

Effects of Progressive Resistance Training Integrated with Foot and Ankle Compression on Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters of Individuals with Stroke

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) integrated with foot and ankle compression on the gait ability of post-stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Participants were randomly allocated to two groups: the PRT group (n=14) and the control group (n=14). Subjects in the PRT group received training for 30 minutes, five days per week, for a period of six weeks. Gait ability was evaluated using the RsScan system. [Results] Use of PRT integrated with foot and ankle compression resulted in significant improvements in temporal parameters (gait velocity, step time, and double limb support) and spatial parameters (step length, stride length, and heel-to- heel base of support). [Conclusion] Progressive resistance training integrated with foot and ankle compression improved the gait ability of stroke patients. These results suggest the feasibility and suitability of integration of PRT with foot and ankle compression for individuals with stroke.

Can progressive resistance training twice a week improve mobility, muscle strength, and quality of life in very elderly nursing-home residents with impaired mobility? A pilot study

PurposeTo determine the effects of progressive resistance training on mobility, muscle strength, and quality of life in nursing-home residents with impaired mobility.MethodsNursing-home residents aged 77 years and older with impaired mobility were recruited in Berlin, Germany. The eight-week exercise program consisted of progressive resistance training twice a week. Mobility (primary outcome) was assessed with the Elderly Mobility Scale (zero = worst, 20 = best) at baseline and after 8 weeks. Muscle strength (secondary outcome) was determined by the eight-repetition maximum. The Short Form-36 Health Survey was used to assess quality of life.ResultsOf the 15 participants (mean age 84 years, range 77–97 years), ten completed the 8-week program. Mobility (Elderly Mobility Scale mean ± standard deviation pre 14.1 ± 3.2 and post 17.5 ± 3.6; P = 0.005) as well as muscle strength of upper and lower limbs improved (from 62% at chest press up to 108% at leg extension machine), whereas most quality of life subscales did not show considerable change.ConclusionResistance training twice a week over 2 months seemed to considerably improve mobility and muscle strength in persons aged 77–97 years with impaired mobility.

The Effect of Progressive Resistance Training on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Erythrocytes in Untrained Men

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of progressive resistance-training (PRT) on plasma oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in erythrocytes. Twenty male volunteers were randomly assigned to 2 groups: PRT and control. Blood samples were collected before and after 8 wk of PRT and analyzed for enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes, plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde concentration (MDA, an index of lipid per oxida- tion in plasma). Resistance training commenced with 8 exercises on nonconsecutive days for 8 wk at 50% of estimated 1-repetition maximum (E1RM) and reached 80% E1RM by Week 8. The results showed that PRT significantly increased erythrocyte SOD activity (1,323 ± 212.52 vs. 1,449.9 ± 173.8 U/g Hb, p = .014). Plasma concentration of MDA also decreased (5.39 ± 1.7 vs. 3.67.4 ± 0.7 nmol/ml, p = .030), although TAC (1.42 ± 0.21 vs. 1.61 ± 0.19 mmol/L, p = .1530) and GPx (39.87 ± 11.5 vs. 48.18 ± 14.48 U/g Hb, p = .883) activity did not undergo any considerable changes. Based on these data, the authors conclude that an 8-wk program of PRT strengthens the defensive system of erythrocytes against free-radical damage and therefore can be applied as a useful approach to alleviate oxidative stress.

Effects of progressive resistance training on physical disability among older community-dwelling people with history of hip fracture

