Effectiveness Of Fire Protection Research Articles

Silicophosphate fireproof coatings for building materials

The composition of silicophosphate fire-resistant coatings for wooden building structures was developed and their properties were investigated. Fireproof compositions were obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of liquid glass and acetic acid. As a phosphate-containing additive, phosphate buffer solutions were used, which were added to the silicic acid sol in different amounts and with different ratios of the components of the buffer pair. Adjusting the ratio of the components of the buffer solution led to a change in the pH of the buffer solutions, but adding them to the sol did not change its acidity, which was in the pH range of 5.5–6. The effect of the content and ratio of the components of the buffer pair on the change in the optical density of the obtained sols over time was studied. The highest durability of the flame retardant composition was recorded when using a buffer solution with a pH of 7 at a content of 20%. The embedding of phosphate ions into the siloxane framework of experimental gels has been chemically proven, which increases their fire resistance. It is shown that the amount of free phosphate anion in the intermicellar liquid of the experimental gels is less than 5%. The mechanism of the strengthening effect of the acetate buffer solution, which is formed during the mixing of the liquid glass solution with acetic acid, on the phosphate buffer solution is proposed. Fire-retardant compositions were applied to wood samples by the bath method and dried at temperatures of 80–100 ˚С in a drying cabinet. The fire protection effect of coatings was determined during fire tests in a ceramic pipe. The effect of the content of phosphate buffer solution on the fire-retardant properties of experimental coatings was studied. It is shown that increasing the content of the phosphate buffer solution reduces mass loss during fire tests, allows to increase the fire resistance of wood and transfer it to the group of "highly flammable".

Comparative investigation on fire resistance of different fire prevention schemes for 1670 MPa steel wires used in bridge cables

This paper mainly investigated the fire resistance of different fire prevention schemes for 1670 MPa steel wires used in bridge cables. The fire resistance tests on bridge cables under different fire protection schemes were carried out. The failure modes and the varied patterns of temperature at different positions of the cables was studied, and the optimal design scheme of fire protection for bridge cables was also obtained. Furthermore, the tensile test of steel wire after fire was carried out to study the degradation law of mechanical properties of steel wire. The results showed that the cables undergo varying degrees of bending deformation after the fire, mainly due to the poor fire protection effect. The wrapping process of the fire protection scheme was a key factor affecting the protective effect. When the premature invalidation of the wrapping mode failed to occur, the aerogel material would have better thermal insulation behavior than the basalt fiber. The temperature rising rate of Schemes D (6 mm ceramic fiber aerogel tape), E (10 mm high silica glass aerogel tape) and F (10 mm nano thermal isolation felt-ceramic fiber aerogel) was relatively gentle, and the temperature of most measuring points within 4500s was not more than 300 °C. Based on the failure mode and the temperature of the cables, it could be judged that Schemes E and F were better than Schemes C (4 mm composite fiber fire-resistant isolation tape) and D while schemes A (4 mm basalt fiber needled felt) and B (4 mm aerogel tape) had the worst fire protection effect. Due to the surface temperature, the fracture morphology of steel wires after fire varied greatly, mainly divided into brittle fracture and ductile fracture. With the increase of temperature, the yield and ultimate strength of steel wire of Schemes A, B, C, D and E decreased greatly after fire, and along with a maximum decrease of 73.78% and 69.02% respectively.

Ochrona przeciwpożarowa z uwzględnieniem szczególnej wartości dóbr kultury i dziedzictwa narodowego

Fire protection with special value of cultural property and national heritage The article presents conclusions and proposals formulated as a result of own research and research teams. Additional motivation for their presentation were the undertakings and initiatives of the previous and current year concerning fire protection, taking into account the special value of cultural property and national heritage. The considerations presented deal with an important issue boiling down to the question of how to protect more effectively? - How to effectively secure cultural heritage and how to more effectively provide full protection to monuments? Among other things, the article addresses the need and legitimacy of fire protection planning. These issues were linked to the topic of applying new technologies and solutions for fire protection. In conclusion, it was indicated that these activities should be aimed at the goal of improving the effectiveness of fire protection combined with its adaptation and rationalization. Securing cultural heritage and providing full protection to monuments requires deepening cooperation between many entities, including in particular the State Fire Service and conservators of monuments. This cooperation has required and will probably require new solutions, including perhaps legal ones.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ОГНЕЗАЩИТНЫХ ПРОПИТОЧНЫХ СОСТАВОВ ДЛЯ ДЕРЕВЯННЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ

