Effects Of National Policies Research Articles

Effect of national policies on the researchers’ interests in Mainland China: a case study of the Yangtze River Delta region

Effect of national policies on the researchers’ interests in Mainland China: a case study of the Yangtze River Delta region

The Effect of National Policies on Connectedness of the COVID-19: Before vs. During the Availability of the Vaccines

The Effect of National Policies on Connectedness of the COVID-19: Before vs. During the Availability of the Vaccines

Венчурный рынок Казахстана: проблемы и перспективы

The venture capital market in Kazakhstan has been developing since the early 2000s. With state support, venture funds and innovation infrastructure (science parks, accelerators, etc.) were formed. The results of these efforts, however, were modest. Rapid growth of the Kazakhstan venture sector since late 2010s was spurred by the development of the Internet markets. Despite some success stories, the sector is at an early stage of its growth. The potential for commercialization is low, emerging technologies are absent, and financial instruments are not developed. The main problem is not the effectiveness of national policy, but the framework limitations of Kazakhstan`s economy. These are insufficient R&D; dominance of extractive industries; small domestic market and weak potential for regional scaling. Global players are more interested in supporting individual projects rather than in developing Kazakhstan`s venture market. Outcomes of 2022 create new challenges and opportunities for Kazakhstan. However, without correction of national policy, the venture sector will still face limits to growth – even in the most promising Internet markets.

Identifying key influences on antibiotic use in China: a systematic scoping review and narrative synthesis

IntroductionThe inappropriate use of antibiotics is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance. In China, antibiotic prescribing and consumption exceed recommended levels and are relatively high internationally. Understanding the influences on...

Cereal-Legume Value Chain Analysis: A Case of Smallholder Production in Selected Areas of Malawi

This article analyses the cereal-legume value chain in Malawi through a comprehensive VC Map, a SWOT exercise and a policy analysis. VC participation entails a number of challenges for smallholders. Limited access to land, technology and inputs, inadequate knowledge of market functioning, insufficient access to credit and extension services, combined with more general problems of poor infrastructures, often prevent smallholder farmers from accessing profitable market opportunities. The effectiveness of national policies (e.g., public extension service support, inputs subsidy system) oriented to increase smallholders’ market access is often constrained by inadequate financial capacity, an inefficient public extension services system and limited involvement of privates in the extension services scheme. VC interventions should distinguish between VC-ready farmers, namely those provided with the minimum conditions of external and internal factors, and non-value-chain-ready farmers. Market-based interventions (e.g., enhancing VC coordination) are needed for enhancing market access of value-chain-ready farmers. Conversely, while non-market-based interventions (e.g., investments in basic infrastructure, increasing extension services, credit and inputs access) prove necessary to build the minimum asset thresholds for non-value-chain-ready farmers’ participation in the market. A smallholder-friendly VC development relies on the role played by VC actors and the need to harmonise and improve existing policies to remove inadequacies, conflicts and overlaps in the various institutions charged with implementation.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of national policies of minimization of consequences COVID-19 pandemics

The object of research is the effectiveness of the implementation of measures within the national policy to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in individual countries. One of the most problematic places is the formation of a policy to minimize the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, which would take into account the specifics of the national economy, its margin of safety and aimed at achieving the goals of stabilizing negative economic trends. The pandemic has led to forced quarantine restrictions, which have had a negative impact on national economies. The inability to set up full-fledged business processes has led to rising unemployment and social tensions. An analysis of the main directions of the policy of minimizing the consequences of the pandemic of individual countries that made up the analytical sample. The main characteristics of the measures taken to minimize the effects of the pandemic, aimed at stabilizing the situation in the most crisis segments of the economy: financial assistance to small and medium-sized businesses, tax benefits, job creation and unemployment benefits, stabilization of the budget and banking system. The study used a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the pandemic confrontation through the prism of the adopted policy by analysing the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators. This methodological approach involves the involvement of a large database, which presents the main macroeconomic indicators of individual countries and the study of the main parameters of national policies. This ensures that links are identified and that the results of the planned activities are compared. In comparison with known similar methods, this approach allows adding to the base of comparison global indices depending on the purpose of the study and to transform its subject. In the applied aspect, the evaluation of the policy of confronting the pandemic will minimize the cost of time and resources to select and justify effective measures to minimize the negative consequences of unforeseen events and forecast economic trends.

