Effectiveness Of International Regimes Research Articles

An Analysis of Maritime Security Concept Based on International Safety Management (ISM) Code at The II Class Harbormaster and Port Authority (KSOP) Tanjungpinang

The ISM Code’s objective is to improve safety and prevent accidents and pollution as regulated by the International Maritime Organization and has been ratified since 1994 by Indonesia and applies to each province, including the Riau Archipelago. The Riau Archipelago almost had 96% of the marine area as its territory and directly borders Singapore and Malaysia with high sea transportation activities and has a strategic role in international trade traffic. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of the ISM Code at KSOP II Class Tanjungpinang through the concept of maritime security. The research method used was the qualitative method. The data obtained were systematically compiled and analyzed qualitatively using the international regime effectiveness analysis. The concept of maritime security was used to answer the implementation of the ISM Code at II Class KSOP Office Tanjungpinang. The application of the ISM Code at II Class KSOP Office Tanjungpinang had to be considered to ensure safe sea transportation activities as regulated by IMO and legalized in each province of Indonesia. The results of this study were necessary to optimize each maritime actor’s function who had legal responsibilities. There were required changes in focus, understanding, and awareness of the importance of maritime security to optimize resources and tasks on an ongoing basis and emphasize preventive and repressive efforts. This assisted in preventing the recurrence of threats and violations of the law in the marine area directly adjacent to the Riau Archipelago.

Challenges in determining national effects of international policy processes: Forest protection in Norway as a case

During recent decades, international forest policy processes have made numerous recommendations for sustainable forest management, including forest protection, but questions have been raised concerning the influences of these processes on national forest policies and management. The main objective of this article is to explore challenges in determining the national effects of three international forest policy processes, while building on earlier literature on the effects and effectiveness of international regimes. Our study focuses on one single substantive element (forest protection) in one country (Norway). We explore the challenges in verifying causal connections between national changes and the international recommendations for an element where a good deal of information is available. Quantitative data for protection status as well as qualitative data from an empirical study giving differing opinions on Norway's compliance with international recommendations are combined and discussed for two alternative concepts of effects: (i) relative improvement with the regimes compared to the situation with no regime, and (ii) the regime's contribution to solving the problem. The findings suggest that international processes can be attributed limited or comprehensive influence depending on the interpretation of the recommendations as well as on the analytical approach chosen in determining influences. Further analysis of the effects of international forest policy processes on forest management and across countries is recommended, and factors considered for such analysis to be informative and credible are proposed.

Constant Tension: Regulating International Shipping

line, but ease that tension to prevent the very dangerous possibility of the line parting and to enable the controlled movement of the ship. Elizabeth DeSombre's Ragging Standards looks at similar situation. It analyzes contemporary efforts to establish and maintain rigorous standards for the international shipping industry (tension on the line) without creating so much regulation, with its negative economic impact, that the system cannot operate (and the line parts from the stress). The book is strong and insightful study of the world's second oldest profession, and in it DeSombre makes relatively rare and quite valuable contribution both to the specialized literature on international shipping safety and to the broader literature on the formation and effectiveness of international regimes in an era of globalization. Both the most optimistic neoliberal institutionalists and those critics of international regimes who are least sanguine about the prospects for international cooperation will be equally disappointed in DeSombre's conclusion. In essence, she argues that--with respect to environmental, safety, and labor regulations in the shipping industry--the race is not to the top, or to the bottom, but to the middle. After exploring the roles of states, international organizations, industry groups, and international civil society actors, DeSombre unfolds what is, in her words, a regulatory middle ground, where profit is still possible and moderate level of protection achievable (p. 229). As contribution to the theoretical literatures on both international regimes and globalization, Flagging Standards usefully explores the efficacy of host of interrelated efforts that are designed to improve the governance of international shipping. Given that international shipping is critical global business in terms of the volume of goods involved, greater understanding of efforts to make it cleaner and safer industry is quite valuable. Her pursuit of that understanding leads DeSombre to the consideration of the roles played by states and numerous nonstate actors. Although states remain the dominant actors in the international shipping regime, efforts to raise environmental, safety, and labor standards have emerged from the interrelated efforts of several important Each of these clubs, because of the exclusivity of their membership requirements, can compel actors who perform poorly to either come up to club standards, leave the market, or operate, often illegally, at the lowest end of the industry. In shipping terms, the last option involves moving the least profitable cargoes between ports that have the lowest standards because one's ship is effectively locked out of other opportunities. DeSombre very effectively develops the concept of exclusion as an incentive in an early chapter. Thereafter, she devotes individual chapters to the formation and performance of the state and nonstate clubs. Readers