The article considers the results of evaluating the flame retardant effectiveness of various flame retardants by the method of fire exposure according to GOST 53292–2009 and by methods of thermal analysis (thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, derivative thermal analysis). According to the results of fire of surface application of flame retardants from 350 to 550 kg/m2, group I or II of flame retardant
 efficiency is provided (mass loss from 8,67 to 25 %). It is shown that the group of flame-retardant effectiveness does not actually reflect the nature and degree of realization of the mechanism of flame retardant action of flame retardants, their ability to influence the features of thermal transformations of wood. It has been established that the type of flame retardant, its chemical component composition and the mechanism of flame retardant action to varying degrees affect the main stages of thermal oxidative decomposition of wood. The results obtained can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of fire protection in reducing the intensity of the charring process and predicting the intensity of smoldering (flameless) combustion of wood. tests, it was found that with the consumption

Efficient prevention of coal spontaneous combustion using cooling nitrogen injection in a longwall gob: An application case

Conventional nitrogen injection in longwall gobs often fails to achieve the expected fire protection effect due to the lack of cooling function. To address this issue, a technical solution of cooling nitrogen injection was proposed to prevent the coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) in gobs, and the corresponding deep-cooling equipment system was developed. This system was applied on-site in a coal mine in China and had achieved favorable cooling results. Furthermore, the multi-physics coupling model of CSC in gob was upgraded to be applicable to nitrogen injection conditions. The effects of nitrogen injection parameters were then quantitatively evaluated. The results show that (i) the cooling nitrogen entering the gob can significantly reduce the temperature of the high-temperature zone, about 5 °C, thus effectively reducing the risk of the CSC in gobs; (ii) the simulation results under nitrogen injection are in good agreement with the on-site data, which verifies the accuracy of the nitrogen injection model; (iii) there is an optimal location of the nitrogen injection point in gob, which can suppress the CSC to the maximum extent. This technology of cooling nitrogen injection can be further promoted and applied to other mines with severe spontaneous combustion.

Application of Coating for Fire Protection of Textile Structures

The results of experimental research on the effectiveness of fire protection of easily erected structures made of flammable textile products are presented. Analysis of the use of structures made of flammable textile products, which are easy to build, shows a steady trend to increase their use during the temporary implementation of certain tasks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and SES units. During the heating of such buildings, fires and rapid spread of fire are possible. Statistics on the operation of easily erected structures have shown a low level of safety due to the use of natural fibers (such as flax, cotton and mixtures), which are highly sensitive to high temperatures and fire. After the test, it is seen that the raw sample of textile material supports self-combustion for more than 5 s, the damage to the sample is more than 200 mm. After testing the flame retardant sample, it is seen that the sample of textile material does not support self-combustion; damage to the sample not more than 40 mm. Inhibition of the process of ignition and spread of flame for such a sample is associated with the decomposition of flame retardants under the action of temperature with heat absorption and release of non-combustible gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide), changing the direction of decomposition towards non-combustible gases and flame retardant coke. This leads to an increase in the thickness of the coke layer and inhibition of heat transfer of high temperature flame to the material, which indicates the possibility of transition of textile materials when treated with a flame retardant composition to materials related to non-combustible surfaces that do not spread flame.

