Effects Of Implementation Intentions Research Articles

거절 민감성에 대한 조절 전략으로서 실행 의도 형성의 효과에 대한 연구

본 연구에서는 거절을 관리하는 전략 중 하나로서 실행 의도가 거절 상황에 직면했을 때 나타나는 부정적 반응들을 완화하고, 상대방의 승인 가능성에 대한 예상을 높일 수 있는지에 대하여 경험적으로 탐색해보았다. 연구 결과, 거절 민감성 수준이 상대적으로 높은 학생들의 경우 실행 의도를 형성한 실험 집단이 통제 집단에 비해 정서적 반응으로서 분노 점수가 유의미하게 낮았지만, 그 외의 항목에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 반면에 거절 민감성 수준이 중간 정도인 학생들의 경우 실험 집단이 통제 집단에 비해 정서적 반응으로서 분노, 인지적 반응으로서 자기 비난 및 타인 비난, 행동적 반응으로서 공격성 및 관계철회 점수가 유의미하게 낮았으며, 승인 예상 점수는 높았다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구에서는 실행 의도가 거절 민감성 수준이 너무 높아 별도의 교육적 개입이 필요한 학생보다는 일반 학생을 대상으로 한 보편적 예방 차원에서 다루어질 필요가 있음을 제안하였다.

Reported theory use in walking interventions: a literature review and research agenda.

There is mixed evidence with some suggesting walking can be increased up to the recommended level through interventions based on behaviour change models and others showing partial or no effects [Arbour and Ginis (A randomised controlled trial of the effects of implementation intentions on women's walking behaviour. Psychol Health, 2009;24:49-65); Merom et al. (Can a motivational intervention overcome an unsupportive environment for walking-findings from the Step-by-Step Study. Ann Behav Med 2009;38:137-46); Ornes and Ransdell (A pilot study examining exercise self-efficacy as a mediator for walking behavior in college-age women. Perceptual Motor Skills, 2010;110:1098-104)]. Taken together, prior studies suggest that ongoing research attention is warranted. Walking behaviour change intervention studies were searched using key search words 'walking promotion' and 'pedometer' in the PubMed database. Initially, 87 articles were found and 25 walking behaviour change interventions were reviewed to focus attention on reported theory use. Results of the review suggest that interventions that are theoretically underpinned may be no more effective than their counterparts. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and Social Cognitive Models were most frequently reported with positive effects noted for TTM use. The review also indicates that using single theory may be better than using multiple theories in a single intervention.

Investigation and the Improvement Strategy of the Inquiry Physics Experiment Teaching in Senior High School

In accordance with the international trend, the new round of curriculum reform of basic education in China vigorously advocates inquiry teaching. Experiment plays an important role in physics. However, experiments have not been paid much attention in the past, so it is necessary to analyze how to carry out inquiry experiment teaching and investigate the current implementation status of inquiry-based experiment teaching. In this paper, literature research and questionnaire survey are conducted to investigate the students from the aspects of implementation conditions, implementation intention, implementation process and implementation effect of the inquiry physics experiment teaching. The results show that the present situation of physical inquiry experiment teaching is not optimistic. Although the overwhelming majority of students have positive intention to carry out the physical inquiry experiment, there are many problems in the implementation condition, implementation process and implementation effect of the physical inquiry experiment teaching. And it is in some degree trapped in the practical dilemma of formalism, which needs further improvement and perfection. Therefore, in order to promote the further optimization of exploratory experimental teaching, it is firstly suggested to provide multiparty support for the effective implementation of exploratory experiment teaching. Then, the operational examination is considered to be added in high-interest examinations. Finally, the physics teachers need to improve their professional quality.

Giving A Hand To Pilots With Animated Alarms Based On Mirror System Functioning

Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents are among the most frequent and deadly accidents in aviation (IATA, 2016). Pilots have sometimes only a few seconds to react to the ‘Pull-Up’ alarm that indicates an imminent collision with the ground. The auditory modality of the alarm can generate stress, which can disrupt cognitive processes (Porcelli et al., 2008) and negatively impact the ability to take timely and appropriate actions (Scholz et al., 2009). While in general humans are less sensitive to auditory stimuli than to visual stimuli (Mrugalska et al. 2016), the auditory component of the ‘Pull-Up’ alarm is loud and prominent whereas its visual component is more discreet (i.e., small text). Consequently, a first step to enhance the efficiency of this alarm would be to increase the conspicuity of its visual component by enlarging the ‘Pull-Up’ text size and to increase its salience by displacing it from the artificial horizon to the bottom of the Primary Flight Display (PFD). However, enlarging the inscription may not be sufficient to cope with the loss of cognitive performance due to stress (BEA, 2009). Previous researched found that watching an action activates premotor cortex and pre-initiates the gesture imitation through the mirror neuron system (Ocampo & Kritikos, 2011). Therefore, presenting a video of the gesture to perform (i.e., a hand pulling the sidestick), in case of imminent impact with the ground, should pre-activate the motor reaction to the alarm and then improve the pilots’ performance in terms of reaction time. The present experiment aimed at assessing whether these ‘Pull-Up’ video better performance than more conventional ‘Pull-Up’ alarms. Both behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) results were used to assess the best alarm design.