Agricultural performance over the border line.

Effects of national policies on crop yield and nitrogen losses can be disentangled from environmental conditions using spatial discontinuities between international borders.

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Mali and Mauritania: Understanding Trends and Evaluating Policies.

Despite international commitments to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), very little is known about the effectiveness of national policies in contributing to the abandonment of this harmful practice. To help address this gap in knowledge, we apply a quasi-experimental research design to study two west African countries, Mali and Mauritania. These countries have marked similarities with respect to practices of FGM/C, but differing legal contexts. A law banning FGM/C was introduced in Mauritania in 2005; in Mali, there is no legal ban on FGM/C. We use nationally representative survey data to reconstruct trends in FGM/C prevalence in both countries, from 1997 to 2011, and then use a difference-in-difference method to evaluate the impact of the 2005 law in Mauritania. FGM/C prevalence in Mauritania began to decline slowly for girls born in the early 2000s, with the decline accelerating for girls born after 2005. However, a similar trend is observable in Mali, where no equivalent law has been passed. Additional statistical analysis confirms that the 2005 law did not have a significant impact on reducing FGM/C prevalence in Mauritania. These findings suggest that legal change alone is insufficient for behavioral change with regard to FGM/C. This study demonstrates how it is possible to evaluate national policies using readily available survey data in resource-poor settings.

The influence of health policy on early diagnosis and surgical incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip.

BackgroundHip screening is the standard approach for the early detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effects of national policy on early diagnosis and later surgical incidence. The purpose of this national study is to estimate DDH incidence in the Taiwanese population through a new diagnosis definition and to examine whether a health promotion policy could reduce surgeries for DDH.Methods and resultsSix birth-year cohorts (2000–2005) were evaluated for DDH diagnosis and related surgeries using the database of the National Health Insurance Administration, which covers 99% of the population of Taiwan. Children with three or more sequential International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes (754.3x) in the outpatient claim file or DDH-related surgeries were studied. The outcome of hip screening was evaluated with the ratio of early diagnosis (0–6 months) to late diagnosis (1–5 years) and the incidence of major surgeries for DDH. DDH incidence was 1.54 per thousand live births (2,255/1,462,539). After a hip screening promotion policy was implemented in 2002, ratios of early/late diagnosis increased from 1.06, 1.25, 1.38, and 1.5 to 1.75 for the years 2000 to 2005, respectively. Incidences of major surgery decreased from 0.41–0.47 per thousand before policy administration to 0.33–0.37 per thousand after policy administration.DiscussionThe DDH incidence of 1.54 per 1,000 in a geographically well-defined area offered epidemiological data for further studies in Asian populations. The results suggest that the health promotion policy is associated with an increase in early diagnosis and subsequently a decrease in surgeries for DDH.

EFL TEACHERS' CPD EXPERIENCES: PERSPECTIVES FROM OMAN.

EFL TEACHERS' CPD EXPERIENCES: PERSPECTIVES FROM OMAN.

Balancing environmental benefits and damages of small hydropower generation in policy-making: assessing the implementation of a contradicting EU policy framework in Austria and Slovenia

ABSTRACTHydropower contributes to a higher share of renewables but is also in conflict with environmental legislation aiming to protect natural habitats, wildlife and endangered species. Analysing two neighbouring European countries with similar topographical and hydromporphological characteristics, Austria and Slovenia, allows assessing to what extent a policies’ national context steers possible policy conflicts of EU legislation. The paper shows that hydropower expansion in examined countries is strongly shaped by factors such as financial concerns of investors, diverging opinions of involved stakeholders, available hydro potential and the role of hydropower in national energy strategies. Addressing issues that lead to a lower effectiveness of national policies already at the level of EU policy design or engaging countries to broadening their national energy portfolio by considering emerging technologies such as PV and wind will enable future energy and climate strategies that are more consistent with other environmental goals.