Hip fracture is a common trauma in older people, and often leads to decreased muscle strength and increased physical disability. This randomized controlled trial examined whether three months of progressive resistance training (PRT) can reduce physical disability among older people with a history of hip fracture. A population-based sample of 60-85-year-old community- dwelling persons, with hip fractures sustained on average three years earlier, were enrolled in the study. Of 78 people participating in laboratory assessments, those without contraindications for participation in resistance training were randomly assigned to a training group (TG, n=22) or a control group (CG, n=21). TG took part in resistance training for three months twice a week. Training focused on lower limb muscles. Disability was assessed by a validated questionnaire containing six questions on activities of daily living (ADL) and nine on instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). A sum score was calculated separately for both items. High scores indicated more difficulties. Group differences were analysed with the Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. The effects of PRT on disability were tested with the McNemar test and by covariance analysis (ANCOVA). TG and CG were comparable with respect to gender, age, chronic diseases, BMI, time since fracture, self-reported health, and level of physical activity at baseline. The ADL sum score in TG was 1.8 (2.0) at baseline and 1.1 (1.3) after follow-up; in CG values were 1.7 (1.8) and 1.5 (1.8) (ANCOVA p=0.034). IADL sum scores in TG were 3.9 (4.6) at baseline and 2.2 (3.8) after follow-up, and in CG 3.4 (3.6) and 2.4 (2.3) (ANCOVA p=0.529). Progressive resistance training reduced self-reported difficulties in ADL, even several years after fracture. More research is still needed on how to prevent physical disability among community-dwelling older people, especially after hip fracture.

Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life of Patients on Hemodialysis

To investigate the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on body composition, physical fitness, quality of life, lipid and nutritional profile of patients on hemodialysis (HD). A non equivalent comparison group pretest and posttest design study was used with 40 participants who were randomly assigned to the exercise group (20 participants) and the comparison group (20 participants). The exercise group received PRT for 30 minutes per session, 3 sessions a week, for 12 weeks, while the comparison group received usual care. The PRT consisted of upper and lower body exercises using elastic bands and sandbags. Outcome measures evaluated were: body composition, physical fitness, quality of life, and lipid profile. Skeletal muscle mass, grip, leg muscle strength, and quality of life all improved significantly in the exercise group. Body fat rate, total cholesterol and triglyceride rate decreased significantly in the exercise group. These results suggest that PRT improves body composition, physical fitness, quality of life, and lipid profile of patients on HD. PRT using elastic bands and sandbags can be utilized as part of a regular care plan for these patients.

The Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on the Strength of Individuals Older than 80 Years of Age

The Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on the Strength of Individuals Older than 80 Years of Age

Progressive resistance training did not improve walking but can improve muscle performance, quality of life and fatigue in adults with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Few high-quality trials have examined the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) on people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To determine the effectiveness of PRT for people with MS, focusing on improving the gait deficits common in this population. Methods: Using a single blind randomized controlled trial, people with relapsing–remitting MS were randomly allocated to either a PRT program targeting the lower limb muscles twice a week for 10 weeks (n = 36), or usual care plus an attention and social program conducted once a week for 10 weeks (n = 35). Outcomes were recorded at baseline, week 10 and week 22. Results: Participants attended 92% of training sessions, with no serious adverse events. At 10 weeks, no differences were detected in walking performance. However, compared with the comparison group PRT demonstrated increased leg press strength (16.8%, SD 4.5), increased reverse leg press strength (29.8%, SD 12.7), and increased muscle endurance of the reverse leg press (38.7%, SD 32.8). Improvements in favor of PRT were also found for physical fatigue (Mean difference −3.9 units, 95%CI −6.6 to −1.3), and the physical health domain of quality of life (Mean difference 1.5 units, 95%CI 0.1 to 2.9). At week 22 almost no between-group differences remained. Conclusion: PRT is a relatively safe intervention that can have short-term effects on reducing physical fatigue, increasing muscle endurance and can lead to small improvements in muscle strength and quality of life in people with relapsing–remitting MS. However, no improvements in walking performance were observed and benefits do not appear to persist if training is completely stopped.

