Effects Of Mindfulness-based Interventions Research Articles

Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on fatigue in cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in improving fatigue-related outcomes in adult cancer survivors. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases and reference lists of included studies. Separate random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for fatigue and vitality/vigor. Twenty-three studies reporting on 21 RCTs (N = 2239) met inclusion criteria. MBIs significantly reduced fatigue compared to controls at post-intervention (g = 0.60, 95 % CI [0.36, 0.83]) and first follow-up (g = 0.42, 95 % CI [0.20, 0.64]). Likewise, MBIs significantly improved vitality/vigor at post-intervention (g = 0.39, 95 % CI [0.25, 0.52]) and first follow-up (g = 0.35, 95 % CI [0.03, 0.67]). The evidence grade was low due to risk of bias, substantial heterogeneity, and publication bias among studies. MBIs show promise in improving fatigue and vitality/vigor in cancer survivors. More rigorous trials are needed to address current gaps in the evidence base.

The Art of Happiness: An Explorative Study of a Contemplative Program for Subjective Well-Being.

In recent decades, psychological research on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions has greatly developed and demonstrated a range of beneficial outcomes in a variety of populations and contexts. Yet, the question of how to foster subjective well-being and happiness remains open. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of an integrated mental training program The Art of Happiness on psychological well-being in a general population. The mental training program was designed to help practitioners develop new ways to nurture their own happiness. This was achieved by seven modules aimed at cultivating positive cognition strategies and behaviors using both formal (i.e., lectures, meditations) and informal practices (i.e., open discussions). The program was conducted over a period of 9 months, also comprising two retreats, one in the middle and one at the end of the course. By using a set of established psychometric tools, we assessed the effects of such a mental training program on several psychological well-being dimensions, taking into account both the longitudinal effects of the course and the short-term effects arising from the intensive retreat experiences. The results showed that several psychological well-being measures gradually increased within participants from the beginning to the end of the course. This was especially true for life satisfaction, self-awareness, and emotional regulation, highlighting both short-term and longitudinal effects of the program. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of the mental training program, such as The Art of Happiness, for psychological well-being.

Repeat Traffic Offenders Improve Their Performance in Risky Driving Situations and Have Fewer Accidents Following a Mindfulness-Based Intervention

Risky decision-making is highly influenced by emotions and can lead to fatal consequences. Attempts to reduce risk-taking include the use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBI), which have shown promising results for both emotion regulation (ER) and risk-taking. However, it is still unclear whether improved emotion regulation is the mechanism responsible for reduced risk-taking. In the present study, we explore the effect of a 5-week MBI on risky driving in a group of repeat traffic offenders by comparing them with non-repeat offenders and repeat offenders without training. We evaluated the driving behavior of the participants through a driving simulation, and self-reported emotion regulation, both before and after the intervention. At baseline, poor emotion regulation was related to a more unstable driving behavior, and speeding. The group that received mindfulness training showed improved performance during risky driving situations and had fewer accidents, although their overall driving behavior remained largely unchanged. The observed trend toward improved emotion regulation was not significant. We discuss whether other effects of MBI – such as self-regulation of attention – could underlie the observed reduction in risky driving in the initial stages. Nonetheless, our findings still confirm the close relationship between emotion regulation skills and risky driving.

The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on nursing students: A meta-analysis

BackgroundRecently, mindfulness interventions have been extensively applied in the field of nursing education. However, no consensus has been reached on whether these interventions can reduce anxiety and depression in nursing students. ObjectiveThis meta-analysis was designed to determine the effect of mindfulness interventions on levels of depression, anxiety, stress and mindfulness for nursing students. DesignMeta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. MethodsThe following Chinese and English databases were searched for relevant articles: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang. The search encompassed the establishment of these databases up until January 2020. Two reviewers separately entered the data into Review Manager Software 5.3. ResultsA total of 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were reviewed. It was found that mindfulness interventions significantly lowered levels of depression (SMD = −0.42, 95% CI:−0.56 to −0.28, P < 0.001), anxiety (SMD = −0.32, 95% CI:−0.47 to −0.17, P < 0.001) and stress (SMD = −0.50, 95% CI:−0.65 to −0.35, P < 0.001) in nursing students. Furthermore, the interventions raised levels of mindfulness in this group (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI:0.33–0.75, P < 0.001). ConclusionsMindfulness interventions can significantly reduce nursing students' negative emotions, helping them to manage their stress and anxiety. College nursing educators should consider adopting mindfulness interventions in nursing education to promote the mental health of students.