CALCULATED ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF FIREPROOF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING STRUCTURES BY PC LIRA-SAPR TOOLS

The paper outlines a method for numerical analysis of the stress-strain state in a fireproof RC structure with account of non-stationarytemperature fields in concrete and reinforcement for a standard fire temperature using the 'Thermal Analysis' system of the LIRA-SAPR program.The paper also describes the finite element models that enable the user to evaluate the effectiveness of fire protection in the structures and determine the ultimate fire resistance of RC structures.To illustrate the method, an analysis of a fireproof multi-cavity RC slab on fire resistance is taken as an example. The paper demonstrates the finite element models of fireproof building structures with fireproof coatings of various types. For such structures, an analysis of fire resistance is carriedout, and the temperature distribution is determined at nodes of the FE model. The physical and mechanical properties of materials are modified according to the temperature fields obtained. The bearing capacity of the structure is checked for force and temperature loads.The authors obtained the temperature distribution in the FE model of a fireproof RC slab at 120 and 240 minutes under a standard fire temperature.The results of the numerical analysis of unsteady heating of a fireproof RC slab in the LIRA-SAPR software were compared with experimental tests in a fire furnace. The convergence of experimental data and values obtained in analysis is satisfactory.The application of the proposed method makes it possible to accurately evaluate the fire resistance of reinforced concrete structures and predict their stress-strain state during a fire.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МЕХАНІЗМУ ВОГНЕЗАХИСТУ ТКАНИНИ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНИМ ПОКРИТТЯМ

Describing the behavior of fire retardants and coatings, including swelling, at the time of formation of the insulating structure is a separate and complex task. In general, it covers both stages of the heat protection process: as a rule, the decomposition of flame retardants under the action of temperature with heat absorption and the release of non-combustible gases, and then - swelling of the coating formed by fire protection. Therefore, it is necessary to study the conditions for the formation of a barrier to thermal conductivity and the establishment of a fire protection mechanism from layer to layer of coke. In this regard, a study of the process of fire protection during the operation of the fire protection coating. According to the data obtained, it is found that the formation of volatile products under the action of high temperature on the coating takes place with the formation of non-combustible substances. It has been experimentally established that under the action of heat flow on fire-retardant samples there is an intensive release of inert gases and a reduction of combustibles in reverse order. This proves the effectiveness of fire protection. During the tests it was found that the intensity of the formation of the swollen layer of coke moves in the direction of elevated temperature. The results of determining the swelling capacity of the coating for the intumescent system showed that under the action of high-temperature flow the burnout of the material and the loss of coating weight are reduced more than twice due to the formation of high-temperature compounds. The coating under the action of high temperature forms a significant coefficient of swelling, promotes the formation of a heat-insulating layer of coke, preventing burnout of the fabric and the passage of high temperature to the material, which is confirmed by reduced heat of combustion. It was determined that the fire-retardant fabric has almost 1.3 times less heat of combustion and is characterized by thermal decomposition by reducing flammable gases by more than 50% and increasing inert gases by more than 8 times.

Beyond Climatic Variation: Human Disturbances Alter the Effectiveness of a Protected Area to Reduce Fires in a Tropical Peatland

Fire is considered a major threat to biodiversity in many habitats and the occurrence of fire has frequently been used to investigate the effectiveness of protected areas. Yet, despite the known importance of tropical peatlands for biodiversity conservation and serious threat that anthropogenically induced fires pose to this ecosystem, the influence of protected area designation on fire occurrence in tropical peatland has been poorly assessed thus far. Our study addresses this knowledge gap through providing a novel assessment of fire patterns from a tropical peatland protected area and surrounding landscape. We investigated the importance of both climatic factors (top-down mechanism) and human interventions (bottom-up mechanism) on fire occurrence through analyzing 20-years (2001–2020) of LANDSAT and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) images of the Padang Sugihan Wildlife Reserve and a 10-km buffer area surrounding this in Sumatra, Indonesia. Fire density was assessed in relation to road and canal construction. Monthly and annual precipitation was compared between wet and dry years. The reserve was effective in limiting fire compared to surrounding landscapes only in wet years. We revealed that peat fire occurrence in the protected area and buffer zone was not due to climatic factors alone, with distance from canals and roads also contributing toward fire occurrence. Our results suggest that it is essential to address tropical peatland fire processes at a landscape level, particularly at the surroundings of protected areas, in order to increase the effectiveness of fire protection, improve fire risk classification maps, and conserve threatened tropical peatland wildlife such as the Sumatran elephant.