Resistance training and changes to plasma lipoproteins in postmenopausal women

Objectives. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of progressive resistance training on the blood lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Methods. Twenty-six female participants aged 50 - 75 years were selected from the population of Grahamstown, South Africa. All participants were previously sedentary and possessed at least one lipid profile abnormality but were otherwise healthy. Pretests included a sub-maximal stress test, stature, mass, central and limb girths as well as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a total blood lipid profile. Participants took part in a 24-week progressive resistance training programme, consisting of three supervised sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes. Participants were not permitted to lose more than 10% of initial body mass during the 24-week study. All pre-test measures, excluding the stress test and the OGTT, were repeated every 4 weeks for the duration of the study. Results. Body mass, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio did not change. Girth measures at mid-humerus, chest, waist, hip, mid-quadricep and mid-gastrocnemius all decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05). LDL-cholesterol increased significantly over the course of 24 weeks (3.61 mmol.l-1 to 4.07 mmol.l-1), as did total cholesterol (5.81 mmol.l-1- 6.24 mmol.l-1). Triglyceride concentration remained unchanged and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly between the pre-test measure (1.55 mmol.l-1) and the measure after 6 months (1.42 mmol.l-1). Conclusion. The blood lipid profile in a sample of postmenopausal women was not positively affected by a progressive resistance training programme over a 24-week period.

Inflammatory cytokine responses to progressive resistance training and supplementation with fortified milk in men aged 50+ years: an 18-month randomized controlled trial

We examined the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) and supplementation with calcium-vitamin D(3) fortified milk on markers of systemic inflammation, and the relationship between inflammation and changes in muscle mass, size and strength. Healthy men aged 50-79 years (n = 180) participated in this 18-month randomized controlled trial that comprised a factorial 2 × 2 design. Participants were randomized to (1) PRT + fortified milk supplement, (2) PRT, (3) fortified milk supplement, or (4) a control group. Participants assigned to PRT trained 3 days per week, while those in the supplement groups consumed 400 ml day(-1) of milk containing 1,000 mg calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D(3). We collected venous blood samples at baseline, 12 and 18 months to measure the serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP. There were no exercise × supplement interactions, but serum IL-6 was 29% lower (95% CI, -62, 0) in the PRT group compared with the control group after 12 months. Conversely, IL-6 was 31% higher (95% CI, -2, 65) in the supplement group compared with the non-supplemented groups after 12 and 18 months. These between-group differences did not persist after adjusting for changes in fat mass. In the PRT group, mid-tibia muscle cross-sectional area increased less in men with higher pre-training inflammation compared with those men with lower inflammation (net difference ~2.5%, p < 0.05). In conclusion, serum IL-6 concentration decreased following PRT, whereas it increased after supplementation with fortified milk concomitant with changes in fat mass. Furthermore, low-grade inflammation at baseline restricted muscle hypertrophy following PRT.

Exercise: necessary but not sufficient for improving function and preventing disability?

Several recent clinical trials and systematic reviews have examined functional outcomes of exercise programs in two populations: older adults and adults with knee arthritis. We synthesize recent clinical trials and systematic reviews to examine whether the links between exercise and functional outcomes are better understood than they were a decade ago. Systematic reviews and current clinical trials reveal a modest beneficial effect of progressive resistance training (strengthening programs) and aerobic programs on strength, pain, and function in both populations. Few randomized controlled trials have investigated disability-level outcomes, and of those that do examine disability outcomes, the majority of studies have not shown a beneficial effect. Current and recent evidence shows little to no impact of exercise on the prevention of disability. Exercise programs may need to be changed if the desire is to prevent or minimize disability. Alternatively, different strategies need to be developed to address disability more directly.

The effect of progressive resistance training on leg strength, aerobic capacity and functional tasks of daily living in persons with Down syndrome

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of progressive resistance training on leg strength, aerobic capacity and physical function in persons with Down syndrome (DS).Method. Thirty persons with DS (age 28 SD 8 years) were assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention group performed resistance training 2 days per week for 10 weeks. Participants performed tests to measure isometric and isokinetic knee extensor and flexor peak torque, peak aerobic capacity and timed performance on chair rise, walking and stair ascent and descent.Result. Persons with DS receiving the intervention significantly increased their isokinetic knee extensor and flexor peak torque [[Absolute change (post minus pre-value) was 17.0 SD 29.6 and 12.6 SD 18.9 N m, respectively]] and isometric knee extensor peak torque at angles of 45° (2.9 SD 23.2 N m), 60° (3.0 SD 22.9 N m) and 75° (14.2 SD 30.0 N m). These changes were significantly greater than in the control group. In addition, the time to ascend (−0.3 SD 0.8 s) and descend (−0.6 SD 0.9 s) stairs significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group.Conclusion. These findings show that progressive resistance training is an effective intervention for persons with DS to improve leg strength and stair-climbing ability.