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Child and Adolescent Aggression: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Aggression is a substantial behavioral problem in children and adolescents. There has been an increasing amount of research investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) in reducing levels of aggression. The purpose of this review was to examine how effective mindfulness is in curbing aggressive behaviors in children and adolescents. Studies were identified through searching four electronic databases (PsycINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) with combinations of three groups of keywords supplemented with a manual search. Two independent researchers screened the searched papers, extracted data from papers, and assessed the quality of the studies. The extracted data was synthesized narratively and quantitatively. Eighteen studies (n = 1223) met the inclusion criteria. Three of the studies were controlled trials, seven were quasi-experimental studies, and an additional eight were single-subject design studies. Except for three studies that had unclear methodological quality, the remaining studies showed adequate research quality. Key findings highlighted evidence supporting the effectiveness of the use of MBI in children and adolescents with aggressive behavior problems. The meta-analytical results indicated that the overall effect size of MBI on aggressiveness is moderate (g = 0.48, CI95 [0.33, 0.63], p < 0.001). Furthermore, sub-group analysis estimated different effect sizes for clinical samples (g = 0.59, CI95 [0.23, 0.95], p = 0.001) and non-clinical samples (g = 0.45, CI95 [0.29, 0.62], p < 0.001). The effectiveness of MBI on child and adolescent aggressive behavior was supported. Compared with non-clinical samples, MBI showed higher effectiveness for clinical samples. Potential mechanisms, methodological strengths and weaknesses, implications, and suggestions for future study are discussed.

Kronik Obstrüktif Akciğer Hastalığında Farkındalık Temelli Müdahalelerin Etkileri: Sistematik Derleme ve Metaanaliz

Bu sistematik derleme ve metaanaliz, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH) olan bireylerde farkındalık temelli müdahalelerin klinik ve sağlıkla ilgili sonuçlar üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Araştırma kapsamında ScienceDirect, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL ve ULAKBİM veri tabanları taranmış ve 2010 ve 2019 yılları arasında yayımlanmış olan 13 randomize kontrollü araştırma makalesi bu metaanalize dâhil edilmiştir. Makalelerin metodolojik kalitesini değerlendirmek için Jadad Ölçeği; yanlılık riskini değerlendirmek için ise Cochrane Yanlılık Değerlendirme Aracı kullanılmıştır. 'STATA' istatistiksel paket programıyla analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaların örneklem büyüklüğü 30 ile 96 hasta arasında değişmektedir. Araştırmadaki tüm hastaların yaş ortalaması 64,6±7,3 olup, %68,45'i erkektir. Farkındalık temelli müdahalelerin sonucunda hastaların KOAH Değerlendirme Testi [standartlaştırılmış ortalama farkı (standardised mean difference 'SMD')=-0,46, %95 güven aralığı (GA): - 0,77 ile -0,16] ve St. George Solunum Anketi (SMD=-0,63, %95 GA: -0,87 ile-0,38) puanlarında anlamlı gelişme olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak Hastane Anksiyete Depresyon Skalası puanları açısından müdahale ve kontrol grupları arasındaki farkın istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olmadığı belirlenmemiştir (SMD=-0,21, %95 GA: -0,45 ile 0,03). Bu metaanaliz, KOAH tanılı hastalara uygulanan farkındalık temelli müdahalelerin hastaların sağlık durumu, fiziksel kapasitesi ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine olumlu etkilerinin olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Türkiye'de KOAH hastalarına uygulanan farkındalık temelli çalışmaların çok sınırlı olduğu, meditasyon ve yoga gibi müdahalelerin hastalar üzerine etkilerini değerlendiren çalışmalara gereksinim olduğu belirlenmiştir. Farkındalık temelli uygulamaların etkilerini araştıracak ileri klinik çalışmaların iyi kalitede yapılandırılması ve KOAH'lı bireylerde sık görülen yorgunluk ve uyku problemlerini hedef alması önerilmektedir.

The effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on the mental health of university students: a Systematic Review Study

The effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on the mental health of university students: a Systematic Review Study

Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Interventions on Symptom Reduction According to Y-BOCS and OCI-R in Adult Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most debilitating and costly mental health disorders. Mindfulness Based Interventions (MBIs) may decrease rumination and experiential avoidance, and improve meta-cognitive skills, and therefore, they could constitute a therapeutic option for this disorder. The aim of this systematic review was to sum up the current evidence from randomized control studies that examined the effectiveness of MBIs in the treatment of OCD. The Web of Science, PubMed and EMBASE databases were meticulously searched from commencement to May 2020. The primary outcome measure was symptom severity, which was assessed with Y-BOCS. Secondary outcomes were assessed with the BDI, OBQ-R, FFMQ, and quality of life scores. The initial search retrieved 1071 studies, of which only five randomized controlled trials met the selection criteria. Three out of five studies did not demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in OCD symptoms’ severity according to Y-BOCS. With regards to secondary outcomes, studies reported an improvement in mindfulness, an amelioration of life quality and a reduction of obsessive beliefs, depressive symptoms and anxiety. Though most studies implementing MBIs did not show a significant improvement of OCD symptom severity, the review highlighted contradictive and inconclusive findings due to a limited number of research studies on each specific MBI, heterogeneity of the studies’ populations and lack of RCTs of large numbers of participants.

Acute Effects of Brief Mindfulness Intervention Coupled with Carbohydrate Ingestion to Re-Energize Soccer Players: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Background: This field experiment investigated the acute effects of brief mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) coupled with carbohydrate (CHO) intake on players’ recovery from half-time break in a simulated soccer competition. Methods: In a single-blinded randomized crossover experiment, 14 male players received 3 treatments (Control: non-carbohydrate solution + travelling introduction audio; CHO: CHO–electrolyte solution + travelling introduction audio; and CHO_M: CHO–electrolyte solution + MBI) during simulated half-time breaks. Vertical jump, sprint performance, mindfulness level, rate of perceived exertion, muscle pain, mental fatigue, blood glucose, and lactate were measured immediately before, during, and after the exercise. Results: (1) MBI significantly increased participants’ mindfulness level (Control vs. CHO_M, p < 0.01; CHO vs. CHO_M, p < 0.01) and decreased mental fatigue for CHO_M condition (pre vs. post, p < 0.01); (2) participants in the CHO_M condition performed better in the repeated sprint tests than in the Control and CHO condition (Control vs. CHO_M, p = 0.02; CHO vs. CHO_M, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Findings of this study provide preliminary evidence of the positive effect of MBI coupled with CHO ingestion on athletes’ recovery from fatigue in the early stage of the second half of a game.

Effects of mindfulness-based intervention on glycemic control and psychological outcomes in people with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims/IntroductionPsychological therapies have showed benefits for both glycemic control and psychological outcomes in people with diabetes. However, the effects of mindfulness‐based intervention (MBI) on glycemic control and psychological outcomes are inconsistent across studies, and the evidence for MBI has not been summarized. We aimed to identify the effects of MBI on glycemic control and psychological outcomes in people with diabetes by carrying out a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Materials and MethodsSix databases (Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, Web of science and PsycINFO) were searched from inception to October 2019. Randomized controlled trials of MBI for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes were included. Two authors independently extracted relevant data and assessed the risk of bias, with a third reviewer as arbitrator. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also carried out.ResultsEight studies with 841 participants met the eligibility criteria. Meta‐analysis showed that MBI can slightly improve glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c; −0.25%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.43 to −0.07) and diabetes‐related distress (−5.81, 95% CI −10.10 to −1.52) contribute to a moderate effect size in reducing depression (standardized mean difference −0.56, 95% CI −0.82 to −0.30) and stress (standardized mean difference −0.53, CI −0.75 to −0.31). Subgroup analyses showed greater HbA1c reductions in subgroups with baseline HbA1c levels <8% and follow‐up duration >6 months. Mixed effects were observed for anxiety.ConclusionsMBI appears to have benefits on HbA1c, depression, stress and diabetes‐related distress in people with diabetes. More rigorous studies with longer follow‐up duration are warranted to establish the full potential of MBI.

