Effect Of Plant Essential Oils Research Articles

Inhibitory effect of plant essential oils on controlling Alternaria species

The use of natural products in the control of fungal diseases in plants is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicides due to their less negative effects on the environment. In this study, in vitro inhibitory effect of plant essential oils (PEOs) of black cumin, cumin, chamomile, cedarwood, and ginger were investigated for controlling two species of Alternaria, including Alternari solani and Alternaria alternata on tomato and cabbage under in vitro conditions, respectively. Aiming to evaluate the mycelial growth of the pathogen, mycelial discs were placed in Petri plates with 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 μL/L of PEOs. The experiment was carried out in a randomized plot design with three replications. Chemical analysis of PEO components were determined by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry methods. A total of 69 chemical compounds were determined in five different PEOs. As the main chemical compounds, Cuminaldehyde was detected in cumin PEO, Sesquithujene was found in ginger PEO, and Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) was determined in black cumin, chamomile, and cedarwood PEOs. All five PEOs were found to inhibit the growth of Alternaria species in a dose-dependent manner, whereas cumin EO was determined more inhibitory effect against A. solani and A. alternata. Cumin PEO showed the highest effect against Alternaria species because it contains a Cuminaldehyde chemical compound. The lowest inhibition percentage was found in chamomile PEO compared to other PEOs. This study suggested that cumin PEO has the potential as an antifungal agent for controlling of Alternaria diseases.

Effects of Plant Essential Oils on Physiological Changes

Effects of Plant Essential Oils on Physiological Changes

Essential oil from Citrus depressa peel exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive effects.

Many diseases may be caused by pathogens and oxidative stress resulting from carcinogens. Earlier studies have highlighted the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of plant essential oils (EO). It is crucial to effectively utilize agricultural waste to achieve a sustainable agricultural economy and protect the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of EO extracted from the discarded peels of Citrus depressa Hayata (CD) and Citrus microcarpa Bunge (CM), synonyms of Citrus deliciosa Ten and Citrus japonica Thunb, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main compounds in CD-EO were (R)-(+)-limonene (38.97%), γ-terpinene (24.39%) and linalool (6.22%), whereas, in CM-EO, the main compounds were (R)-(+)-limonene (48.00%), β-pinene (13.60%) and γ-terpinene (12.07%). CD-EO exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of common microorganisms, including Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. However, CM-EO showed only inhibitory effects on E. coli. Furthermore, CD-EO exhibited superior antioxidant potential, as demonstrated by its ability to eliminate 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate free radicals. Furthermore, CD-EO at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1 significantly inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced cancer transformation in mouse epidermal JB6 P+ cells (P < 0.05), possibly by up-regulating protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream antioxidant enzymes, such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase-1 and UGT1A. These findings suggest that CD-EO exhibits inhibitory effects on pathogenic microorganisms, possesses antioxidant properties and has cancer chemopreventive potential. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Fumigant activity and transcriptomic analysis of two plant essential oils against the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda.

Introduction: The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda, R., 1952 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is currently one of the most devastating pests in the Chinese tea industry. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has a negative impact on human health, impeding the healthy and sustainable development of the tea industry in this region. Therefore, there is a need for non-chemical insecticides to control E. onukii in tea plants. The essential oils from plants have been identified for their potential insecticidal ability; however, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of plant essential oils on E. onukii and its gene expression. Methods: In order to address these knowledge gaps, the components of Pogostemon cablin and Cinnamomum camphora essential oils were analyzed in the present study using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fumigation toxicity of two essential oils on E. onukii was tested using sealed conical flasks. In addition, We performed comparative transcriptome analyses of E. onukii treated with or without P. cablin essential oil. Results: The 36-h lethal concentration (LC50) values for E. onukii treated with P. cablin and C. camphora essential oils were 0.474 and 1.204μLmL-1 respectively. Both essential oils exhibited the potential to control E. onukii, but the fumigation activity of P. cablin essential oil was more effective. A total of 2,309 differentially expressed genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing of E. onukii treated with P. cablin essential oil. Conclusion: Many of differentially expressed genes were found to contain detoxifification genes, indicating that these families may have played an important role when E. onukii was exposed to essential oil stress. We also found differential expression of genes related to redox-related gene families, suggesting the upregulation of genes associated with possible development of drug and stress resistance. This work offers new insights for the prevention and management of E. onukii in the future.