The End of American Childhood: A History of Parenting from Life on the Frontier to the Managed Child

Are U.S. parents overly controlling their children, micromanaging, helicoptering, and spoiling them? Are parents so focused on getting their kids into the “right” day care, the “best” schools, and the “perfect” university that they are creating a generation unable to succeed on its own? Paula S. Fass's new book takes as its starting point contemporary agonizing over “the end of American childhood.” As the second part of her title makes clear, Fass is interested not just in the history of childhood and the lived experience of children but also in the history parenting. A master historian who has written extensively on these subjects, Fass makes a significant theoretical contribution with this work, drawing the connection between parenting and national identity, between the parent-child relationship and bedrock American cultural principles such as individual success and self-identity. As Fass amply demonstrates, Americans have long maintained a rather unusual approach to parenting. In the early republic, European Americans were already raising their children differently than were Europeans, emphasizing resourcefulness, innovation, and, above all, independence. Fass argues that European American parents eased up on authoritarian control over their children sooner than did their European counterparts as U.S. parents could see a future full of possibilities and opportunity for their families. She also argues that children's labor contributions to the family economy gave them more of a democratic voice, blunting strict subordination to patriarchal rule. Fass pays particular attention to the role of schooling and the expanding definition of childhood through the nineteenth and first part of the twentieth centuries. She shows that by the 1930s, in response to immigration, the United States had created a unique high school experience, effectively extending the umbrella of childhood to cover older teens. Fass carefully traces many other changes to parenting over the course of two centuries, including the development of institutions meant to protect children, the rise of scientific parenting expertise, the effect of national policies, and the development of today's hypervigilance as a reaction to fear about children's safety and life prospects.

The Effects of National Policies and Laws on the Formation of Conscience: Reflections on Korea’s Family Planning Policy and the Mother and Child Health Law Based on the Evangelium Vitae

한국 정부는 인구증가에 따른 빈곤을 해결하기 위해 1960년대부터 출산억제 내지 금지 차원의 가족계획정책을 실시하였다. 1970년대에 이르러 미국을 비롯한 많은 나라에서 낙태를 합법화하기 시작하자, 한국 정부는 모자보건법 제14조 인공임신중절 수술의 허용한계를 통해 합법적인 낙태의 길을 열어놓았고, 출산억제를 위해 불법 낙태 역시 묵인해왔다. 하지만 2000년대 이후 초저출산 문제가 심각해지면서 정부는 전과는 반대로 출산장려정책을 추진하기 시작하였고, 최근에는 그동안 묵인해왔던 불법 낙태 처벌을 강화하겠다고 발표하였다. 더구나 일부 의료계와 여성계 반대에 부딪혀 이마저도 철회하고 말았다.BR 이런 시점에서 우리는 한국의 국가정책과 법이 얼마나 근시안적으로 마련되고 추진되었는지 성찰해야 하고, 국가정책과 법의 영향력이 얼마나 대단한지 진단해야 한다. 정부는 불과 반세기 전에는 공공연하게 출산금지정책을 추진하면서 낙태를 묵인해오더니 이제는 반대로 출산장려정책을 추진하면서 낙태죄 처벌을 강화하겠다고 말한다. 하지만 사람들은 더 이상 출산금지정책 이전처럼 자녀를 출산하지 않고, 낙태를 하면서도 별다른 죄의식을 느끼지 못하며, 낙태 합법화를 주장한다. 여러 가지 이유가 있겠지만 이런 주장의 저변에는 국가가 주도적으로 실시한 가족계획정책과 모자보건법이 자리한다. 오랜 세월 국가가 주도적으로 실시한 가족계획정책과 모자보건법 탓에 낙태를 바라보는 사람들의 인식 자체가 많이 달라졌고, 그런 탓에 죄의식 역시 반감(半減)되었기 때문이다.BR 이에 본고는 교황 요한 바오로 2세의 회칙 『생명의 복음』(Evangelium Vitae)에 근거하여 한국의 가족계획정책과 모자모건법이 야기한 낙태에 대한 인식과 실태의 문제점을 성찰하면서, 잘못된 국가정책과 법이 인간의식과 사회실태에 막대한 영향을 끼친다는 사실을 진단하였다. 특히 잘못된 국가정책과 법이 인간의 올바르고 선한 윤리적 선택을 가로막고, 여기서 더 나아가 잘못된 윤리의식, 곧 잘못된 양심을 형성하여 인간존재의 근원적인 차원에까지 그 영향을 미친다는 사실을 한국의 가족계획정책과 모자모건법이 야기한 낙태에 대한 죄의식의 부재와 낙태 만연 현상에 근거하여 제시하면서 그 해결방안을 모색하였다.