Implementation intentions in the entrepreneurial process: concept, empirical findings, and research agenda

Prior studies find sizable gaps between entrepreneurial intentions and subsequent actions. We extend models of entrepreneurial intentions by drawing on action phase theory to better understand how entrepreneurial intentions translate into actions. Our study focuses on the effects of implementation intentions on taking entrepreneurial action. The analysis uses two waves of survey data on 422 individuals, from the Swedish general population, who had an explicit interest in starting a business and who reported on their actions 6 months later. We test and find support for a moderated mediation model in which implementation intentions mediate the effects of goal intentions on taking entrepreneurial action. We further find the mediated effect to be even stronger for those confirming a strong intention to start a new business. We provide an in-depth discussion of the concept of implementation intention and an extensive research agenda.

To drink or to drink less? Distinguishing between effects of implementation intentions on decisions to drink and how much to drink in treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder

IntroductionFor many people with alcohol use disorders, alcohol drinking is a highly ingrained and automatized behavior with negative long-term health consequences. Implementation intentions, a behavioral intervention that links high-risk drinking situations with alternative, healthier responses, provide a means to intervene on habitual drinking behaviors. Here, a pilot treatment using implementation intentions was assessed with remote assessments and treatment prompts. MethodsTreatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder between the ages of 18 and 65 were recruited from the community from October 2014 to November 2016. Participants (N=35) were quasi-randomly assigned to complete either active (n=18) or control (n=17) two-week implementation intention interventions. Active implementation intentions linked high-risk situations with alternative responses whereas the control condition selected situations and responses but did not link these together. Daily ecological momentary interventions of participant-tailored implementation intentions were delivered via text message. Alcohol consumption was assessed once daily with self-reported ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) of drinks consumed the previous day and thrice daily remotely submitted breathalyzer samples to assess reliability of self-reports. ResultsOn drinking days (80% of days), the active implementation intentions group reduced alcohol consumption during the intervention period compared to the control condition; however the difference between consumption was not observed at one-month follow-up. DiscussionThe implementation intention intervention was associated with a 1.09 drink per day decrease in alcohol consumption on drinking days compared to a decrease of 0.29 drinks per day in the control condition. Future studies may combine implementation intentions with other treatments to help individuals to reduce alcohol consumption.

More than planned: Implementation intention effects in non-planned situations

Forming implementation intentions (i.e., if-then planning) is a powerful self-regulation strategy that enhances goal attainment by facilitating the automatic initiation of goal-directed responses upon encountering critical situations. Yet, little is known about the consequences of forming implementation intentions for goal attainment in situations that were not specified in the if-then plan. In three experiments, we assessed goal attainment in terms of speed and accuracy in an object classification task, focusing on situations that were similar or dissimilar to critical situations and required planned or different responses. The results of Experiments 1 and 3 provide evidence for a facilitation of planned responses in critical and in sufficiently similar situations, enhancing goal attainment when the planned response was required and impairing it otherwise. In Experiment 3, additional unfavorable effects however emerged in situations that were dissimilar to the critical one but required the planned response as well. We discuss theoretical implications as well as potential benefits and pitfalls emerging from these non-planned effects of forming implementation intentions.

An experimental investigation of breaking learnt habits with verbal implementation intentions

