Effects Of Gibberellin Research Articles

The effects of fertilizer composition and gibberellin on flowering and true shallot seed formation of three shallot varieties at the highlands

The flowering of shallot is influenced by low temperature and difference temperature between day and night. In Indonesia, to flowering shallot in low temperature are possible by planting in highlands. Because of climate change, the temperature difference in the highlands is very pronounced. This study aimed to determine the percentage of flowering and True Shallot Seed (TSS) production of three shallot varieties grown in the highlands. The research was conducted at Pancot Village, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Indonesia. The elevation of research site was 1, 300 m asl. The research design used was Split Plot with three replications. The main plot was variety: Bali Karet, Bali Lancur, and Bima Brebes. The subplot was fertilizers composition (Manure, ZA, SP36, KCl) and gibberellins: farmer’s dose (100% Inorganic and Organic) (P1G0), 100% Inorganic and Organic + Gibberellin 50ppm (P2G1), 50% Inorganic and 150% Organic (P3G0), 50% Inorganic and 150% Organic + Gibberellin 50ppm (P4G1), 200% Organic (P5G0), 200% Organic + Gibberellin 50ppm (P6G1). The results showed that fertilizer composition + gibberellins and varieties did not have significant effect on percentage of flowering, number of flowers and percentage of TSS formation. Fertilizer composition + gibberellins just influenced the number of TSS per stalks. Bima Brebes variety with P6G1 was able to flowering at 65 DAP with the flowering percentage reaching 88.87%.

Enhancement of the inhibitory effect of gibberellin on flowering using an adjuvant to control citrus biennial bearing

Enhancement of the inhibitory effect of gibberellin on flowering using an adjuvant to control citrus biennial bearing

INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS GIBBERELLIN AND ITS MIXTURE WITH SUCROSE ON THE FORMATION OF XYLEM INCREMENT OF SILVER BIRCH

We studied the effect of gibberellin on cambial activity towards the xylem formation in adult birch trees (Betula pendula Roth var. pendula, common birch). The injection of exogenous solutions was used as a methodological technique. To do this, “chambers” were made on tree trunks by cutting out the outer layers of the bark up to the inner parts of the non-conductive phloem, leaving the conductive phloem and cambial zone intact. GA3 gibberellin solutions (0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2 %) and a mixture of gibberellin with sucrose (GA3 0.01% + sucrose 1% - 20%) were injected into the chambers using a syringe. A strong stimulating effect of the hormone on the formation of xylem increment has been established. It was not possible to identify the dependence of the growth increment on the concentrations used, since their values obviously exceeded the level at which the maximum possible response of the cambial zone to the action of gibberellin was achieved with a given metabolic status of cells and tissues. This is confirmed by the effect of the residual action of exogenous solutions, which manifested itself after the termination of their administration: in variants with higher concentrations of the hormone, the final increase in xylem was greater. It was demonstrated for the first time that high sucrose concentrations (10% and 20%) reduce the stimulating effect of gibberellin. It has been suggested that in this case, sucrose can act through an increase in the level of UDP-glucose, the interaction of which with gibberellin leads to its conjugation (inactivation). The reaction of UDP-glucose with auxin cannot also be excluded, as a result of which it’s the conjugate IAA-glucose is formed, since gibberellin provides acceleration of cambial growth only in the presence of physiologically active (free) auxin in the tissue.

The Effect of Gibberellin Extracted from Eichhornia crassipes Root on the Viability and Duration of Hard Seed Germination

The germination process is influenced by external and internal factors including the type of seed. Hard seeds require special treatment in stimulating the germination process such as scarification and stratification (for example applying exogenous hormones to seeds during the germination process). This study aimed to describe the effect of exogenous gibberellin hormone extracted from Eichhornia crassipes root on the viability and duration of germination of three different hard seeds. This study used RBD (Randomized Block Design) with two treatment factors, namely root extract concentration from Eichhornia crassipes (0 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, and 500 ppm) and hard seed types (sapodilla seeds =Annona muricata, soursop seeds =Manilkara kauki, and longan seeds = Dimocarpus longan) with three replications. The observed parameters for seed viability were germination percentage and vigour index, while duration of germination parameters was germination index. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan Test. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the root-extracted gibberellin concentrations and types of seeds on viability and duration of germination seeds. The optimal concentration of root-extracted from Eichhornia crassipes was 500 ppm, with the highest germination percentage, vigour index, and germination index were 80.55%, 387.33%, and 0.254%/etmal respectively. The longan seeds revealed the best viability and shortest duration of germination due to applying the exogenous gibberellin hormone extracted from Eichhornia crassipes root. The findings revealed that there was a positive synergism between exogenous and endogenous gibberellin on the effect of germination process in three different hard seeds tested.