Good Neighbourliness in a Sustainable European Internal Electricity Market: A Tale of Communities and Uncommunautaire Thinking

The internal energy market is much like the ‘normal’ internal market so that the degree of completion is measured by economic interpenetration. This means that the more business is done across the border, the more the market has transformed from a national market to the internal market. This is coupled to a desire to come to a sustainable, i.e. more environmentally friendly and secure, energy production and supply. The objectives of market integration and sustainability lead to increasing interconnections between national energy systems and the corresponding need to take into account the effects of national policies on neighbouring countries. This contribution will examine how the principle of good neighbourliness can already be identified - albeit embryonically - in current EU sustainable energy policy. It also investigates whether and how this principle can form a useful framework to come to a sustainable European internal electricity market. It starts, however, by first identifying what this principle may entail with the use of similar concepts in small communities and how this may be contrasted when the communities become less relevant and neighbourliness is operationalised in a hierarchical setting.

Russia's Anti-Offshore Policy in the Global Economic System

Role of offshores in the global economy is rather controversial. It depends on effectiveness of national policy. In whole, offshores have started playing a critical part in global capital and assets flow. In the estimation of specialists, in 1990-s offshores have controlled nearly 20% of total world wealth, and almost 22% of external bank assets have been placed there. Today up to 60% of world money are located in offshore zones, nearly half of financial transactions passes through these zones. World experience has shown that offshore capital is not going to disappear in the foreseeable future. It will undergo essential transformation, growing more transparent and predictable. Yet tax competition and investment potential of certain jurisdictions will keep on determining capital flow in the world economy. Under WTO conditions the authors' suggestions to develop free and special economic zones, using the world experience, will allow Russia to develop regional social infrastructure, to attract investments, including foreign investments, into national economy. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n24p141

Attention Must Be Paid: Political Awareness and Trade Preference Formation

What explains public opinion on trade? Many scholars of trade opinion argue that individuals form opinions about trade based upon personal economic interest. However, public opinion research suggests that individuals are rarely able to connect the effects of national policies with their own interests. This paper addresses this puzzle. Based on over three decades of public and elite survey data, we find that higher levels of political awareness robustly predict greater support for free trade, consistent with data showing that overwhelming elite support for trade. Further, we show that the effects reported in the trade opinion literature (e.g., education, gender, race, and income) are conditioned on respondents' levels of political awareness. This suggests that few people have settled opinions on trade policy. Instead, politically-aware individuals receive cues from political elites and take positions corresponding to elite positions on trade policy.

Provision of information by local governments using the Internet: case studies in Japan

The Internet is an effective medium that has great potential for the low-cost provision of information from local government. This paper discusses the relationship between geographic conditions and local government policy for the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs), via case studies of official websites operated by local governments in Japan. This paper explores three main issues. First, the process of the diffusion of local government websites in Japan is analyzed. Second, the diversity of website content presented by local governments is assessed. Finally, the effects of national policy on Internet utilization by local governments is discussed. The following results are based on data collected by a questionnaire survey and an analysis of websites for local governments in selected areas of Japan. The diffusion of official websites for local governments began in the mid-1990s and was largely complete by 2000. In the early stages of this diffusion process, many websites aimed to transmit information to audiences outside of the municipality. In the later stages, however, larger cities established official websites and a greater proportion of websites were internally oriented. The content of these sites targeted the multiple needs of the local residents in terms of public services. Although the Japanese Government established a positive policy with the aim of improving ICT utilization by both local and national government, the national policy had only a minor effect on official local government websites.

Effects of national policies on teachers' sense of professionalism: findings from an empirical study in Portugal and in England