Toxic and synergetic effect of plant essential oils along with nano-emulsion for control of three mosquito species

Nano-emulsion containing Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) and Corymbia citrodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson (common synonym Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.) leaf essential oils individual, combination was evaluated its larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi, Aedesaegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae at 24 h post treatment. Nano-emulsion had low polydispersivity index and mean droplet size was below 66 nm. After 24 h E. grandis essential oil exhibited significant larvicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 values in A. aegypti (23.667; 438.797 ppm in A. aegypti A. stephensi (10.984; 277.535 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (4.676; 106.415 ppm). Similarly in C. citrodora showed low LC50 and LC90 values in A. aegypti (18.430; 1048.599 ppm), A. stephensi (6.573; 176.737 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (7.917; 287.720 ppm) respectively. The combination of E. grandis and C. citrodora essential oils showed higher mortality rates than individual essential oils, with low LC50 and LC90 values in A. aegypti (3.625; 58.962 ppm), A. stephensi (3.245; 34.473 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (3.002; 30.153 ppm). Nano-emulsion exhibited toxic effects similar to combination group with LC50 and LC90 values in A. aegypti (5.344; 113.362 ppm), A. stephensi (3.183; 83.112 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (2.832; 166.665 ppm). Chemical constituents of both essential oil were analyzed using GC-MS and FT-IR, result showed E. grandis contain different compounds namely; alpha-pinene, (31.74%); o-cymene, (17.84%); Eucalyptol (16.24%); Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (3.2%) and C. citrodora showed Citronellol (49.31%); dl-Isopulegol (25.39%) as a major compound while their synergistic action may be due to type’s composition of EOs might produce the synergist effect along with nanoemulsions. Our findings suggest that combination of essential oil E. grandis and C. citrodora can be used for mosquito control as green approach.

Antifungal effects of plant essential oils against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the fungus associated with citrus twig blight

Antifungal effects of plant essential oils against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the fungus associated with citrus twig blight

In vitro Antifungal Effects of Plant Essential Oils Against Some Fungal Disease Agents Causing Internal Rot of Dried Pepper Fruits

Hasat öncesi ve sonrası tarımsal ürünlerde meyve iç çürüklüğüne neden olan fungal etmenler ciddi kalite ve verim kayıplarına neden olurken, gıdalarda ürettikleri mikotoksinler tüketiciler için sağlık riski oluşturur. Bu çalışmada, Hatay ilinde yetiştirilen ve yerel pazarlarda satılan kurutmalık biber meyvelerinde iç çürüklüğü belirtisine neden olan fungal hastalık etmenlerinin, izolasyonu, morfolojik ve MALDI-TOF yöntemleri ile tanılanması, yaygın hastalık etmenlerine karşı farklı bitki uçucu yağlarının antifungal etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Hastalık belirtisi gösteren meyve örneklerinden yapılan izolasyonları müteakiben yapılan morfolojik ve MALDI-TOF tanılama çalışmaları sonucunda Alternaria alternata ve Aspergillus niger en sık rastlanan fungal hastalık etmenleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Hastalık etmenlerine karşı kekik (Thymus vulgaris L., Tymbra spicata L. ve Origanum syriacum L.), rezene (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), defne (Laurus nobilis L.) ve okaliptüs (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) uçucu yağlarının buhar fazında farklı dozlarının antifungal etkinlikleri in vitro koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Fungus izolatlarına karşı en yüksek antifungal etkinlik (% 100 engelleme) Thymbra spicata, Origanum syriacum ve Thymus vulgaris uçucu yağlarının 4.0-6.0 µl petri-1 dozlarında gözlenmiştir. Test edilen fungal izolatlara karşı en düşük antifungal etkinlik ise Eucalyptus camaldulensis (16.0-40.0 µl petri-1) uçucu yağı tarafından gösterilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalarla uçucu yağların antifungal özellikleri ve EC50 değerleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre bitki uçucu yağları, doza bağlı bir şekilde test edilen izolatlara karşı antifungal etkinlik göstermişlerdir. Elde edilen sonuçlar bitki uçucu yağlarının, kurutmalık tarımsal ürünlerde biyofumigant olarak uygulanabileceğini göstermiştir.