Mindfulness-Based Intervention Performed During Hemodialysis: an Experience Report

The increasing prevalence of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis is considered a serious worldwide problem. This population has severe functional, psychological, and social limitations, causing suffering for the patient and high costs for the health system. Studies on Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have shown positive effects for various mental and physical disorders. Evidence of the effects of MBIs for people with CKD is emerging and programs carried out during hemodialysis sessions are almost nonexistent. The present experience report aims to describe the Hemomindful Program, an MBI for managing stress and promoting quality of life for people with CKD undergoing hemodialysis. It was an 8-week MBI, performed individually, during the hemodialysis sessions. A total of 15 adults undergoing hemodialysis treatment, 7 women and 8 men, with a mean age of 54 years (SD = 14.9) participated in this study. This report aims to describe the theoretical and practical basis of the Hemomindful Program and how it can contribute to managing stress and promoting quality of life. The participants referred to positive benefits of the practice, such as greater awareness of body sensations, emotions, and thoughts, less reactivity to deal with stressful situations, greater acceptance of experiences, feelings of well-being, changes in eating and fluid consumption habits, improved family relationships, and better self-care.

Self-reported Emotional Experience Among Police Personnel Before and After Attending a Mindfulness Based Intervention (Mindful Life Management-MLM)-an Observational Study

Background: Stress has been proven to be hazardous, resulting in significant physical, emotional, social and cognitive disturbances which are unpleasant. Police officers have elevated rates of cardiovascular diseases, sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, depression and PRSD. Kerala Police has implemented several programs for management of stress among its members. Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have been shown to enhance emotional intelligence, reduce negative emotions and health outcomes in police officers. Objective: The objective of the current study is to study the effectiveness of an MBI in reducing the negative emotions among police officers Methods: The present study is an observational study which attempts to assess and compare the subjectively reported emotion and Mindfulness level among police personnel before and six weeks after attending the Mindful Life Management (MLM) workshop. Results: Results of the present study suggests a statistically significant association between subjective emotional experience and the MBIs. Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) scores also were found to be significant statistically. FFMQ scores before and after the MLM workshop were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Results of the present study points to the fact that MLM can be thought of as a method of intervention to manage emotional turmoil among police personnel of our state. The relationship between the change in emotion and change in FFMQ score has to be further explored with adequate sample size. This ongoing study comparing the stress and emotional levels of the police force in the State of Kerala before and after MLM course will help to strengthen further the effects of MBIs in recognizing their emotional state.

Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Pain Intensity in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Context: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the most prominent cause of disability worldwide. For the treatment of CLBP, Mindfulness-based Interventions (MBIs) such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), mindfulness meditation (MM) are often used; however, their exact effect on pain intensity has not yet been determined for these people. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MBIs on pain intensity in people with CLBP. Data Sources: In this systematic review, all of the randomized controlled trials available on PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ProQuest databases from 2014 to 2020 were reviewed. This study is also the first review article in the field of chronic low back pain that reviews the databases of Google Scholar, Irandoc, and SID in Persian. Study Selection: Studies were included if they were: (1) RCT; (2) had patients with chronic low back pain; (3) made a comparison between MBIs and a passive comparator (usual care) or an active comparator (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or health education); (4) examined pain intensity. Results: In the initial search, we found 297 trials in total databases. After removing duplicates and applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 RCT (totaling 959 patients) with CLBP were included for this systematic review. Conclusions: MBIs are effective solutions for coping with CLBP, and their effects are maintained for a long time. No significant difference was found between the effectiveness of these treatments and CBT treatment on pain intensity of patients with CLBP.