The Efficiency of Various Fire Protectants for Wooden Structures

The article deals with the scientific problem of the development and application of various fire protective compositions for wooden structures. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies, the authors for the first time attempted to state the influence of the chemical nature and mechanism of flame retardant action on the effectiveness of fire protection means. When assessing the effectiveness of fire protection, the authors paid special attention to the key parameters that determine the fire resistance of wooden structures. The possibility of developing effective fire protection systems, capable not only to provide a certain group of fire protection efficiency but also to influence the parameters of the charring process and the intensity of wood heating temperature is shown. Complex mechanisms of bloating (intumescence) and carbonization in combination with the mechanism of regulating the process of carbonization and wood carbonization, are able to provide the protected material with effective resistance to high temperatures (fire). The use of such types of fire protection allows forming an independent scientific direction associated with the development and use of fire protection systems contributing not only to the effective reduction of fire danger of wood and materials based on it but also to increasing the fire resistance of wooden structures.

Regarding the Formation of Wood Material Fire Protection and the Mechanism of its Action

The theoretical aspects of wood material fire protection formation by esterification reactions are considered in the article. The reactivity of polysaccharides and polymers from which wood material is composed has been confirmed by the FTIR method. The IR spectra of the original standard samples of lignin and microcrystalline cellulose were taken and after treatment with solutions with concentrations of 10% of the mass. orthophosphoric (Н3РО4) and oxyethylene diphosphonic (CH3C(OH)(H2PO3)2) acids. Electron scanning microscopy revealed the crystallization of inorganic salts on the wood material surface, which play the role of flame retardants, as well as a film of organopolymer (polyhexamethylene guanidine polyphosphate), which forms a foamed layer of coke when heated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and gas chromatography (GC) methods show the mechanism of action of fire protection provided to wood material. The formation of foamed coke is visually shown and the results on the effectiveness of fire protection on the example of wood material treatment with a mixture of diammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate are obtained.

The fire inhibition characteristics of composite inert gas and its application potential analysis

ABSTRACT As the conventional inert gas used for coal firefighting, mainly CO2 and N2, experience certain deficiencies when used in coal firefighting under particular geological conditions, composite inert gas can be a feasible choice in such situations. Nevertheless, the fire inhibition characteristics and application potential of composite inert gas have not been explored in depth. To expedite the wider use of composite inert gas in preventing and controlling coal spontaneous combustion, the fire inhibition characteristics and application potential of composite inert gas have been evaluated by using temperature programmed experiment and engineering analogy for the first time. The results show that the fire inhibition effect falls in the order of as N2 < composite inert gas < CO2, and as the result of the competitive adsorption, the composite inert gas exhibits better performance than N2 and more resembles CO2 in the fire inhibition; Moreover, since the composite inert gas has lower toxicity and cost than CO2, the cost of composite inert gas is only 57.1% of CO2, it offers an overall more balanced performance taking into account fire protection effect, safety, and fire protection cost. The unique advantages of composite inert gas allow broad application in the prevention and control of the coal spontaneous combustion under some special geological environments.

АСПЕКТИ РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ ДЛЯ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ З ТЕКСТИЛЬНИХ ЗАЙМИСТИХ ВИРОБІВ

