Effects Of Emotion Regulation Strategies Research Articles

The effect of early trauma on North Korean refugee youths’ mental health: Moderating effect of emotional regulation strategies

Research shows that North Korean refugee youths are exposed to early traumatic events and are, therefore, vulnerable to mental health problems. We investigated the relationship between early trauma and emotion regulation strategies with symptoms of depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among North Korean refugee youths. In 2017–2018, we surveyed youths attending alternative schools for North Korean refugees in Seoul. One hundred and fifty-seven students (54 boys, 103 girls; 18.66 ± 2.82 years) completed questionnaires assessing early trauma experiences, emotion regulation strategies, depressive symptoms, and ADHD symptoms. Descriptive, correlation, and moderation analyses were conducted. Early trauma experience directly and negatively affected both the depressive and ADHD symptoms of North Korean refugee youths. The use of expressive suppression strategy significantly aggravated these effects of early trauma on both depressive and ADHD symptoms, indicating that it might be a risk factor for mental health problems among them. Contrarily, cognitive reappraisal seemed to buffer the effect of the expressive suppression strategy on depressive symptoms. A tailored intervention promoting emotion regulation strategies to prevent depressive and ADHD symptoms among this group is necessary.

Do I really feel better? Effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies depends on the measure and social anxiety.

Effective emotion regulation (ER) is important to long-term healthy functioning, but little is known about what constitutes effective ER in the moment or how social anxiety symptoms and different strategies influence short-term effectiveness outcomes. Intensive ecological momentary data from N = 124 college students illustrate how different ways of operationalizing ER effectiveness leads to different conclusions about the short-term effectiveness of different strategies in daily life. When effectiveness is operationalized as the degree to which participants judged that their ER attempts made them feel better, social anxiety severity was negatively associated with effectiveness, and avoidance-oriented strategies were judged to be less effective than engagement-oriented strategies. In contrast, when effectiveness is operationalized as the degree of change in self-reported affect following ER attempts, social anxiety severity was not related to effectiveness, and avoidance-oriented strategies were more effective than engagement-oriented strategies. Social anxiety and ER strategy type did not interact in either model, regardless of how effectiveness was measured. The study highlights discrepancies when examining two common but distinct ways of measuring the same overarching effectiveness construct, and raises intriguing questions about how forms of psychopathology that are intimately tied to emotion dysregulation, like social anxiety, moderate different ways of measuring the effectiveness of ER attempts.

Longitudinal emotional process among adolescent soccer player in intensive training centre

ABSTRACT Grounded in Lazarus’s (1999) cognitive motivational relational theory of emotions, this study aimed to explore longitudinal relationships between appraisals, everyday emotions related to the competitive environment and emotional regulation strategies during a competitive season. Forty adolescent soccer players (Mage = 15.8) involved in an intensive training centre from a professional club voluntarily participated to the study. A series of hierarchical linear modelling analyses were conducted upon the 9 measurement times to: (a) examine the relationships between appraisals (threat, challenge, loss), pleasant (happiness, excitement) and unpleasant (anxiety, dejection, anger) emotions, and emotional regulation strategies (adaptive and less adaptive); and (b) ascertain whether the relationships between appraisals and emotions were mediated by emotion regulation strategies. The results of the random coefficient regression models showed: (a) positive relationships between challenge appraisal, adaptive emotion regulation, and pleasant emotions as well as between threat and loss appraisals, less adaptive emotion regulation and unpleasant emotions; and (b) mediating effects of emotional regulation strategies in the appraisals – emotions relationships. As a whole, this study furthered knowledge base about the competitive environment in showing that appraisals, emotion regulation and emotions are intertwined psychological constructs in a dynamic relationship allowing athletes to continuously adjust to their constantly changing everyday demands.

Emotions as context: Do the naturalistic effects of emotion regulation strategies depend on the regulated emotion?