Effects of plant essential oils and their constituents on Helicobacter pylori : A Review

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from different medicinal and aromatic plant families by steam distillation have been used in the pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance industries. The plant EOs and their broad diversity of chemical components have attracted researchers worldwide due to their human health benefits and antibacterial properties, especially their treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Since H. pylori has been known to be responsible for various gastric and duodenal diseases such as atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, several combination antibiotic therapies have been increasingly used to enhance the eradication rate of the bacterial infection. However, in the last decades, the efficacy of the therapies has decreased significantly due to widespread emergence of multidrug resistant strains of H. pylori. In addition, side-effects from commonly used antibiotics and recurrence of the bacterial infection have drawn public health concern globally.Therefore, this review focuses on in vitro effects of plant EOs and their bioactive constituents on the growth, cell morphology and integrity, biofilm formation, motility, adhesion, and urease activity of H. pylori. Their inhibitory effects on expression of genes necessary for growth and virulence factor productions of the bacterial pathogen are also discussed. Further in vivo and clinical evaluations are required so that plant EOs and their bioactive constituents can be possibly applicable in pharmacy or as adjuvants to the current therapies of H. pylori infection.

Essential oils of Origanum Species from Turkey: Repellent Activity Against Stored Product Insect Pests

Studies on the production of plant-based pest control strategies have been growing in recent years. Origanum (Lamiaceae) species are important medicinal aromatic plants and many studies have been conducted on their biological activities. This study was conducted to determine the repellent effects of plant essential oils extracted from four different Origanum species: O. onites, O. vulgare var. hirtum, O. vulgare var. verticium and O. onites × O. vulgare, against four different stored product pests: Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin Du Val, 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1875) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), under laboratory conditions. The neo-clavenger apparatus was used to obtain essential oils. As a result of the experiment, O. onites essential oil showed the highest activity at a dose of 0.25 μl cm-2 with 68% on T. confusum after 2 hours. This oil showed the highest activity on S. oryzae with 90% at the lowest application dose of 0.025 μl cm-2. When the results are evaluated generally, the highest activity was found in O. onites essential oil. Other essential oils have varying degrees of activity depending on time and dose. Results of the experiment show that Origanum oils have a significant potential to controlling this pest.

Effect of plant essential oils on the mortality of Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) nematode under in vitro conditions

With the need to obtain new methods to protect seed material from Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) nematodes, a study was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal effects of several plants’ essential oils on the mortality of D. dipsaci. Tests were performed under in vitro conditions; a concentration of 2 000 ppm was tested, nematodes were added into diluted oils, and numbers of living/dead nematodes were scored after 4 and 24 h. The results show a significant effect of several plant essential oils on D. dipsaci mortality, with the highest efficacy found for oil from Cinnamomum cassia ((L.) J. Presl), with 100% mortality observed even after 4 h.

Sublethal effects of plant essential oils toward the zoophytophagous mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis

Zoophytophagous hemipteran predators provide relevant biological control services and their applications are consolidated in greenhouse pest management. The use of plant essential oils (EOs) for sustainable crop protection is being currently promoted. However, further knowledge of the potential side effects of EOs on predatory mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) is required. Here, we evaluated the non-target impact of four EOs (anise, fennel, garlic and lavender) on the generalist predator Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) in the laboratory. The baseline toxicity of EOs was firstly assessed on N. tenuis adults following topical contact exposure. Then, the predator reproduction and orientation behavior was tested following the exposure to three estimated EO lethal concentrations (LC1, LC10 and LC30). Garlic EO had the lowest estimated LCs (e.g., LC30 1.34 mg mL−1), being thus the most toxic compound among the tested EOs. The estimated LC30s for lavender, anise and fennel EOs were 2.75, 4.55 and 5.17 mg mL−1, respectively. The fertility and the orientation behavior of N. tenuis females was negatively affected by all the EOs at the highest tested concentration. Nevertheless, anise EO at LC1 and LC10 caused no sublethal effects on N. tenuis. Our findings suggest that careful attention should be given when EOs are used in combination with N. tenuis in pest management programs.

Inhibitory effect of plant essential oils on α-glucosidase.