Dose-Response Relationship of Resistance Training in Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship of resistance training (RT) to improve strength and function in older adults. A systematic literature search was performed in relevant databases and study reference lists to identify randomized controlled trials. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of different doses of strength training in older people (65 yr and older) on strength and functional outcomes were eligible. Two independent reviewers decided on study inclusion, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for relevant outcomes and pooled using a random-effects model. Twenty-nine trials with a total of 1313 subjects (mean age = 65-81 yr) are summarized in this review. Trials comparing different training intensities show strong effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) on maximal strength in a dose-dependent manner, with high-intensity (HI) PRT being more effective compared with moderate (MI)- and low-intensity (LI) PRT (SMD [HI vs LI] = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.21-1.55; SMD [HI vs MI] = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.22-1.03). PRT was also successful for improving functional outcomes, but gains were independent of training intensity. Power training (PT) was more effective for improving muscle power (SMD [PT vs PRT] = 1.66, 95% CI = 0.08-3.24) and functional outcomes than PRT. There was only little information available on training volume and frequency. Higher training intensities are superior to lower intensities for improving maximal strength but not necessarily for functional performance of older adults. PT has shown to be a particularly effective method for enhancing muscle power and functional performance. More research is necessary to identify the effect of different training volumes and frequencies and the dose-response relationship for very old and frail populations.

A study protocol of a randomised controlled trial to investigate if a community based strength training programme improves work task performance in young adults with Down syndrome

BackgroundMuscle strength is important for young people with Down syndrome as they make the transition to adulthood, because their workplace activities typically emphasise physical rather than cognitive skills. Muscle strength is reduced up to 50% in people with Down syndrome compared to their peers without disability. Progressive resistance training improves muscle strength and endurance in people with Down syndrome. However, there is no evidence on whether it has an effect on work task performance or physical activity levels. The aim of this study is to investigate if a student-led community-based progressive resistance training programme can improve these outcomes in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome.MethodsA randomised controlled trial will compare progressive resistance training with a control group undertaking a social programme. Seventy adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome aged 14-22 years and mild to moderate intellectual disability will be randomly allocated to the intervention or control group using a concealed method. The intervention group will complete a 10-week, twice a week, student-led progressive resistance training programme at a local community gymnasium. The student mentors will be undergraduate physiotherapy students. The control group will complete an arts/social programme with a student mentor once a week for 90 minutes also for 10 weeks to control for the social aspect of the intervention. Work task performance (box stacking, pail carry), muscle strength (1 repetition maximum for chest and leg press) and physical activity (frequency, duration, intensity over 7-days) will be assessed at baseline (Week 0), following the intervention (Week 11), and at 3 months post intervention (Week 24) by an assessor blind to group allocation. Data will be analysed using ANCOVA with baseline measures as covariates.DiscussionThis paper outlines the study protocol for a randomised controlled trial on the effects of progressive resistance training on work task performance and physical activity for adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. The intervention addresses the impairment of muscle weakness which may improve work task performance and help to increase physical activity levels.Clinical trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12609000938202

Effect of Progressive Resistance Training on Muscle Performance after Chronic Stroke