Researchers have examined how several contexts impact the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies. However, few have considered the emotion-to-be-regulated as a context of interest. Specific emotions are important contexts because they may require particular responses to internal and external stimuli for optimal regulation. Ninety-two undergraduates completed 10 days of ecological momentary assessment, reporting their current mood, recent emotions, and emotion regulation strategies three times per day. The frequency with which certain emotion regulation strategies were used (i.e., acceptance, positive refocusing, reappraisal, problem-solving, and other-blame) differed by the specific emotion experienced. Acceptance and positive refocusing were associated with better mood regardless of emotion, while substance use was associated with worse mood regardless of emotion. Reappraisal was associated with better mood in response to anger than anxiety or sadness, while emotional suppression and other-blame were associated with worse mood in response to anger. These results suggest some emotion regulation strategies exhibit emotion-invariant effects while others depend on the emotion-to-be-regulated.

Emotional regulation strategies of 5–6-year-old children and their levels of resiliency

ABSTRACT The primary objective of this study is to determine the predictive effect of emotional regulation strategies of 5–6-year-old children on their levels of resiliency. The sample group of the study consisted of 77 5–6-year-old children (38 (49.4%) girls; 39 (50.6%) boys) receiving education at kindergartens in Turkey. The data required for the study were obtained from children, teachers, and mothers. ‘The Scale of Emotion Regulation Strategies’, ‘Children’s Ego Resiliency Scale’ and ‘The Personal Information Form’ were used. The results revealed that the emotional regulation strategies had predictive effects on the levels of resiliency.

Examination of the relationship between emotional regulation strategies of 5-year-old children and their peer relationships

ABSTRACT The primary objective of this study is to determine the predictive effect of emotional regulation strategies of 5-year-old children on their peer relationships. The sample group of the study consisted of 95 children aged 5 years (49 (51.6%) girls; 46 (48.4%) boys) receiving education at kindergartens in Turkey. The data required for the study were obtained from children and teachers. ‘The Scale of Emotion Regulation Strategies’, ‘The Social Skills Evaluation Scale’, ‘The Picture Sociometry Scale’, ‘Child Behaviour Scale’, and ‘The Personal Information Form’ were used. The results revealed that the emotional regulation strategies had predictive effects on the levels of coping with peer pressure, aggressiveness, and social preference.

The moderating effect of emotional regulation strategies in the relationship between emotional experiences and physical health of college students

Objective To explore the role of college students' emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between emotion experiences and physical health. Method A total of 2 000 college students from a college in Hebei Province were tested randomly with the depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21), the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) and the EuroQoL five-dimension questionnaire(EQ-5D). Results (1) Depression, anxiety and stress and expression suppression of male students (1(0, 5), 1(0, 6), 2(0, 7), 16.61±5.34, respectively)were higher than those of females(0(0, 2), 1(0, 3), 1(0, 4), 15.68±5.10, respectively)(Z=-6.162, -3.108, -2.846, t=3.814, P<0.01); and cognitive reappraisal, visual analogue scales (EQ-VAS) and EQ-5D value indexes(EQ-5D) of male students(27.74±7.56, 81.17±18.29, 0.94±0.15, respectively)were lower than those of females(28.69±6.34, 84.23±16.43, 0.96±0.11, respectively)(t=-2.967, -3.812, -3.837, P<0.01). (2)The scores of depression, anxiety and stress were positively correlated with expression suppression(r=0.096, 0.080, 0.066, P<0.01) , and negatively correlated with cognitive reappraisal(r=-0.176, -0.160, -0.174, P<0.01) and EQ-VAS (r=-0.410, -0.437, -0.422, P<0.01). (3) Cognitive reappraisal played a moderating role in the effect of stress on physical health (R2=0.191, P<0.01); and expression inhibition exerted a positive moderating role in that of depression on physical health (R2=0.163, P<0.01). Conclusion College students' emotion regulation strategies play a moderating role in the effect of emotional state on physical health. Key words: Emotions; Physical health; Cognitive reappraisal; Expression suppression; Moderating effect; College students

The Influence of Self-conscious Negative Emotions on the Non-suicidal Self-injury: Focused on the Mediating Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies

The Influence of Self-conscious Negative Emotions on the Non-suicidal Self-injury: Focused on the Mediating Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies

Moderation Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies in the Relationship between Insomnia and Aggression

Moderation Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies in the Relationship between Insomnia and Aggression

The Effects of Intrusive Rumination on Posttraumatic Growth: Indirect effects of Emotion Regulation Strategy, and Deliberate Rumination