Diabetes mellitus, associated with α-glucosidase, has been considered as a chronic metabolic disorder, seriously affecting human health. Thus, searching natural α-glucosidase inhibitors and investigating their inhibition mechanism are urgently important. In this study, sixty-two essential oils (EOs), derived from aromatic plants, were found to exert different inhibition on α-glucosidase. The further study revealed that the most potent EOs against α-glucosidase were chuan-xiong, fructus cnidii, sacha inchi, aloe, ganoderma lucidum spore and ginger with IC50 values of 3.02, 2.88, 7.37, 5.06, 5.32 and 7.40μg/mL. Moreover, the inhibitory mechanism and kinetics studies found that chuan-xiong and sacha inchi were reversible and mixed-type inhibitors. Fructus cnidii, aloe, ganoderma lucidum spore and ginger were reversible and uncompetitive-type inhibitors. It is suggested that EOs, being of natural origin, would be promising anti-α-glucosidase agents.

Biochemical and insecticidal effects of plant essential oils on insecticide resistant and susceptible populations of Musca domestica L. point to a potential cross-resistance risk

Essential oils (EOs) can provide important alternatives to chemical insecticides in the control of pests. In this study, 12 EOs of native plant species from Iran were evaluated for their adulticidal activity against the house fly. In addition, we examined the insecticidal activity of Zataria multiflora and Rosmarinus officinalis EOs on adult female house flies from pyrethroid and organophosphate resistant and susceptible populations, using both fumigant and topical bioassays. The involvement of detoxification enzymes in susceptibility was investigated with synergism experiments in vivo, while the inhibitory effects of R. officinalis and Zataria multiflora EOs on the activities of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450s), carboxylesterases (CarEs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were determined by enzymatic inhibition assays in vitro. The EOs of Z. multiflora, Mentha pulegium, R. officinalis and Thymus vulgaris were the most effective against adults in contact topical assays, while oils extracted from Eucalyptus cinerea, Z. multiflora, Citrus sinensis, R. officinalis, Pinus eldarica and Lavandula angustifolia where the most effective in fumigant assays. Rosmarinus officinalis and Z. multiflora EOs were selected for further investigation and showed higher toxicity against a susceptible population, compared to two insecticide-resistant populations. Correlation analysis suggested cross-resistance between these EOs and pyrethroids in the resistant populations. The toxicity of both EOs on the resistant populations was synergized by three detoxification enzyme inhibitors. Further, in vitro inhibition studies showed that R. officinalis and Z. multiflora EOs more effectively inhibited the activities of the detoxification enzymes from flies of the susceptible population compared to those of the pyrethroid resistant populations. Synergistic and enzymatic assays further revealed that increased activities of P450s, GSTs, and CarEs are possibly involved in the cross-resistance between EOs and pyrethroids. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of P450s, GSTs, and CarEs in the resistance to EOs should be subject to further studies.

Evaluation of the Effects of Bunium persicum and Albendazole on Killing Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices In Vitro

Objectives: Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease of zoonoses and the best treatment for this parasitic disease is cryosurgery. From time immemorial, many protoscolice-destroying chemicals have been used to inhibit the distribution of protoscolices within the cyst during surgery. However, the side effects of chemical compounds and medicinal plants should always be considered. Due to the antiparasitic properties of Bunium persicum (Boiss), this study was performed to evaluate and compare the effects of B. persicum (Boiss) essential oil and albendazole on protoscolices inside hydatid cyst in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, the essential oil used from the desired plant seeds was prepared. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine its components. Hydatid cyst protoscolices were extracted from hydatid cyst-infected livers and exposed to B. persicum (Boiss) (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) for 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively. The viability of protoscolices was measured by the effect of plant essential oil by eosin staining. Albendazole was also used as an effective antiparasitic drug in this study. Results: The amount of essential oil protoscolices at 2.5 μg/mL in 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes was 48.5%, 68.2%, 79.5%, and 96.1%, respectively. The antiparasitic drug albendazole showed less toxic effects at similar doses at the same intervals, but both treatment groups had a significant effect (P&lt;0.001). The highest toxic effects of essential oil were observed at a concentration of 10 μg/mL 30 minutes after treatment. For albendazole, this effect was achieved at a dose of 10 μg/mL after 2 hours. Conclusions: The results and statistical data of this study showed that the essential oil of B. persicum (Boiss) in comparison with the antiparasitic drug albendazole has an acceptable scolicide effects in hydatidosis and can be used as an alternative to scolicide compound.

