Effectiveness Of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Research Articles

Long-term effects of parent-child interaction therapy: A mixed-methods follow-up study of three and nine years later

Parent management training (PMT) programs are commonly used for treatment of child disruptive behaviour at a young age. Intervening early and involving parents in the interventions is used to limit adverse outcomes later in life. Yet, there is a dearth of literature that regard the long-term effects of such interventions. Therefore, the current study aimed to uncover, the long-term effects are of the PMT-program Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) from the perspective of parents. A mixed-method approach was used in order to find out how parents reflected back on the treatment and to find out how parents and their children were doing. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted at three and nine years follow-up, and two questionnaires regarding child disruptive behaviour and parenting stress were filled out pre-, and post-treatment and at six-months, three years and nine years follow-up. Results showed that generally, parents were satisfied with PCIT. They were positive about the decrease in their child’s disruptive behaviour and their own parenting stress, the lasting effects of learning parenting skills, and bettered inter-family relationships. Parents also expressed dissatisfaction with the treatment. They were unsure about the suitability of PCIT for all children, disagreement with the time-out procedure was mentioned and parents lacked long-term contentment with learnt parenting skills. Quantitatively, an overall decrease in clinical reports of child disruptive behaviour and parenting stress was seen, although there was a peak of clinical reports at three years follow up. The current study is a steppingstone for uncovering parents’ thoughts on PCIT retrospectively. It contributes to the knowledge about the long-term effects of intervening early for disruptive behaviour in the Netherlands. The overall consensus on PCIT is positive, although most parents state to need further guidance a few years later. Future research is warranted to further uncover long-term effects of PCIT from the perspective of parents with a larger population.

Efficacy of parent-child interaction therapy for children born premature.

Premature children are known to be at a high risk of developing behavioral problems. This study examined the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) in reducing behavioral problems in young children born premature. The study included 18 child-parent pairs with children born at less than 35 weeks of gestation (range: 23-34 weeks, median: 31.0 weeks) and aged 27-52 months (median: 38.0 months). They were assigned to either the PCIT group (n = 7) or the non-PCIT group (n = 11) based on maternal desire for treatment. The study was designed to examine the effects of PCIT. Specifically, the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) intensity score, ECBI problem score, and Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) scores were compared before treatment and after 6 months. In the PCIT group, the mean ECBI intensity score was 135.7 (SD = 13.5; T-score = 64) at baseline and 90.1 (SD = 15.5; T-score = 46) at post-assessment, the mean ECBI problem score was 9.8 (SD = 1.9; T-score = 54) at baseline and 4.4 (SD = 3.1; T-score = 44) at post-assessment, the mean PSI-SF total score was 60.1 (SD = 4.8; 95%tile) at baseline and 49.6 (SD = 5.6; 85%tile) at post-assessment, showing a significant improvement (ECBI intensity scores: p < 0.001, d = 2.03; ECBI problem scores: p < 0.001, d = 1.94; PSI-SF total scores: p = 0.004, d = 0.86). On the other hand, none of the scores showed significant change in the non-PCIT group. The PCIT can be considered as a potential treatment option for behavioral problems in young children born premature.

Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Maltreated Families: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for maltreated families and examined potential moderators associated with the intervention. Seven English electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global) were systematically searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before January 20, 2023. Eleven studies involving 1,069 maltreated or high-risk families were included in the meta-analysis. Our results showed that PCIT significantly reduced child externalizing behaviors, improved parenting skills, and decreased parenting stress and child abuse potential in maltreated families. Additionally, families with confirmed maltreatment history reported larger effect sizes across all outcomes than those at high risk of maltreatment; parenting skills outcomes were more effective in adapted PCIT versions, using per-protocol analysis, and American caregivers, whereas none of the outcomes were related to the number of sessions. These findings provide encouraging evidence for the use of PCIT as an intervention for families with a history of maltreatment, although more high-quality RCTs are required to confirm its effects.

Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy(PCIT) for Children with Problem Behavior: Meta-Analysis

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based short-term treatment program designed for preschool children (2 to 7 years old) and parents with behavior or emotional problems, and is an effective intervention method to improve parent-child relationships and reduce children’s problem behavior. The purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of PCIT studied in Korea and to prepare an integrated basis. From 1991 to February 2022, papers studied in Korea were selected as exploration and target studies. A total of 17 studies were selected, and 11 studies (212 children, 12 father, 212 mother, 436 total) were finally included in the meta-analysis study, excluding 3 studies that presented the ranking sum. As a result of this study, the effect of PCIT improved children's problem behavior (1.32), reduced parenting stress (1.06) and mother's depression (0.99), and increased parenting efficacy (1.06) and spouse's parenting cooperation (0.86), which showed a significant effect (d&gt;.8). This study is the first to conduct a meta-analysis on the effects of PCIT based on domestic literature and is expected to be widely used as a child counseling and parent education program.

Effectiveness of treatment based on parent-child interaction with virtual education method on the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder

Background and purpose: People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy with virtual education method on the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental, with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all children aged 10 to 12 years in the 19th district of Tehran in 2021 who were suffering from hyperactivity and attention deficit. The sample size of 30 people was determined by the purposeful sampling method, this number of people was divided into two groups by the matching method, the number of each group was 15 people, and an experimental group received treatment based on parent-child interaction through virtual training. And the control group did not receive any treatment program. The research tool was the executive functions questionnaire of Gerard et al. (2000). The method of data analysis was univariate and multivariate covariance analysis and Spss.22 software. Results: The findings of the research showed that the treatment based on parent-child interaction with the virtual education method is effective on the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the treatment based on parent-child interaction with the virtual education method can be effective in improving the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder.

부모-아동 상호작용치료가 발달지연 아동의 문제행동과 적응행동에 미치는 효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of parent-child interaction therapy on problem behaviors and adaptive behaviors in children with developmental delay.&#x0D; Methods For this study, parent-child interaction therapy was conducted for a total of 3 pairs of children with developmental delays and their parents at the Child Development Counseling Center located in Gyeonggi-do. For parent-child interaction therapy, a program jointly developed by Sheila Eyberg &amp; Beberly Funderbu (2011) was applied. After that, the child behavior evaluation scale (CBCL) and the adaptive behavior test tool for children (NISE-K⋅ABS) were used to measure the change in problem behavior and adaptive behavior of pre- and post-treatment children.&#x0D; Results After parent-child interaction therapy, child behavior problems were significantly reduced and adaptive behaviors were significantly increased. There were clear positive changes in interpersonal relationships and other-person recognition areas, which are subordinate areas of adaptive behaviors.&#x0D; Conclusions This study is significant in that it empirically validates that parent-child interaction therapy is effective in reducing problem behaviors and improving adaptive behaviors in children with developmental delay.

Effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Behavioral Problems of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Iran

Effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Behavioral Problems of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Iran

68.3 LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION THERAPY ON ADHD SYMPTOMS

This study examines the long-term effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) on female and male caregiver ratings of ADHD symptoms, as well as on observational interaction measures in preschoolers randomized to individual or group PCIT. Data from 128 children participating in treatment were examined (mean age at study entry = 4.8 years). Children with ADHD, half of whom also met the criteria for disruptive behavior disorder (DBD), were randomized to group or individual PCIT and outcomes were assessed posttreatment as well as 1 and 2 years after treatment completion. Pretreatment and posttreatment measures included: 1) parent rating scales, like the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing Problems Subscale; the SNAP-IV; the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Intensity Score; and the Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS); and 2) observations of the parent-child interaction using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS). PCIT results in clinically and statistically significant improvements in ADHD symptoms and reductions in impairment as rated by female and male caregivers. There are no differences in outcomes at posttreatment between children with and without DBD, or between those in individual or group PCIT. For both PCIT treatment formats, improvements are maintained at 1- and 2-year follow-up on all caregiver measures, including ADHD-specific ratings, externalizing behavior ratings, CIS scores, and observational measures of parent-child interactions. ADHD symptom reduction is not an original goal of PCIT intervention, yet significant improvements occur in ADHD symptoms based on both caregivers’ reports and observational data. These findings suggest that PCIT may be an effective treatment for the behavioral and attentional symptoms of ADHD in preschoolers with or without DBD and that it merits further study as a promising intervention for preschoolers with ADHD.