Hormonal Response of Gibberellin (Ga3), Grafting and Seasonal Variations on Growth and Yield Parameters on Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus)

The effect of Gibberellin Hormonal Response and Grafting methods on the Growth and Yield of Okra was investigated, with the aim of inducing variability that could be exploited in the improvement of some quality traits in Okra plants. Gibberellin, grafting and a combination of grafting with Gibberellin) were applied on to the Okra seeds. The seeds of Okra were treated at four different concentrations of Gibberellin (0.1mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM and 0.0 mM as control) after which some of the mutants were grafted using tongue grafting method at seedlings stage. The other set of seeds were not treated with the hormone but were grafted at seedlings stage. The results obtained revealed highly significant difference (P≤ 0.01) in the effects of Gibberellin on survival rates, number of fruits, and fruit weight. Similarly, highly significant differences (P≤0.01) were found between the treatments in Survival rate, except on the number of fruits and fruit weight, where no significant differences exist. More so, significant differences were found in the traits between the seasons except in fruit number. The result showed that Gibberellin and grafting improve important quality traits of Okra. The mutants and grafted Okra could be grown both during the rainy and dry seasons, while 0.1 mM concentration of Gibberellin and grafting improve some important quality traits of Okra that could be utilized for further improvement of Okra. However, the response of Okra to grafting was higher. Based on the findings, the study concluded that, grafting improves some important quality traits of Okra that are of high economic value and possible recommendations that could be made.

Hormonal Response of Gibberellin (Ga3), Grafting and Seasonal Variations on Growth and Yield Parameters on Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus)

The effect of Gibberellin Hormonal Response and Grafting methods on the Growth and Yield of Okra was investigated, with the aim of inducing variability that could be exploited in the improvement of some quality traits in Okra plants. Gibberellin, grafting and a combination of grafting with Gibberellin) were applied on to the Okra seeds. The seeds of Okra were treated at four different concentrations of Gibberellin (0.1mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM and 0.0 mM as control) after which some of the mutants were grafted using tongue grafting method at seedlings stage. The other set of seeds were not treated with the hormone but were grafted at seedlings stage. The results obtained revealed highly significant difference (P≤ 0.01) in the effects of Gibberellin on survival rates, number of fruits, and fruit weight. Similarly, highly significant differences (P≤0.01) were found between the treatments in Survival rate, except on the number of fruits and fruit weight, where no significant differences exist. More so, significant differences were found in the traits between the seasons except in fruit number. The result showed that Gibberellin and grafting improve important quality traits of Okra. The mutants and grafted Okra could be grown both during the rainy and dry seasons, while 0.1 mM concentration of Gibberellin and grafting improve some important quality traits of Okra that could be utilized for further improvement of Okra. However, the response of Okra to grafting was higher. Based on the findings, the study concluded that, grafting improves some important quality traits of Okra that are of high economic value and possible recommendations that could be made.

Effect of Gibberellin and Salicylic Acid on Tolerance of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Seedling

Effect of Gibberellin and Salicylic Acid on Tolerance of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Seedling

Elevated gibberellin altered morphology, anatomical structure, and transcriptional regulatory networks of hormones in celery leaves.

Gibberellins (GAs), as one of the important hormones in regulating the growth and development of higher plants, can significantly promote cell elongation and expansion. Celery is a widely grown leafy vegetable crop with rich nutritional value. However, the effect of gibberellins on celery leaves is unclear. In this paper, the celery variety "Jinnan Shiqin" plants were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) and paclobutrazol (PBZ, a gibberellin inhibitor). Our results showed that GA3 treatment promoted the growth of celery leaves and caused lignification of celery leaf tissue. In addition, the transcript levels of genes associated with gibberellins, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and brassinolide were altered in response to increased or decreased exogenous gibberellins or inhibitor. GA3 may regulate celery growth by interacting with other hormones through crosstalk mechanisms. This study provided a reference for further study of the regulation mechanism of gibberellins metabolism, and exerted effects on understanding the role of gibberellins in the growth and development of celery.