Qualitative comparative analysis, shaming, and international regime effectiveness

The article presents and applies a set-theoretic comparative technique, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), to a string of case studies on shaming as a strategy for improving the effectiveness of international regimes for resource management. This technique is particularly attractive when the number of cases available is greater than what the researcher can reliably handle by narrative comparison, yet too low to support statistical procedures. QCA can capture causal conjunctions, even in small-to-intermediate- N situations, primarily because it permits the introduction of simplifying assumptions in a way that maintains a clear connection to the underlying cases — thus allowing substantive evaluation of their plausibility. A more recent fuzzy-set version lifts two limitations of the crisp-set version of QCA examined here (i.e., that variables must be dichotomous, and that the analysis makes no allowance for measurement error and non-modeled causality).

The Political Science of Human Rights

Human rights have long been a direct or indirect substantive topic in modern political science and, in particular, the study of human rights represents an important nexus between traditional concerns within comparative politics and those in international relations. On the one hand, comparative politics has traditionally been concerned with the functions, determinants and outcomes of different political regimes, political institutions, political culture, the relationship between states and citizens (protest and repression, social mobilization and citizenship rights, voting, elections and party systems), and large social processes such as social and political revolutions, democratization and the domestic effects of and responses to globalization. On the other hand, international relations has concentrated on the inter-state dynamics of war, peace and security; international trade, finance and development; the growth and role of international organizations; the proliferation and effectiveness of international regimes and foreign policy analysis. More recently, attention has focused on the interplay between domestic and international politics in examining the ways in which domestic political arrangements may have an impact on the international behaviour of states. The now famous notion of the ‘two-level’ game has been instructive for scholars examining the constraint of democratic institutions on state behaviour, while the large literature on the ‘democratic’ and ‘Kantian’ peace has used the tools of modern political science to examine the degree to which democracy and other ‘liberal’ variables have an inhibiting effect on the likelihood of interstate violence.The study of human rights within modern political science fits neatly into these disciplinary developments. The history of human rights is one of the increasing internationalization of an idea that has traditionally been defended nationally.

Irreführende Geisterdebatte oder funktionale Notwendigkeit?

The paper starts with a presentation and critique of regime theoretical approaches to the understanding of world economic developments after 1945. Within the debate on re-regulation, the normative-idealistic calls for a global environmental organisation seem to ignore what we have learned so far about the change and the effectiveness of international regimes. A fundamental regime change requires the consensus of the hegemon and/or the hegemonial group. And regime effectiveness does not primarily depend upon hierarchical organisational structures. Rather than advocating a global environmental organisation, from an ecological perspective the reform-minded transnational discourse networks would be better adviced to work for the acceptance of ecologically oriented indicators for economic development within all existing organisations of the world economy.

The Ozone endgame: The implementation of the Montreal Protocol in the United Kingdom

The study of global environmental problems within International Relations is dominated by the question of regime negotiation and operation. But while regime theorists have generated many important insights, their work is largely problem‐solving in its focus. Taking as an example the implementation of the 1987 Montreal Protocol in the United Kingdom, this article considers the wider and longer‐term political repercussions of international environmental policies at the national and sub‐national government level. While germane to implementation, the national political repercussions of international policies tend to be disregarded by those assessing the effectiveness of international regimes. These empirical observations are examined against Peter Haas's model of epistemic learning, which is suitably adjusted to take into account the importance of national policy networks at the processing and implementation stages of the policy cycle.

The 1995 United Nations agreement on straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks: A critique

Problems associated with the failure of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to address adequately the management of straddling stocks have become readily apparent in the period since that treaty's adoption in 1982. The 1995 United Nations Agreement for the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks provides a significant attempt by the international community to deal with those problems. The new agreement incorporates the concept of precaution, strengthens the role of regional organizations in the management of straddling fish stocks, and encourages consideration of fisheries in a wider ecosystem context. While the provisions of the Straddling Stocks Agreement further develop and enhance the international law applicable to fishery management beyond that contained in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, a number of potential problems are posed as the process of implementation of the agreement is undertaken. This article examines the provisions of the Straddling Stocks Agreement, as well as some of the underlying pressures and difficulties that may threaten their successful implementation and undermine the effectiveness of international regimes for the management of marine living resources.