The Effects of Intrusive Rumination on Posttraumatic Growth: Indirect effects of Emotion Regulation Strategy, and Deliberate Rumination

Mediating effects of emotion regulation strategies in the relations between stressful life events and life satisfaction in a longitudinal sample of early adolescents

Mediating effects of emotion regulation strategies in the relations between stressful life events and life satisfaction in a longitudinal sample of early adolescents

Dyadic Analysis of Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Marital Satisfaction During the Transition to Parenthood: The Mediating Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies and Psychological Distress

ABSTRACTChildhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) has been found to be associated with marital dissatisfaction. However, less attention has been paid to the married couples during the initial transition to parenthood from the perspective of both partners, as well as the underlying mechanisms by which parents’ CEM histories are related to marital satisfaction. The purposes of this study were to examine the relation between CEM and current marital satisfaction among first-time parents using dyadic analysis, and to test the serial mediating effects of emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress. A total of 156 couples during the transition to parenthood from mainland China reported on CEM, emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms), and marital satisfaction at 6 months postpartum. Results indicated that paternal depression significantly mediated the paths from paternal emotional maltreatment to paternal and maternal marital dissatisfaction. In comparison, maternal depression significantly mediated the link between maternal CEM and maternal marital dissatisfaction. In addition, the association between maternal CEM and maternal marital satisfaction was serially mediated by maternal cognitive reappraisal and maternal depression. This study highlights the importance of examining the link between CEM and marital satisfaction and its underlying mechanisms from the dyadic perspective.

Effects of Emotional Regulation Strategies on the Relations of Spousal Abuse, Depression and Physical Symptoms

The emotional and physical problems can arise from spousal abuse. The purposes of this study were to investigate the influence of spousal abuse on depression and physical symptoms and to examine direct and indirect effects of functional and dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies to depression and physical symptoms. The participants were 232 adults. The Korea version of the Index of Spouse Abuse (K-ISA), Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Physical Symptoms Scale were administered to participants. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS was used for the purpose of analysis. The results showed that physical and psychological abuse and controlling behavior were associated with severity of depression and physical symptoms and the functional emotion regulation strategies had the direct and indirect effects on depression and physical symptoms of those who experience spousal abuse. These results might contribute to development of psychological intervention program for those who have experienced spousal abuse. Finally, the limitations and implications of the current study were discussed.

Context Matters in the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies

In the time before an upcoming exam, anxiety is an omnipresent emotion that students may choose to regulate. To date, emotion regulation strategies have been examined in everyday life, but little is known about how these strategies work in exam-related contexts. Therefore, our aim was to explore the effectiveness of several emotion regulation strategies across two contexts (exam-related vs. non-exam-related anxiety). A total of 68 university students participated in an experience sampling study for 6 days prior to an important exam. Suppression improved mood in exam-related anxiety, while distraction improved mood only in non-exam-related anxiety. Considering these differing effects, it is important to not unilaterally classify emotion regulation strategies into effective versus ineffective but to also consider the context in which the emotion is experienced.

Emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships of common emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal) to self-reported fatigue and depersonalization/derealization symptoms. Specifically, we tested the moderating effect of suppression and reappraisal on the link of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms. Opposite effects were expected for both emotion regulation strategies assuming that cognitive reappraisal has an adaptive buffering effect, while suppression intensifies the association of fatigue and depersonalization/derealization experiences. MethodsIn a representative study (N = 2524) we assessed emotion regulation strategies, fatigue, depersonalization/derealization, distress, and demographic variables via questionnaires. 55.5% of the participants were female, mean age was 49.4 (SD = 18.2) years with age groups represented in comparable proportions. ResultsIn line with the assumptions, moderated regression analyses revealed an interaction effect of emotion regulation strategies and fatigue. Simple slope analyses indicated a buffering effect of cognitive reappraisal on the positive relation of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms. In contrast, suppression fosters the positive correlation of fatigue and depersonalization and derealization experiences. LimitationsOur study is limited to these two habitual emotion regulation strategies employing a cross sectional design. ConclusionOur findings provide comprehensive empirical data investigating depersonalization/derealization symptoms from the perspective of emotion regulation research. Cognitive reappraisal might help people suffering from fatigue to prevent depersonalization and derealization tendencies.