The interplay between inflexible habits and flexible goal-directed control can be modelled in lab-settings using the slips-of-action task. In this task, participants are required to selectively respond to still-valuable outcomes while suppressing responding towards no-longer valuable outcomes, thereby overriding learned stimulus-response associations. Here we examined in the slips-of-action task whether learnt habits can be changed using a planning technique – so-called implementation intentions - whereby people instruct themselves to enact a certain behaviour (or not) in the presence of a specific critical stimulus. Such simple ‘if-then’ instructions have previously been shown to support behavioural change in real-life settings, possibly because people verbally create new stimulus-response associations. Across four experiments we manipulated the intrinsic value of the stimuli and outcomes in the slips-of-action task: abstract stimuli and outcomes (Experiment 1), snack food stimuli and outcomes (Experiment 2), or a combination of both types (Experiment 3–4). Implementation intentions improved the ability to suppress previously learnt responses towards no-longer-valuable abstract outcomes (Experiment 1 and 3). However, when snacks were used as outcomes (Experiment 2 and 4) no beneficial effect of implementation intentions versus goal intentions was observed. The slips-of-action task is thus sensitive to planning techniques under certain circumstances. Yet, the absence of effects when using snacks as outcomes implies the possible importance of its hedonic outcome value for implementation intentions' effectiveness, which warrants further investigation.

SU43. The Effect of Implementation Intention on Different Types of Prospective Memory Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia

SU43. The Effect of Implementation Intention on Different Types of Prospective Memory Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia

Reducing fat intake using implementation intentions: A meta-analytic review.

To study the efficacy of forming implementation intentions for fat intake reduction as well as possible moderating variables. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 empirical studies (N=3,323) published in English and Spanish in the Web of Science (Core Collection) and MEDLINE (1990-January 2016) databases. This study found that the efficacy of planning interventions on fat consumption reduction was higher than expected, as a moderate overall effect of implementation intentions was observed (d=0.488). Moreover, planning for a fat intake reduction seems to be more powerful for men than for women (β=-.623; p=.025) and in cases where there is no monitoring during the intervention (d=0.671 vs. d=0.231). Previous research was sceptical of the efficacy of planning in the case of avoiding goals in healthy eating. However, our results show that planning is an efficient intervention that can be used by health education programmes to reduce fat intake and, therefore, increase citizen well-being. These results also support the existence of a key variable in the implementation intentions process, that is, goal complexity, and the presence of two moderating variables, that is, gender and monitoring. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Implementation intentions are action plans subordinate to goal intentions that specify the 'when, where, and how' of responses leading to goal attainment. In healthy eating, the average effect of forming implementation intentions is small to medium, but this efficacy changes depending on the type of intended behaviour. Past evidence shows that the effect size seems to be lower when the intervention aims at reducing unhealthy behaviours versus promoting healthy behaviours. What does this study add? Forming implementation intentions is an efficient intervention to reduce fat intake with a medium overall effect. The efficacy of this intervention is increased when men are targeted and when there is no monitoring during the process. This study introduces a new line of research focused on the study of the effect of planning on complex goals.

The Effects of Goal Origin and Implementation Intentions on Goal Commitment, Effort, and Performance

ABSTRACTSelf-set goals, selected by students for themselves, have known motivational benefits leading to increased autonomy and intrinsic motivation. In spite of the motivational benefits, students often fail to accomplish self-set goals because they lack the social motivator ascribed to assigned goals. The purpose of this research was to investigate methods of increasing students' commitments to self-set goals using implementation intentions: plans for when, where, and how to work toward a goal. The results of two studies revealed that implementation intentions increased students' performance on self-set goals relative to assigned goals through enhanced goal commitment and effort. Our findings suggest that the positive effects of self-set goals are greater when they are coupled with implementation intentions.

Enhancing the effectiveness of alcohol warning labels with a self-affirming implementation intention.

Excess alcohol consumption extorts significant social and economic costs that are increasing despite the presence of mandatory warning labels on packaged alcoholic beverages. We used a novel approach by adding a brief statement based on self-affirmation theory to alcohol warning labels. In two studies (N = 85 and N = 58), we randomized regular wine drinkers recruited from university campuses to complete a wine-pouring task with bottles that had standard labeling or bottles that added a self-affirming implementation intention to the standard labeling. Alcohol consumption, behavioral intention, and self-efficacy were measured premanipulation; message acceptance was measured postmanipulation; and alcohol consumption, behavioral intention, and self-efficacy were measured again at follow-up. In both studies, the self-affirming implementation intention significantly reduced subsequent alcohol consumption (ds = 0.70 and 0.91, respectively). However, message acceptance, behavioral intention, and self-efficacy did not significantly mediate the observed effects. Self-affirming implementation intentions augmented the effect of alcohol warning labels to reduce subsequent alcohol consumption, but-consistent with the broader self-affirmation literature-it was not clear what mediated the effects. Further research is required to examine the effects of self-affirming implementation intentions on other kinds of public health-related labeling. (PsycINFO Database Record

Effects of preparatory and action planning instructions on situation-specific and general fruit and snack intake