A systematic review of mindfulness based interventions for children and young people with ADHD and their parents

Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in childhood, which may pose risks in later life such as academic underachievement and anti-social behaviour. It has been suggested that mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) may contribute to positive outcomes with child and adult populations. In this article, we aim to systematically review the literature regarding the effectiveness of MBI on both children with ADHD and their parents. Method Seven databases were searched using the PRISMA criteria and included peer-reviewed journals and grey literature. Results Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggested that MBI had positive results in addressing attention deficits in children with ADHD, but in terms of hyperactivity, the evidence was conflicting. MBI interventions also appear to effectively address parental stress and family functioning. However, the rating from the quality assessment showed several methodological limitations. Discussion The current evidence on the impact of MBI on ADHD symptoms is non-conclusive. However, promising data indicated the potential for MBI in addressing parental stress and family functioning. Further research is recommended to overcome the current methodological limitations.

The effect of mindfulness-based interventions on inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive behavior in childhood: A meta-analysis

Current research has reported the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on general domains of cognition and behavior among children. The present study is the first meta-analysis with controlled studies investigating the pre-post change effects of MBIs on two widely experienced behaviors in childhood education, namely inattentiveness and hyperactivity–impulsivity. With a special developmental focus on the early years, a total of 21 studies with 3- to 12-year-old children were included in the meta-analysis. Results indicated that MBIs decreased children’s overall inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive behavior with a small but significant effect size (k = 21, g+ = .38, p < .001). However, this overall positive effect was only significant when teachers rated children’s behavior and nonsignificant when parents and children themselves were the informants. Additionally, MBIs showed a moderate effect in reducing inattentiveness and hyperactivity–impulsivity for children at risk for such behavior. In conclusion, results indicate that MBIs, which are relatively easily applied in educational practice, have the potential to decrease inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive behavior and might contribute to children’s overall better functioning at school.

The mindfulness trajectories of addressing suicidal behaviour: A systematic review.

Suicidal behaviour has been a persistent concern in medical as well as general settings. Many psychotherapeutic approaches have tried to address suicidal behaviour in different ways. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have garnered much attention in the last decade because of their treatment efficacy. This systematic review aimed to examine evidence-based research regarding the effectiveness of MBIs as a psychotherapy intervention on suicidality and to deliver suggestions that might help future research. The identification of literature was made through an extensive search of the electronic databases, to extract studies relating to the efficacy of MBIs on addressing suicidal behaviour. Additional researches based on library sources were searched manually. The studies' selection was based on a pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as the quality of the studies. The present review helped us identify 13 studies, including six randomised controlled trials, two controlled studies and five pre-post observational studies. The findings reported in the studies were mostly favourable to MBIs as an effective intervention strategy for suicidal behaviour. MBIs show promising effects as an intervention for suicidal behaviour. However, large scale, high-quality trials with active control, and long term intervention efficacy studies are needed to understand the mechanisms through which MBIs reduce suicidal behaviour.

Effects of a Mindfulness Intervention Among Arab Teachers Are Mediated by Decentering: A Pilot Study.

Although mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in education are widely spreading in the world, examination of mindfulness effects in Arab schools is still scarce. This pilot study aimed to fill this gap by examining the effects of an MBI among Arab teachers in Israel. This examination was conducted within the framework of the mindful self in school relationships (MSSR) model, which suggests that the positive effects of MBI on teachers’ emotion regulation are mediated by decentering. The participants (N = 39) were teachers from two Arab elementary schools in Israel, who underwent an MBI course (the MBI condition, N = 20) and another cognitive intervention (the control condition, N = 19). In a pre–post design, participants completed mindfulness, decentering, emotion regulation, and stress questionnaires. We hypothesized that (1) only in the MBI group, teachers’ mindfulness, decentering, and emotional regulation will increase and stress will decrease, and (2) changes in teachers’ decentering would mediate the associations of changes in teachers’ mindfulness with changes in their emotion regulation. ANOVA analyses show that, only in the MBI condition, teachers showed an increase in three mindfulness subscales (acting with awareness, non-reactivity, and observance), in decentering, and in adaptive emotion regulation (reappraisal) and a decrease in stress. Furthermore, changes from pre-intervention to post-intervention in teachers’ decentering mediated the associations of their pre–post changes in mindfulness with changes in emotion regulation. This study provides initial support to the feasibility and efficacy of MBI among Israeli Arab teachers and suggests decentering as a potential mediator of its effects in initial support of the MSSR model.