Does integrative effects of glyphosate, gibberellin and hydrogen peroxide ameliorate the deleterious effects of the herbicide on sorghum seed through its germination?

We investigated the interconnected roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated upon seed exposure to glyphosate and/or gibberellic acid (GA3), and the possible interaction between the herbicide and the plant hormone during germination of sorghum seeds. GA3 decreased antioxidant enzyme activity in embryos, and the over accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in 1000 mM GA3-treated seeds resulted in the lowest germinability among treatments. The deleterious effects of glyphosate on germination rate, in contrast, were not related to H2O2 accumulation, but to its interference with the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, interactions among glyphosate, GA3 and H2O2 during seed germination were observed. Similar to paclobutrazol, glyphosate appears to interfere with the de novo synthesis of gibberellin, which modulates seed germination through oxidative metabolism. Seeds experiencing increased oxidative status due to GA3 (100 mM) or H2O2 (50 mM) applications had the effects of glyphosate on germination rate reversed. Since decreased ATP synthesis is a secondary effect of glyphosate, increased H2O2 concentrations in embryos must facilitate germination by decreasing the energy required by ATP-demanding metabolism. Our results showed that glyphosate affect seed germination of sorghum, and that the herbicide interacts with oxidative and gibberellin metabolisms.

Gibberellin causes wide transcriptional modifications in the early stage of grape cluster development

Yaghooti grape of Sistan is seedless, early ripening but has compact clusters. To study gibberellin effect on cluster compactness of Yaghooti grape, it has been studied transcriptomic changes in three developmental stages (cluster formation, berry formation and final size of cluster). We found out that 5409 of 22,756 genes in cluster tissue showed significant changes under gibberellin. Finally, it was showed that 2855, 2862 and 497 genes have critically important role on above developmental stages, respectively. GO enrichment analysis showed that gibberellin enhances biochemical pathways activity. Moreover, genes involved in ribosomal structure and photosynthesis rate in cluster tissue were up- and down- regulated, respectively. In addition, we observed location of metabolomic activities was transferred from nucleus to cytoplasm and from cytoplasm to cell wall and intercellular spaces during cluster development; but there is not such situation in gibberellin treated samples.

The Effect of Gibberellin and Salicylic on Some Indicators of Wheat (Triticum estivum L and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) Growth

This experiment occurs in girls of Education collage Kufa university to know Different concentrations of Gibrillinacid (40, 60, 80) mg/L and Salsalicن mg lbrillin acid oncentraction f Education collage acid concentrations(10,20,30)mg/L in some growth indicates for each(Triticumaestivum L and Hordeumd vulgare L)this experiment include culturing seeds of Triticumaestivum and Hordeumdistichu in plastic pot after Treatment with each of Gibrillinic acid and salsalic acid according to concentration mention above The results appeared that using Gibrillin acid and salsalic acid in concentrations(80 mg/ L) and (30 mg/L) respectively causing to increase significantly in stem Length and Leaf area and Leaves content of total chlorophyl

Propagation methods for gametophyte proliferation and sporophyte formation in silver cloak fern (Cheilanthes argentea)

Cheilanthes argentea (S.G. Gmel.) Kunze is a highly valued indigenous/endemic Korean bracken species used for ornamental purposes. In this study, we developed a practical proliferation method for mass production of C. argentea plants using tissue culture. The gametophyte proliferation using the chopping method produced gametophytes that were morphologically identical to those obtained from in vitro spore germination. This new method increased plant fresh weight by more than 40-fold, from 300 mg to 12.7 g, in Murashige and Skoog medium. A blending method was used to produce 74.3 sporophytes in 7.5-cm2 plastic pots using 1 g of gametophytes. Furthermore, addition of exogenous gibberellin promoted sporophyte development and growth, suggesting the possibility of controlling the number of sporophytes formed. However, further studies are needed to explain the effect of exogenous gibberellin, which is closely related to the sex-determining hormone antheridiogen, on the number of sporophytes and its mechanism of action. Our new tissue culture system is capable of mass proliferation of C. argentea gametophytes in vitro and the formation of sporophytes by ex vitro preparation using the generated gametophytes.