Evidence to date suggests heterogeneity in the effects of implementation intentions on health behaviour, including diet. Additional variables and study designs may impact on their effectiveness. Preparatory action, such as making sure fruits are available for consumption, may be an important additional variable. Likewise, most implementation intention research has focused on changes in general intake, yet implementation intention instructions typically require participants to consider behaviour in specific situations. Little is known on how implementation intentions impact situation-specific intake. The present study sought to add to the evidence base by comparing (1) the effects of action planning instructions versus preparatory planning instructions on (2) both situation-specific (as formulated in the implementation intention instruction) and general intake of fruits and in-between meal snack intake frequency. Fruit intake was assessed in average pieces per day, whereas snacking intake was assessed as average frequency in days per week. Using non-probability sampling, 243 undergraduate students who intended to have a healthy diet were randomized to either a standard information control condition, an action planning condition, or a preparatory planning condition. Planning manipulations were based on previous work. Two weeks later, general and situation-specific intake was assessed again in 181 participants. Data were analysed using 2 (time) x 3 (conditions) analyses of variance. Results showed that both planning manipulations were successful in decreasing snack intake frequency in the specified situation, with larger effect sizes for the action planning condition than for the preparatory planning condition. No effects were found on general snack intake frequency or fruit intake. Future planning interventions should more explicitly compare changes in situational and general intake, as well as simultaneously assessed decreases in unhealthy intake and increases in healthy intake.

The effect and mechanisms of implementation intention in improving prospective memory performance in schizophrenia patients.

People with schizophrenia (SCZ) have been shown to have prospective memory (PM) deficits. PM refers to the ability to remember to perform delayed intentions in the future and plays an important role in everyday independent functioning in SCZ. To date, few studies have investigated methods to improve PM in SCZ. This study aimed to examine whether implementation intention can improve PM performance and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Fifty people with SCZ and 50 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to an implementation intention condition or a control instruction condition. Participants were required to make PM responses when PM cue words appeared while they were undertaking an ongoing task with two levels of cognitive load (1-back or 2-back). Results showed that people with SCZ were impaired in PM, and implementation intention improved PM performances for both SCZ and HC. Implementation intention improved PM performance in SCZ in both the low and the high cognitive load conditions without ongoing task cost, suggesting that implementation intention improved PM remembering in an automatic way. These results indicate that implementation intention may be a beneficial technique for improving PM performances in people with SCZ.

Combined Effect of Mental Contrasting and Implementation Intention on College Students' Book Reading

The combining of mental contrasting with implementation intention (MCII) as a selfregulation strategy for goal pursuit enhances goal attainment. Our aims in this study were as follows: (a) confirm the effect of MCII in this context, and (b) explore how the features of MCII affect goal-pursuit behaviors in a book-reading task. We randomly assigned 90 college students to either an MCII intervention condition or a control condition. The results showed that participants in the MCII intervention group did not exert more effort in reading the book than did the participants in the control condition. However, analysis within the MCII intervention condition group showed that the number of written words in the MCII exercise phase (quantity), the integrity of the participants' implementation intention, and the mental contrasting specificity (quality) of MCII affected the participants' reading behavior and achievement. Finally, further analysis of mental contrasting content revealed that, compared with participants for whom the obstacles to completing the assigned reading were internal, such as lack of self-control or lack of interest in the subject matter, participants who identified external obstacles, such as the need to complete other study assignments or to work in part-time employment, spent more time on reading the assigned book. These findings suggest that the features of MCII have a vital influence on behavior and achievement.

Combining self-affirmation and implementation intentions to reduce heavy episodic drinking in university students.

Studies testing the effects of self-affirmation on alcohol-related cognitions and behavior in university students have produced equivocal results. Because self-affirmation is a motivational technique (i.e., designed to reduce defensive processing) it may need to be supplemented with volitional techniques, such as forming if-then plans, to translate positive intentions into behavior. Participants (N = 348) were randomly assigned to conditions in a 2 (self-affirmation) × 2 (implementation intention) between-participants factorial design. Participants completed a self-affirmation task (i.e., values essay) or not, read a summary about the health risks of binge drinking (8/6 units for men/women), and then completed an implementation intention task (i.e., forming if-then plans) or not. Participants then completed measures of message derogation, perceived risk, and intention as well as alcohol consumption 1 week later. All main and interaction effects for self-affirmation were nonsignificant. In contrast, participants who formed implementation intentions (vs. not) reported drinking fewer units of alcohol and engaged in binge drinking less frequently at 1-week follow-up. Additional analyses revealed that affirming a social value attenuated the effect of self-affirmation on intention, but augmented the effect of implementation intentions on behavior. Overall, the findings provide additional evidence for the positive effects of implementation intentions but question the use of self-affirmation to reduce alcohol consumption in university students. (PsycINFO Database Record

Expelling Stress for Primary School Teachers: Self-Affirmation Increases Positive Emotions in Teaching and Emotion Reappraisal.