The results of experimental studies on the effectiveness of fire protection of easily erected structures made of flammable textile products are presented. An analysis of the directions of use of easily erected structures made of flammable textile products indicates a steady trend towards an increase in their use during the temporary fulfillment of certain tasks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and units of the. During the heating of such structures, ignition and rapid spread of fire are possible. The operating statistics for easily erected structures have found a low level of safety due to the use of natural fibers (e.g., linen, cotton and blends), which are highly sensitive to heat and fire. Reduction of combustibility and the development of non-combustible and non-combustible materials is one of the main directions for preventing fires and solving the problem of expanding the scope of these materials. Treatment with fire protection means significantly affects the spread of the flame, allows you to reduce the smoke-generating ability and heat release significantly. After the test, it can be seen that the sample of the textile material sustains spontaneous combustion for more than 5 s; sample damage is more than 150 mm. After the test, it is clear that the sample of textile material does not support self-combustion for no more than 5 s; sample damage is no more than 100 mm. The inhibition of the process of ignition and flame propagation for such a sample is associated with the decomposition of fire retardants under the influence of temperature with the absorption of heat and the release of incombustible gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide), a change in the direction of decomposition towards the formation of incombustible gases and a hardly combustible coke residue. This leads to an increase in the thickness of the coke layer and inhibition of the heat transfer of the high-temperature flame to the material, which indicates the possibility of the transition of textile materials during processing with a fire retardant composition to materials that are non-combustible, which do not spread the flame by the surface.

Experimental Study on Delaying the Failure Time of In-Service Cables in Trays by Using Fire-Retardant Coatings

Improving the fire resistance of the key cables connected to firefighting and safety equipment is of great importance. Based on the engineering practice of an oil storage company, this study proposes a modification scheme that entails spraying fire-retardant coatings on the outer surface of a cable tray to delay the failure times of the cables in the tray. To verify the effect, 12 specimens were processed using five kinds of fire-retardant coatings and two kinds of fire-resistant cotton to coat the cable tray. The specimens were installed in the vertical fire resistance test furnace. For the ISO 834 standard fire condition, a fire resistance test was carried out on the specimens. The data for the surface temperature and the insulation resistance of the cables in trays were collected, and the fireproof effect was analyzed. The results showed that compared with the control group, the failure time of the cable could be delayed by 1.57–14.86 times, and the thicker the fire-retardant coatings were, the better the fireproof effect was. In general, the fire protection effect of the fire-retardant coating was better than that of the fire-resistant cotton.

FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE PROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUST

Introduction. Garment enterprises belong to the objects of light industry of Ukraine. Fires that occur at such enterprises, lead to damage of production equipment, to destructions and deformations of building structures, to destruction of finished products and raw materials and to injuries and deaths of the peoples. Elimination of fires at garment enterprises is difficult, and with large areas of combustion, this requires the involvement of a large number of forces and means. Therefore, the urgent task is to prevent fires, which will minimize human and material losses.Purpose . is to substantiate the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving the methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of fires.Methods. The main task of the garment industry is to provide the population with a wide range of clothing and other textiles. Together with that, due to the large number of staff working in such enterprises, the process of making clothes must be fire protected. A number of studies are devoted to the study of fire danger, including garment enterprises, but the issues of taking into account fire risk factors that arise at all stages of the production process, where high-performance equipment, semi-automatic machines, computer-aided clothing designing systems, mechanized workplaces, production lines is not studied. The issue of fire danger of textile manufacturing technology is also insufficiently studied. In order to perceive the process of fire it is necessary to take into account the most common causes of fires, which include: internal and fire regulations violation, disregard for the rules of operation of electrical equipment and electrical networks, violation of technological modes.Results. This paper substantiates the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence fire spread.

Fire resistance of the vertical glass structures with thermal protection foil

PurposeDuring the building designing, it is very important to deal with the fire resistance of the structures. The designed materials for escape routes should be selected to ensure the usability of the structures until the time of escape. Planning affects the glass structures similarly, so these can also be partition walls and load bearing structures, although the latter is less applied on escape routes. The heat protection of the glasses can be improved with heat-protective foils, while fire protection is provided by gel intumescent material.Design/methodology/approachTo research the topic of fire resistance, laboratory experiments were carried out on small-scaled glass elements with thermal protection foil at Budapest University of Technology and Economics at the Department of Construction Materials and Technologies.FindingsFire protection of small model specimens was tested with blowtorch fire and furnace heat load. During the experiments, six foils were tested. Single pane glass, double layered and triple glazed specimens were tested with blowtorch fire.Originality/valueFire protection of small model specimens was tested with blowtorch fire and furnace heat load. During the experiments, six foils were tested. Single pane glass, double layered and triple glazed specimens were tested with blowtorch fire. In case of heat-protected glazing, the foils on the “protected” side of the single pane glass do not have a fire protection effect based on blowtorch fire test. For double glassed specimens, the P35 foil has a perceptible effect, even for the requirements of the flame breakthrough (E, integrity), when the foil is placed on the inner side (position 3) of the second glass layer. The stratification of each triple glazed specimens was effective against blowtorch fire load (3 M, S4&P35), so (EI, integrity and isolation) it can meet the requirements of flame breakthrough and thermal insulation.