Explicit emotion regulation: Comparing emotion inducing stimuli

Emotions are a major part of our subjective experiences of the world. At times, our emotions are not appropriate and require active management. Emotion regulation refers to the various ways of managing or controlling emotional responses. External stimuli play specific role in electing emotions. Pictures and movies elicit emotions and emotional effects of films are believed to exceed that of pictures. The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies across emotion induction method (picture and films). Forty participants rated their emotion on Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) ratings for each pictorial and video stimuli while following the emotion regulation instructions. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that the pictures were more effective in modulating emotions. Cognitive reappraisal and distraction strategies downregulated emotions.

The effects of emotion regulation strategies on positive and negative affect in early adolescents

ABSTRACTRecent research suggests that impaired emotion regulation (ER) may play an important role in the development of youth psychopathology. However, little research has explored the effects of ER strategies on affect in early adolescents. In Study 1 (n = 76), we examined if early adolescents are able to use distraction and whether the effects of this strategy are similar to talking to one’s mother. In Study 2 (n = 184), we compared the effects of distraction, cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, and rumination. In both studies, participants received instructions on how to regulate their emotions after a standardised negative mood induction. In general, the results indicated that distraction, but also cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, had promising short-term effects on positive and negative affect in early adolescents. These findings suggest that targeting adaptive ER skills, such as distraction, acceptance, and cognitive reappraisal, may be an important strategy to prevent or treat psychological problems in early adolescents.

The relationship between emotion regulation strategies and job search behavior among fourth-year university students

The job search process is a stressful experience. This study investigated the effect of emotion regulation strategies on job search behavior in combination with anxiety and job search self-efficacy among Chinese university fourth-year students (N = 816, mean age = 21.98, 31.5% male, 34.9% majored in science, 18.0% from “211 Project” universities). Results showed that cognitive reappraisal was positively related to job search behavior, while expressive suppression was negatively related to job search behavior. Additionally, anxiety was negatively related to job search behavior, while job search self-efficacy was positively associated with job search behavior. Moreover, both anxiety and job search self-efficacy mediated the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and job search behavior. In general, emotion regulation strategies played an important role in job search behavior. Implications include the notion that emotion regulation interventions may be helpful to increase job search behavior among university students.

Emotion regulation and prejudice reduction following acute terrorist events: The impact of reflection before and after the Boston Marathon bombings

Research suggests that regulating negative emotional responses to threatening events can help reduce outgroup bias. The present research examined the effect of emotion regulation strategies on outgroup bias during relatively benign versus threatening time periods. Participants were assigned to regulate their emotions (reflection, rumination, or control) while reading a reminder of a past terrorist event and then reported their anger and bias toward Muslims. The bombings at the 2013 Boston Marathon occurred during data collection, which allowed us to examine the effect of emotion regulation on bias before versus after these events via a 3 (emotion regulation) x 2 (timing of bombings) between-subjects design. A two-way interaction between emotion regulation condition and timing emerged on bias and anger. Reflection (compared to rumination or control) reduced bias and anger toward Muslims but only after the bombings. The reduction in anger mediated the effect of reflection on bias only after the bombings. The results provide evidence that reflection is effective at reducing bias when people are experiencing an intense outgroup threat.

Effects of emotion regulation strategies on music-elicited emotions: An experimental study explaining individual differences

This experimental study examined if emotional experience can be manipulated by applying an emotion regulation strategy during music listening and if individual differences in effects of strategies can be explained by person characteristics. Adults (N=466) completed questionnaires and rated emotions. They were randomly assigned to a condition, in which they applied an emotion regulation strategy (suppression, enhancement, neutral) when listening to a music fragment. Next, participants rated emotions again. MANCOVA showed that individuals who applied enhancement experienced the strongest increase in emotion intensity. Age, neuroticism, extraversion, and positive trait affect predicted individual differences in effects of enhancement and suppression, e.g., especially more neurotic and introverted individuals experienced increased emotion intensity when applying enhancement. This study shows that emotional experience can be intensified by music listening, which can be facilitated by applying enhancement. Applying an emotion regulation strategy during music listening seems especially effective when it matches person characteristics.