The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the effect of a brief work-related self-affirming implementation intention (WS-AII) on the well-being of primary school teachers. Participants were randomly allocated to one of two conditions: one in which they were asked to create a WS-AII or one in which they were asked to create a control implementation intention (C-II). State anxiety was measured pre- and post-manipulation, self-efficacy at post-manipulation only, and emotions in teaching and emotion regulation at baseline and at a two-week follow-up. There were statistically significant differences between the WS-AII condition and the control. Teachers who created work-related self-affirming implementation intentions reported an immediate reduction in state anxiety. Positive effects extended over the two-week period, with teachers in the WS-AII condition also reporting more positive emotions in teaching and the use of reappraisal emotion regulation strategies rather than emotion suppression. Results suggest that the integration of the WS-AII into existing organisational practice may be of benefit to the well-being of teachers and other highly stressed workers.

An exploratory randomised trial of a simple, brief psychological intervention to reduce subsequent suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients admitted to hospital for self-harm.

Implementation intentions link triggers for self-harm with coping skills and appear to create an automatic tendency to invoke coping responses when faced with a triggering situation. To test the effectiveness of implementation intentions in reducing suicidal ideation and behaviour in a high-risk group. Two hundred and twenty-six patients who had self-harmed were randomised to: (a) forming implementation intentions with a 'volitional help sheet'; (b) self-generating implementation intentions without help; or (c) thinking about triggers and coping, but not forming implementation intentions. We measured self-reported suicidal ideation and behaviour, threats of suicide and likelihood of future suicide attempt at baseline and then again at the 3-month follow-up. All suicide-related outcome measures were significantly lower at follow-up among patients forming implementation intentions compared with those in the control condition (ds>0.35). The volitional help sheet resulted in fewer suicide threats (d = 0.59) and lowered the likelihood of future suicide attempts (d = 0.29) compared with patients who self-generated implementation intentions. Implementation intention-based interventions, particularly when supported by a volitional help sheet, show promise in reducing future suicidal ideation and behaviour.

Conditional or unconditional? The effects of implementation intentions on driver behavior.

Implementation intentions (if-then plans) exert conditional effects on behavior, meaning that their ability to change behavior is conditional upon encountering the critical situation specified in the if component of the plan. In the present study, we tested whether implementation intentions can exert unconditional effects on behavior. Consistent with the process of operant generalization, we hypothesized that implementation intentions would change behavior, not only in situations that are contextually identical to those specified in the if component but also in contextually similar situations. Implementation intentions were not expected to generate behavior-change in contextually different situations to those specified. Participants (N = 139) completed questionnaires measuring speeding behavior and motivation to speed. Experimental participants then specified implementation intentions to avoid speeding in critical situations that were contextually identical, similar, or different to those subsequently encountered on a driving simulator. Control participants received educational information about the risks of speeding. All participants then drove on a driving simulator. Consistent with the hypotheses participants in both the contextually identical and similar conditions exceeded the speed limit less frequently than did controls. There was no difference in speeding behavior between the contextually different and control conditions. Implications of the findings for behavior-change are discussed.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Implementation Intentions Increase Exercise Enjoyment and Long-Term Exercise Behavior Among Low-Active Women

The current study evaluated the long-term effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for promoting exercise behavior in comparison with planning in the form of implementation intentions (forming situational cues and action plans as to when, where, and how to incorporate exercise). We expected both interventions to increase exercise behavior (assessed using the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire; Godin and Shephard 1985) from baseline to 6-months post-intervention, but expected only ACT to also increase exercise enjoyment (assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale; Kendzierski and DeCarlo 1991). A total of 32 women, randomized to receive a single session of either ACT training or instructions to form implementation intentions for exercise activities, took part in this study. The participants were contacted by email 6-months following the intervention to determine the amount of self-reported exercise. As expected, exercise amount increased in both groups. Contrary to our expectations, both groups also increased in exercise enjoyment. This study provides initial evidence that exercising can be increased through an ACT intervention. ACT and implementation intentions may both be effective and brief interventions for promoting exercise behavior and exercise-related enjoyment in low-active women. Future research needs to establish the psychosocial and personality factors that lead to the effectiveness of ACT and implementation intentions.