51.1 I-PCIT: INTERNET-DELIVERED PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION THERAPY

Objectives: Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based behavioral parent-training program that was initially developed for families with young children (ages 2-7 years) who exhibited socially disruptive behaviors (aggression and noncompliance). It is a dyadic parent-child therapy with unique elements of in vivo parent coaching via a bug in the ear by the therapist who works from behind a one-way mirror. Most important, PCIT allows for individually tailored coaching that can address unique difficulties of particular parent-child dyads. Despite the effectiveness of PCIT, a high dropout rate (in some studies as high as 50%) prior to completion of the treatment remains a significant problem. The use of new technologies such as telehealth to remotely deliver real-time therapy to the patient’s home has shown to overcome the many barriers including treatment availability, accessibility, and acceptability. During the COVID-19 pandemic, internet-PCIT (I-PCIT) became the treatment of choice for many centers around the country. Methods: This presentation will introduce the basic concepts of I-PCIT. We will focus on the similarities and differences between standard PCIT delivered in the office setting and I-PCIT. We will show video clips of I-PCIT sessions to illustrate the novel aspects of the treatment. Results: Participants will learn how to conduct PCIT using remote technology. They will be able to discuss various aspects of the PCIT treatment done in the home environment. They will be able to review problem-solving strategies such as ways to keep the young child in the room, time-out routine practice, and siblings needing to be present in the session, and other challenging situations will be discussed. Participants will have an opportunity to present their challenging cases and ask questions. Conclusions: A small but growing literature shows that I-PCIT is an acceptable adaptation of PCIT. It allows for expansion of the reach of mental health services, helps with compliance, and allows for continuation of treatment for many families during the COVID-19 pandemic. DBD, EC, P

A Case Study of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for a Young Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Behavioral and Developmental Considerations

Externalizing behaviors and impairments in communication and adaptive functioning are the core defining features of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). They are also the primary focus of interventions for children with ASD, as these conditions impact both the child’s adaptive behavior and parental mental health. This study examined the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) utilizing a case study of a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with ASD and comorbid disruptive behavior disorder. Behavioral observation data and psychometric tools with ecological validity were used across all assessments to evaluate intervention outcomes as assessed by the caregiver and the teacher. Results of both caregiver and teacher reports and observations indicated that 1) PCIT was effective in decreasing disruptive behaviors and improving parenting skills while reducing parental stress, and that 2) intervention gains had been maintained at the 3-month follow-up. Although the nature of this single case experimental study is a limitation, this article replicates and advances previous research examining PCIT success with children with autism and their parents while providing clinical implications for improving children’s adaptive behavior in a short time.

Penerapan Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) untuk Menangani Masalah Perilaku Disruptive pada Anak Usia Prasekolah

Perilaku disruptive merupakan suatu istilah yang memayungi serangkaian perilaku seperti temper tantrum, menangis dan mengeluh yang berlebihan, terus menerus menuntut perhatian, tidak patuh, melawan, agresif terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, mencuri, berbohong, merusak barang-barang, serta tindak kekerasan (Schroeder &amp; Gordon, 2002). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan sebuah studi kasus mengenai penerapan Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) kepada anak usia 3 tahun yang melawan dan menunjukkan perilaku disruptive. Setelah mengikuti 10 sesi PCIT dalam dua bulan, F menunjukkan penurunan perilaku bermasalah yang signifikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan di akhir sesi anak berhasil menunjukkan penurunan perilaku disruptive dan peningkatan kepatuhan terhadap ibu. Di sisi lain, keterampilan ibu dalam memberikan perhatian positif kepada anak, memberikan perintah yang efektif, serta memberikan konsekuensi yang tepat atas sikap anak juga mengalami peningkatan.

A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial in Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Psychological Indicator and Cortisol Level in Children of Caregiver with Cancer

Background: High-potency Cannabis (HPC) is commonly used by patients with cancer to relieve pain. Parents’ HPC consumption can have an adverse effect on the physical, psychological, and social aspects of children. Objectives: This study was conducted aimed to investigate the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) on the reduction of aggression and cortisol level in children of dependent cannabis caregiver with cancer. Methods: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, from March 2015 to October 2016, 50 caregivers residing in Tehran, Iran with metastatic cancer consuming HPC and their children with aggression problem were selected, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method and were randomly assigned to the experimental or control groups through block randomization. Changes in the level of aggression and cortisol during 12 weeks were analyzed by repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) and generalized estimation equation (GEE) through SPSS 22 software. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.01. Results: The primary outcomes showed that 12 weeks of PCIT had a significant effect on the reduction of children’s aggression and the level of salivary cortisol in children (P < 0.01). However, the results were not stable until the follow-up stage (P = 0.067). Secondary outcomes showed that there was a significant relationship between aggression index and cortisol level (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The findings of the present study are consistent with the research background confirming the role of systematic and nonlinear (cyclic) look at behavioral and psychological problems during growth. These findings can be found in family setting and in educational settings such as kindergartens with clinical application.

The effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy on the improvement of affective index in children

Introdution: Parent-child interactive therapy is considered as an emerging approach to reduce child behavioral problems, which relies on improving parent-child relationship. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of parent-child interactive group therapy on the improvement of affective index in children with methadone-treated parents.&#x0D; Methods: In a clinical trial in the form of a semi-experimental study during the period from June to November 2015, among families who were referred to Bijan Center for Substance Abuse Treatment in Tehran who had children of preschool age, 40 children were chosen after screening based on the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) and the child behavior checklist (CBCL), they were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The treatment program was presented to the experimental group for 8 sessions per week. The validity of urines samples was investigated by immunochromatography. Adherence to treatment in the form of urine test was considered as the primary outcomes and affective index was considered as secondary outcomes. Data were analyzed using chi square and multivariate analysis of covariance.&#x0D; Results: The primary outcomes showed that the frequency of positive urine tests was not significant during the treatment process (p = 0.88). Secondary outcomes showed that interactive treatment in the experimental group was associated with an increase in positive mood (p = 0.44) and a decrease in negative mood in comparison with the control group (p = 0.48).&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the importance of parent-child interactive styles in the prevention and treatment of psychological disorders during the development periods, and it can be considered in designing appropriate interventions

Do Parents’ Adverse Childhood Experiences Influence Treatment Responses to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy? An exploratory Study with a Child Welfare Sample

This exploratory study of 23 parent–child dyads receiving child welfare services examined the association between the number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) parents reported and their children’s externalizing behaviors. We also assessed whether the effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) on externalizing behaviors varied by parents’ ACE histories. Results indicated that parents’ ACE scores were associated with child externalizing symptoms at baseline, but not at a second postbaseline assessment. Although all parents reported reductions in child externalizing behavior from baseline to postbaseline, only reductions reported by parents with four or more ACEs were statistically significant. Implications for implementing PCIT with trauma-exposed families are discussed.

부모-아동 상호작용치료가 양육기술과 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향 : 메타분석

부모-아동 상호작용치료가 양육기술과 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향 : 메타분석

The effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents

This study examined the efficacy of Parent Child Interaction Therapy on alleviating behavioral issues among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as well as its efficacy in improving the mother s parenting stress, depression and parent-child interactions. Twenty mother-child dyads were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the waitlist control group. The PCIT program was conducted in 12 sessions, once a week for an hour in the experimental group. Primary findings were followings: first, following manualized PCIT treatment, mothers reported a decrease in the level of children s disruptive behavior, parenting stress, and depression. Second, the frequency of positive interactions increased while the number of negative interactions decreased. Third, after the completion of the PCIT program, mothers in the experimental group reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Treatment gains were maintained at 3-6-12month follow-up assessments. This study gives evidence to support PCIT as an efficacious intervention program for Korean families who have young children with ASD.

Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in the Treatment of Young Children's Behavior Problems. A Randomized Controlled Study.

ObjectiveThe aim of the present investigation was to compare the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) with treatment as usual (TAU) in young children who were referred to regular child and adolescent mental health clinics for behavior problems.MethodEighty-one Norwegian families with two- to seven-year-old children (52 boys) who had scored ≥ 120 on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) were randomly assigned to receive either PCIT or TAU. The families were assessed 6 and 18 months after beginning treatment. Parenting skills were measured using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS), and child behavior problems were measured using the ECBI and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).ResultsLinear growth curve analyses revealed that the behavior problems of children receiving PCIT improved more compared with children receiving TAU according to mother reports (ECBI d = .64, CBCL d = .61, both p < .05) but not according to father report. Parents also improved with regard to Do and Don’t skills (d = 2.58, d = 1.46, respectively, both p ≤ .001). At the 6-month assessment, which often occurred before treatment was finished, children who had received PCIT had lower father-rated ECBI and mother-rated CBCL-scores (p = .06) compared with those who had received TAU. At the 18-month follow-up, the children who had received PCIT showed fewer behavior problems compared with TAU according to mother (d = .37) and father (d = .56) reports on the ECBI and mother reports on the CBCL regarding externalizing problems (d = .39). Parents receiving PCIT developed more favorable Do Skills (6-month d = 1.81; 18-month d = 1.91) and Don’t Skills (6-month d = 1.46; 18-month d = 1.42) according to observer ratings on the DPICS compared with those receiving TAU.ConclusionChildren receiving PCIT in regular clinical practice exhibited a greater reduction in behavior problems compared with children receiving TAU, and their parents' parenting skills improved to a greater degree compared with those receiving TAU.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NTC01085305