This paper reports on research aimed at investigating the ways in which teachers in Portugal and in England are experiencing recent changes in the policy environment which have affected their sense of professionalism and their professional identity. Data were collected through questionnaires and focus group interviews. Findings suggest the existence of some strengths in teachers' views on their professionalism, namely the importance of vocationalism, continuing learning and collaborative cultures, the relevance of project‐oriented work at school and an integrated perspective of the curriculum. However, a number of limitations also emerged, such as feelings of ambivalence and conflict, associated with increased bureaucracy, qualities of school leadership, cultures of loneliness and the lack of understanding and ownership of the process of change. Cet article rend compte des données sur une étude réalisée au Portugal et en Angleterre sur la manière dont les enseignants des deux pays vivent les plus récents changements dans leur travail en résultat des politiques nationales. Plus concrètement, l'étude a analysé la manière dont les enseignants des deux pays caractérisent leur professionnalisme et leur identité professionnelle. Les données ont été recueillies à travers des questionnaires et des entretiens en groupe. Les résultats suggèrent quelques points forts, notamment l'importance du sentiment de vocation, de l'apprentissage continu, des cultures de collaboration et du travail de projet ainsi qu'une perspective intégrée du curriculum. Par contre, les points plus faibles ont été les sentiments d'ambivalence et de conflit, ainsi que la bureaucratie, la culture de solitude et l'absence de compréhension du processus de changement. El artículo se basa en un estudio realizado por las Universidades del Minho (Portugal) y Nottingham (Inglaterra) sobre la forma como los profesores de los dos países han reaccionado a los recientes cambios en la política curricular, bien como sobre sus implicaciones en su profesionalismo y su identidad. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de cuestionario y entrevista de grupo. La lectura que surge de los datos indica un conjunto de puntos fuertes en la definición del profesionalismo de los profesores, especialmente la importancia atribuida al aprendizaje continuo y a las culturas de colaboración, así como la importancia del trabajo de proyecto y un entendimiento más amplio de los papeles de la escuela y de los profesores. Sin embargo, también surgieron algunas limitaciones, sobretodo en lo que respecta a sentimientos de alguna manera ambivalentes y conflictivos, determinados por el aumento de la burocracia, de la cultura individualista y la falta de comprensión y asimilación de los procesos de cambio. Dieser Artikel berichtet über eine Studie, welche untersucht hat, inwiefern Lehrer aus Portugal und England die jüngsten Veränderungen im politischen Umfeld erleben, und inwiefern sich diese Veränderungen auf die berufliche Einstellung und Identität der Lehrer auswirken. Die Daten wurden durch Fragebögen und Fokusgruppeninterviews erhoben. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Lehrer ihre Weiterbildung und Mitarbeitskultur, projektorientierte Schularbeit, eine integrierte Perspektive des Curriculums und ein breites Verständnis für die Schule und für die Lehrerarbeit als wichtig erachten. Es wurden jedoch auch einige Schwachpunkte identifiziert, wie beispielsweise mit erhöhtem Bürokratismus verbundene Ambivalenz‐ und Konfliktgefühle, Einsamkeitskultur, sowie Verständnislosigkeit gegenüber dem Veränderungsvorgang.

Economic Salience and Differential Abstention in Presidential Elections

Previous studies of American voting behavior have assumed that variations in turnout across election years are the result of fluctuations in the determinants of the voting decision. In this article I suggest that levels of turnout may also vary from year to year because of shifting relationships between economic variables and the voting decision. I use pooled cross-sectional data from the 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992 American National Election Studies to test the hypothesis that Black, working-class, and unemployed individuals who stayed home from the polls in 1980 and 1988 became mobilized during the 1984 and 1992 presidential elections because of the nature of the economy and the party of the incumbent president. I extend this analysis to include athtudinal variables that measure perceptions about the state of the national economy and the effect of national policies on one's personal financial well-being. The results of the probit analyses suggest that (a) working-class individuals were less likely to vote in the 1980 and 1988 elections, but this variation vanished in 1984 and 1992, and (b) both "pocketbook" and "sociotropic" concern regarding unemployment led to increased participation in the 1984 and 1992 elections, in contrast to the 1980 and 1988 elections.

Estimating changes in recreational fishing participation from national water quality policies

The complete evaluation of the offsite effects of national policies or programs that affect levels of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires linking extensive water quality changes to changes in recreational activity. A sequential decision model is specified to describe an individual's decisions about fishing. A participation model for recreational fishing that includes a water quality index reflecting regional water quality is developed and estimated as a logit model with national level data. A visitation model for those who decide to fish that also includes the water quality index is estimated using ordinary least squares. The water quality index is found to be significant in the participation model but not in the visitation model. Together, the two models provide a means of estimating how changes in water quality might influence the number of recreation days devoted to fishing. The model is used to estimate changes in fishing participation for the Conservation Reserve Program.