Effect of gibberellins on growth and biochemical constituents in Chlorella minutissima (Trebouxiophyceae)

A hormonal network regulates growth processes and stress responses in vascular plants. There is evidence for a similar hormonal network in microalgae. This study investigated the effect of exogenous gibberellins (GAs) on Chlorella minutissima Fott et Nováková growth and biochemical composition. Two bioactive GAs i.e. GA3 and GA4 were applied at 10−8–10−5 M. Growth was monitored until cultures were harvested on day 7 when in an exponential growth phase. Primary metabolites (protein, chlorophyll and carotenoids) were quantified and endogenous GAs and phenolic acids were identified and quantified. GA3 had little beneficial effect on growth in C. minutissima while GA4 was inhibitory. GA application had little effect on the protein, chlorophyll and total carotenoid content. Analysis of the GA content suggested that GA3 was not readily taken up by the cells while GA4 was absorbed but not further metabolised. This high accumulation of GA4 could account for its inhibitory effect. Three phenolics acids were detected in C. minutissima i.e. p-hydroxybenzoic acid > salicylic acid > protocatechuic acid. Their concentrations were not affected by GA treatments or GA-type. The physiological role of GAs in microalgae is still unclear and further studies are required to gain clearer insight into uptake rates, metabolism and function.

Crosstalk of cold and gibberellin effects on bolting and flowering in flowering Chinese cabbage

The flower stalk is the product organ of flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee), which is cultivated extensively in South China. Flower stalk formation and development, including bolting and flowering, determine the yield of flowering Chinese cabbage; however, the bolting and flowering mechanisms remain to be explored. To elucidate these processes, we studied the effects of low-temperature and gibberellin (GA) treatments, and their interaction, on stem elongation, bolting time, flowering time, hormone content, and cell morphology in stem of flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that both cold and GA treatments accelerated bolting time, stem elongation, and flowering time. Moreover, cold and GA cotreated plants displayed additive positive effects. In addition, cold treatments increased the GA, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin contents and altered cell size in the shoot apices of flowering Chinese cabbage. Treatment with uniconazole, a GA synthesis inhibitor, strongly delayed bolting time, stem elongation, and flowering time, whereas GA, but not cold treatment, rescued this inhibition, indicating that low temperature accelerates bolting and flowering not only through inducing GA in the shoot apices, but also other ways. These results provide a theoretical basis for further dissecting the regulatory mechanism of bolting and flowering in flowering Chinese cabbage.

Effects of Gibberellin on Growth and Development of Rose‘Carola’

Effects of Gibberellin on Growth and Development of Rose‘Carola’

Transcriptomic and Metabolic Insights into the Distinctive Effects of Exogenous Melatonin and Gibberellin on Terpenoid Synthesis and Plant Hormone Signal Transduction Pathway in Camellia sinensis.

Melatonin and gibberellin are bioactive molecules in plants. In the present study, the role of exogenous melatonin (MT) and gibberellin (GA) in the tea plant was explored by transcriptome and metabolic analysis. Results showed that the growth of tea plant was enhanced by MT treatment. The pathways of terpenoid synthesis and plant-pathogen interaction were significantly strengthened, combined with the upregulation of LRR-RLK and transcription factors which contributed to the growth of tea plant. The internode elongation and leaf enlargement were hastened by GA treatment. Significantly modulated expression occurred in the plant hormonal signal transduction, complemented by the upregulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and expansins to achieve growth acceleration, whereas the flavonoid synthesis was repressed in GA treatment. Therefore, the distinctive effect of MT and GA treatment on tea plant was different. The MT exhibited significant promotion in terpenoid synthesis, especially, TPS14 and TPS1. GA was prominent in coordinated regulation of plant hormonal signal transduction.

The role of gibberellic acid and zinc sulfate on biochemical performance relate to drought tolerance of white bean under water stress

In this study the effects of zinc sulfate and gibberellin on agro physiological of white bean under water deficiency were studied. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a split-split plot design based on a randomized complete block with three replications in two places. The experimental factors included three irrigation levels, spraying of zinc sulfate in four levels and two levels of non-spraying and spraying of gibberellin. Analysis of measured data indicated that the water stress had a significant effect on all traits, except proline amount and 100 seeds weight. Spraying of zinc sulfate showed a significant effect on all traits except carotenoid value. Application of gibberellin had a significant effect on all traits except ion leakage, carotenoids, number of seeds per pod and grain yield. The interaction effect of stress×zincsulfate×gibberellin was significant on all traits except number of seeds per pod. In addition, comparison of means at 5% level, showed that application of 1.5 ml L-1of zinc sulfate plus gibberellin improved bean biochemical properties. Under optimum water level, using of 4.5 ml L-1of zinc sulfate and under severe water stress conditions, using of 4.5 ml L-1 of zinc sulfate plus gibberellin are recommended for obtaining the maximum crop performance.