СПОСІБ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНОЇ ФАНЕРИ

Сучасне будівництво промислових та громадянських об'єктів, вагонів (залізничні вагони, вагони метро) вимагають застосування деревини та інших матеріалів на її основі підвищених експлуатаційних характеристик, до яких в першу чергу відноситься вогнестійкість та підвищений термін служби. Одним із поширених конструкційних матеріалів на основі деревини є фанера - плитний матеріал з підвищеними фізико- механічними та експлуатаційними показниками, який застосовують в будівництві, машино- та транспортобудуванні. суднобудуванні, вагонобудуванні, у виробництві меблів та інших виробів широкого вжитку.

Synthesis of phytic acid-based monomer for UV-Cured coating to improve fire safety of PMMA

In this work, a novel phosphorous containing UV-curable monomer (PA) was synthesized by the reaction of phytic acid and glycidyl methacrylate. The structure of PA was confirmed by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR and FTIR. Pyrolysis gas phase products of PA cured coating mainly include CO, CO2, H2O, alkyl-containing compounds, carbonyl-containing compounds and aromatic compounds. Cooperated with other two kind of reactive monomers, TAEP and TGICA, PA showed excellent fire protection effect for PMMA matrix, extending fireproof time of PMMA for more than twenty minutes. The SEM results of the carbon residues show that a certain coating prepared can form a uniform and complete expanded carbon layer, resulting in protecting the PMMA matrix from being ignited.

Research of the process of spread of fire on beams of wood of fire-protected intumescent coatings

The article presents the results of the protection of wooden building structures with intumescent coatings for the resistance to high-temperature flame resistance. The essence of the method of determining the effectiveness of the coating was the impact of standardized flames on fireproof wood and the definition of values. Based on the data obtained, criteria were established that correspond to the degree of damage to the specimens and the increase in the combustion temperature, resulting in a decrease in weight loss. To determine the effectiveness of fire protection in the developed coatings studies on the combustibility of wood in terms of weight loss and flue gas temperature were conducted, and it was found that with coating the degree of damage to the samples in length does not exceed 26%, the degree of damage by mass does not exceed 2% and the flue gas temperature does not exceed 115°C. However, a protective layer that is of considerable thickness to the building structure should be applied to ensure its protection, since, at a higher intensity of thermal action, the fire resistance of the wood may decrease due to the formation of a low coke layer. Full-scale tests using model specimens of wooden beams under the action of a high-temperature flame furnace have shown that the intumescent coating can withstand high temperatures, effectively preventing the penetration of heat into the material due to the formation of a swollen coke layer, which affects the speed and depth of the temperature.

Fire and Mechanical Properties of Hemp and Clay Boards for Timber Structures

The use of timber with other bio-based building materials is often restricted due to the fire hazard. The primary protection for timber against fire is provided by cladding. Currently, there is limited fire protection design data on clay and hemp boards since they are relatively new products. Furthermore, the mechanical performance of boards is of utmost importance in timber frame assemblies. This paper presents a test program that determines the tensile and bending strength of boards accompanied by a comparison to widely used gypsum plasterboards. The fire protection effect for timber is assessed by using a cone heater. Main results indicate that clay and hemp boards are adequate alternatives for the gypsum plasterboards as they can demonstrate similar performance. Hemp boards made by dry method perform significantly better compared to the ones made by wet method. Clay boards with special additive demonstrate increased fire performance compared to more ecological boards. This study contributes to further research that is needed in order to provide design parameters for sustainable building solutions in the future.