In vivo antiviral effect of plant essential oils against avian infectious bronchitis virus

BackgroundInfectious bronchitis virus (IBV) leads to huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The high levels of mutations of IBV render vaccines partially protective. Therefore, it is urgent to explore an effective antiviral drug or agent. The present study aimed to investigate the in vivo anti-IBV activity of a mixture of plant essential oils (PEO) of cinnamaldehyde (CA) and glycerol monolaurate (GML), designated as Jin-Jing-Zi.ResultsThe antiviral effects were evaluated by clinical signs, viral loads, immune organ indices, antibody levels, and cytokine levels. The infection rates in the PEO-M (middle dose) and PEO-H (high dose) groups were significantly lower than those in the prevention, positive drug, and PEO-L (low dose) groups. The cure rates in the PEO-M and PEO-H groups were significantly higher than those in the prevention, positive drug, and PEO-L groups, and the PEO-M group had the highest cure rate of 92.31%. The symptom scores and IBV mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in the PEO-M group. PEO significantly improved the immune organ indices and IBV-specific antibody titers of infected chickens. The anti-inflammatory factor levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the PEO-M group maintained high concentrations for a long time. The IL-6 levels in the PEO-M group were lower than those in prevention, positive drug, and PEO-L groups.ConclusionThe PEO had remarkable inhibition against IBV and the PEO acts by inhibiting virus multiplication and promoting immune function, suggesting that the PEO has great potential as a novel anti-IBV agent for inhibiting IBV infection.

The effect of plant essential oils on physicochemical properties of chicken nuggets

The effect of plant essential oils on physicochemical properties of chicken nuggets

Toxicity and sublethal effects of plant essential oils on life history and detoxification enzymes activity of two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

We studied the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils (EOs) of Allium sativum L. and Vitex pseudo-negundo (Hausskn) on Tetranychus urticae Koch. Based on LC50 concentrations, A. sativum (19.2 µL/L air) was more toxic than V. pseudo-negundo (51.9 µL/L air). To assess the sublethal effects, adult mites were exposed to the LC10 and LC30 of each EO. Exposure to LC30 of A. sativum and V. pseudo-negundo negatively affected the development, survival, fecundity, and fertility of T. urticae F1 generation, as well as general esterase and MFO enzymes activity. These concentrations affected the detoxification enzyme activity of treated mites.

Toxics or Lures? Biological and Behavioral Effects of Plant Essential Oils on Tephritidae Fruit Flies.

The family Tephritidae (Diptera) includes species that are highly invasive and harmful to crops. Due to globalization, international trade, and human displacement, their spread is continuously increasing. Unfortunately, the control of tephritid flies is still closely linked to the use of synthetic insecticides, which are responsible for detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Recently, research is looking for alternative and more eco-friendly tools to be adopted in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. In this regard, essential oils (EOs) and their main compounds represent a promising alternative to chemical insecticides. EOs are made up of phytoconstituents formed from the secondary metabolism of many plants and can act as attractants or toxics, depending on the dose. Because of this unique characteristic, EOs and their main constituents are promising tools that can be used both in Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) programs and in the “lure and kill” technique, exploiting the attractiveness of the product in the former case and its toxicity in the latter. In this article, current knowledge on the biological and behavioral effects of EOs and their main constituents on tephritid fruit flies is reviewed, mainly focusing on species belonging to the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Zeugodacus genera. The mechanisms of action of EOs, their real-world applications, and challenges related to their use in IPM are critically discussed.

Antifungal and mycotoxin detoxification ability of essential oils: A review

With increased popular awareness of food safety and environmental protection, plant essential oil has attracted interest due to the absence of residue, its high efficiency, antioxidant, immune regulation, antibacterial, insecticidal, and other advantages. Their application in degradation and elimination of mycotoxin toxicity has attracted increasing attention. This paper reviews the structure, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism, and toxic effects of essential oils. The inhibitory effects of various essential oils on different mycotoxins were studied. The research progress on the inhibitory effects of plant essential oils on fungi and mycotoxins in recent years was summarized to provide reference for the application of plant essential oils.

Effects of plant essential oils on the changes of digestive enzymes in the ectoparasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor Say, with description of its digestive tube

Effects of plant essential oils on the changes of digestive enzymes in the ectoparasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor Say, with description of its digestive tube