Efficacy of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy With Chinese ADHD Children

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in Chinese children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD features. Methods: This study adopted a randomized controlled trial design without blinding. Participants were randomized into either the intervention group ( n = 32) and offered PCIT by trained PCIT practitioners or the waitlist control group ( n = 32) and offered PCIT after the intervention group had completed treatment. Parent participants were requested to complete questionnaires on their children’s behavior and their parental stress. PCIT practitioners observed parent–child interactions according to a coding system. Results: Analysis was by intention to treat. The results indicated a significant decrease in child behavior and attention problems, parental stress, and negative parenting practices and an increase in positive parenting practices in the intervention group at postintervention ( p ≤ .002 in all cases). Conclusion: This study provided promising evidence on the effectiveness of PCIT in Chinese children with ADHD or ADHD features.

The effectiveness of parent–child interaction therapy in the Netherlands: Preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial

Objective.– This presentation provides preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) examining the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Dutch families. Method.– Although data collection is not finished already, fifty families were eligible for treatment in a community mental health setting. Children's mean age was 4.8 years and 33 children were boys (62%). Most of them were randomly assigned to PCIT or Creative Family Therapy (treatment as usual; TAU). The standard, non-time limited PCIT was conducted by the trained therapists. Pre and post-treatment measures included questionnaires (Child Behavior Checklist, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory) and observations from the Dyadic Parent Child Interaction Coding System. Results.– Pre and post-treatment data of 20 families and six-month follow-up data of 15 families were analyzed. So far, eight families dropped out. Conclusion.– Though preliminary, results of the ongoing RCT will be discussed and will indicate if PCIT is an effective treatment modality for families in the Netherlands

Effectiveness of community dissemination of parent–child interaction therapy.

The Trauma Treatment Training Center (TTTC) at Cincinnati Children's Hospital examined the imple- mentation and effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in community agencies working with high-risk families through an awarded grant from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The current study summarizes posttreatment data collected from community clinicians trained by the TTTC. Results include 53 posttreatment outcomes from 23 clinicians in 15 agencies in the United States. Significant improvement was seen on several measures regarding child behavior, child trauma symptoms, child dissociative characteristics, and caregiver stress. Community clinicians trained in PCIT during a five-day workshop did get effective results with even their first PCIT cases. It is only in the last generation that treatments for child mal- treatment establishing efficacy through randomized controlled studies have been developed and tested (Silverman et al., 2008). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, the one well- established treatment for traumatized/maltreated children and their caregivers, includes a brief component about effective parenting, but further research in this area is warranted to help rebuild attachment relationships between maltreated children and their caregivers and to give parents the skills to deal with the emotional and behavioral dysregulations that often accompany child abuse and neglect. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), originally developed for families of children with disruptive behavior disor- ders, has shown potential to fill this gap in childhood trauma treatment by helping physically abusive parents transform their parenting practices and by offering a variety of skills to nonof- fending parents and caregivers (Chaffin et al., 2009). This study examined the dissemination and effectiveness of PCIT in commu- nity practices after clinicians, whose caseloads included substantial numbers of high-risk and maltreated children, were trained in a five-day workshop. PCIT is a dyadic treatment supported by more than 20 years of research and practice (Herschell, Calzada, Eyberg, & McNeil, 2002). It has demonstrated long-term maintenance of treatment gains of up to six years posttreatment (Hood & Eyberg, 2003). More than 100 randomized controlled trials support PCIT's effec- tiveness. Originally developed by Dr. Sheila Eyberg in the 1970s for young children with disruptive behavior disorders, PCIT has been successfully used with a variety of other populations, includ-