A Systematic Review of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia and Caregivers.

The aim of this article was to systematically review the quality and efficacy of the current evidence for mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), patients with dementia (PwD), and their caregivers. We identified 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (11 for patients, 9 for caregivers) published in the last 15 years. Evidence suggested that MBIs are highly acceptable and credible treatments for patients with MCI, PwD and caregivers. Specifically, for PwD, the results indicated that the magnitude of post-treatment effects of MBIs are in the medium to large range for psychosocial outcomes, and in the small to medium range for cognitive functioning; however, treatment effects on dementia biomarkers were mixed, ranging from small to large, depending on the outcome measure. Findings also evidenced salutary effects of MBIs for caregivers of PwD, with post-treatment effects ranging from medium to large for caregiver stress and burden and large effects for quality of life, and mixed outcomes for cognitive functioning, with effects in the small to large range. However, confidence in these findings is relatively limited due to methodological limitations, especially in terms of poor consistency in intervention strategies, outcome measures, and other key criteria across studies. To better assess the value of MBIs for these populations and optimize treatment outcomes, we recommend further research with improved study methodology (e.g., multi-method assessment, universal criterion and outcome measures, use of active control groups, larger sample sizes, long-term follow-up) to replicate current findings and enhance our understanding of underlying treatment mechanisms of MBIs.

A Meta-analysis of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Impact on ADHD Symptoms, Depression, and Executive Functioning

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are increasingly used in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of the current study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the available studies on the effects of MBIs on ADHD symptoms, depression, and executive functioning in adults diagnosed with ADHD. Screening and selection of peer-reviewed literature using PRISMA-P guidelines on PsycINFO, PubMed, SCOPUS, and ERIC databases from inception to July 2019 A total of 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis, for an aggregated sample of 834 adults with ADHD. Overall, the results showed that MBIs are effective to treat ADHD symptoms in adults, as well as to reduce depression and dysexecutive problems post-intervention. MBIs are useful to improve ADHD symptoms, negative affect, and cognition in adult ADHD. The results contribute to better understanding and encourage the use of non-pharmacological treatments in ADHD.

What Works in Mindfulness Interventions for Medically Unexplained Symptoms? A Systematic Review.

Background/Purpose: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been used in medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). This systematic review describes the literature investigating the general effect of MBIs on MUS and identifies the effects of specific MBIs on specific MUS conditions. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Guidelines (PRISMA) and the modified Oxford Quality Scoring System (Jadad score) were applied to the review, yielding an initial 1,556 articles. The search engines included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and PsychINFO using the search terms: mindfulness, or mediations, or mindful or MBCT or MBSR and medically unexplained symptoms or MUS or Fibromyalgia or FMS. A total of 24 articles were included in the final systematic review. Results/Conclusions: MBIs showed large effects on: symptom severity (d = 0.82), pain intensity (d = 0.79), depression (d = 0.62), and anxiety (d = 0.67). A manualized MBI that applies the four fundamental elements present in all types of interventions were critical to efficacy. These elements were psycho-education sessions specific to better understand the medical symptoms, the practice of awareness, the nonjudgmental observance of the experience in the moment, and the compassion to ones’ self. The effectiveness of different mindfulness interventions necessitates giving attention to improve the gaps that were identified related to home-based practice monitoring, competency training of mindfulness teachers, and sound psychometric properties to measure the mindfulness practice.