This study investigated the effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) and high-intensity cycling (cycling) on muscle performance and the time course of strength gains in a chronic stroke population. Forty-eight individuals with chronic stroke sequelae (mean +/- SD; age = 63 +/- 9 yr, time since stroke = 57 +/- 54 months) were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: PRT + cycling, PRT + sham cycling, sham PRT + cycling, or sham PRT + sham cycling groups in a fully factorial clinical trial. Thirty exercise sessions were conducted over a 10- to 12-wk period. The main outcomes investigated were measures of unilateral muscle strength, peak power, and muscle endurance. Those undergoing PRT improved their lower limb muscle strength, peak power, and endurance compared with participants receiving sham PRT or cycling only (P < 0.05), and combined exercise was not superior to PRT alone. Strength improvements occurred primarily during the first 6 to 8 wk (98%-100% of total gain) and then reached a plateau during the final 2 to 4 wk. We have shown for the first time in a direct comparison study that high-intensity PRT, but not cycling or sham exercise, can improve muscle strength, peak power, and muscle endurance in both affected and unaffected lower limbs after chronic stroke by a significant and clinically meaningful amount. Although strength gains plateaued earlier than anticipated, adherence to the intended continuous high-intensity progressive overload protocol was largely achieved (average load of 84% +/- 4% of one repetition maximum).

Effects Of Progressive Resistance Training On Sarcopenic Outcomes: Inferences From A Systematic Review.

Effects Of Progressive Resistance Training On Sarcopenic Outcomes: Inferences From A Systematic Review.

Exercise And Type 2 Diabetes And Metabolic Syndrome

PURPOSE: To review and quantify the effects of different modes of exercise training on measures of glucose control, body composition, and disease-related complications in individuals with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The online databases PUBMED, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and SCOPUS were searched for RCTs exploring the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT), aerobic exercise, or combined aerobic and PRT in adult type 2 diabetic or metabolic syndrome populations. Studies involving a mixed diet and exercise approach were included if the exercise component of the intervention could be quantified in terms of frequency, intensity, and duration. Selected studies were assessed for methodological quality using a modified version of the Downs and Black Checklist, and ranked according to levels of evidence. Statistical analyses and meta-analyses were conducted where feasible. RESULTS: An initial literature search conditionally identified 30 RCTs for inclusion. Results are presented separately for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetic populations. Preliminary data suggest that both forms of exercise, in combination as well as alone, have beneficial effects on diabetic outcomes. There is limited data upon which to formulate conclusions regarding the efficacy of exercise on study outcomes in individuals with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of consistency among studies in the classification system used to identify participants with metabolic syndrome. This may partially explain the limited amount of studies upon which to formulate conclusions in the metabolic syndrome population. The area of exercise in type 2 diabetes is much better developed, with several new RCTs conducted since the last major review of this topic. Evidence-based conclusions regarding a dose-response relationship between exercise and study outcomes are forthcoming.

Impact Of Progressive Resistance Training On Lipids And Lipoproteins In Adults

Previous randomized controlled trials have yielded conflicting results regarding the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) on lipids and lipoproteins in adults. PURPOSE: Use the meta-analytic approach to examine the effects of PRT on lipids and lipoproteins in adult humans. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials > 4 weeks dealing with the effects of PRT on lipids and lipoproteins in adult humans > 18 years of age and published between January 1, 1955 and July 12, 2007 were included. Primary outcomes included total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). A random-effects model was used for analysis with data reported as means and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies representing 1329 men and women (676 exercise, 653 control) were included. Statistically significant improvements were found for TC (-5.5 mg/dl, -9.4 to -1.6), TC/HDL-C (-0.5, -0.9 to -0.2), non-HDL-C (-8.7 mg/dl, -14.1 to -3.3), LDL-C (-6.1 mg/dl, -11.2 to -1.0) and TG (-8.1 mg/dl, -14.5 to -1.8) but not HDL-C (0.7 mg/dl, -1.2 to 2.6). Changes were equivalent to -2.7%, 1.4%, -11.6%, -5.6%, -4.6%, and -6.4%, respectively, for TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG. CONCLUSION: Progressive resistance training reduces TC, TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C and TG in adults. Supported by Grant-in-aid #0755207B from the American Heart Association.