Gibberellins Inhibit Nodule Senescence and Stimulate Nodule Meristem Bifurcation in Pea (Pisum sativum L.).

The development of nitrogen-fixing nodules formed during Rhizobium–legume symbiosis is strongly controlled by phytohormones. In this study, we investigated the effect of gibberellins (GAs) on senescence of pea (Pisum sativum) symbiotic nodules. Pea wild-type line SGE, as well as corresponding mutant lines SGEFix--1 (sym40), SGEFix--2 (sym33), SGEFix--3 (sym26), and SGEFix--7 (sym27), blocked at different stages of nodule development, were used in the study. An increase in expression of the GA2ox1 gene, encoding an enzyme involved in GA deactivation (GA 2-oxidase), and a decrease in the transcript abundance of the GA20ox1 gene, encoding one of the enzymes involved in GA biosynthesis (GA 20-oxidase), were observed in analyzed genotypes during nodule aging. A reduction in the amount of bioactive GA3 was demonstrated by immunolocalization in the early senescent mutant and wild-type lines during aging of symbiotic nodules. Down-regulated expression of senescence-associated genes encoding cysteine proteases 1 and 15a, thiol protease, bZIP transcription factor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase, ACC oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase was observed in the nodules of wild-type plants treated with exogenous GA3 relative to the untreated plants. GA3-treated plants also showed increases in nodule size and the nitrogen fixation zone, and decreases in the number of nodules and the senescence zone. Immunogold localization revealed higher levels of GA3 in the peribacteroid spaces in symbiosomes than in the matrix of infection threads. Furthermore, a decrease in GA3 label in mature and senescent symbiosomes in comparison with juvenile symbiosomes was observed. These results suggest a negative effect of GAs on the senescence of the pea symbiotic nodule and possible involvement of GAs in functioning of the mature nodule. Simultaneously, GA3 treatment led to nodule meristem bifurcation, indicating a possible role of GAs in nodule meristem functioning.

English

In Asia, Radix Bupleuri (Bupleurum spp. root) is an important medicine used for treating many diseases over the past 2000 years. However, its cultivation is difficult due to poor germination rates and loss of seedling viability shortly after seeding. In the present study, the effect of 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA), daminozide, gibberellin (GA3), paclobutrazol, uniconazole, and mepiquat chloride (MC) on the germination of seeds of ‘Zhongchai No. 3’, which is the newest released commercial variety of Bupleurum chinense DC in China was analyzed. Only GA3 was found to promote seed germination significantly, and its optimum concentration was 223.84 to 238.78 mg∙L-1. In addition, incubation with GA3 on the first day of germination was extremely important for seedling survival. This protocol could also be applied to ‘Zhonghongchai No. 1’ (B. scorzonerifolium Willd.) and ‘Hubei chaihu’ (B. chinense DC.). The combination of GA3 treatment and centralized incubation could be an efficient way to industrialize the production of secondary metabolites from Bupleurum species. Key words: Hormone, Bupleurum spp., germination, gibberellin (GA3).

Effects of Temperature, Melatonin and Gibberellin on Kiwi Seed Germination

To study the influence of temperature and growth regulating substances on seed germination, kiwi seeds stored at 4°C refrigerated for 55 days were used as experimental materials. The treatments were set as below: (1) poikilothermal (25°C 8h/4°C 16h) or constant temperature (25°C 24h) treatment; (2) treated with melatonin and gibberellin under constant temperature; (3) treated with melatonin and gibberellin under poikilothermal. The germination rate and germination potential of the treated seeds were analyzed statistically. The results showed that the germination rate of seeds could be increased by poikilothermal treatment, especially for the variety MW2, and the germination rate reached to 86.86%. Under constant temperature, gibberellin had a significant effect on the germination of kiwi seeds, while melatonin had no effect. Under the condition of polikilothermal, gibberellin and melatonin treatment alone can obviously promote the germination of kiwi seeds, while the application of gibberellin and melatonin at the same time can promote the germination of kiwi seeds, but there was no synergistic effect.