Effect Of Different Sources Research Articles

Nano and chelated iron fertilization influences marketable yield, phytochemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of tomatoes.

Iron (Fe) is one of the limiting micronutrients essential for crop productivity. The goal of our study was to evaluate the effects of different sources and rates of Fe fertilization on the marketable yield, physical and chemical properties, and phytochemical quality of fresh market tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L., cv. Sunbrite). A factorial experiment under a drip-irrigated plasticulture system was conducted in a completely randomized design with two sources of Fe (nano vs. chelated) and four rates of application (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L) with four replications. Results indicated that relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaf (SPAD index) increased significantly (by 24 to 27%) with 10 and 20 mg/L of both nano- and chelated Fe fertilization compared to the control. Increasing Fe fertilization decreased the leaf SPAD readings. The total fruit yield of tomato was 1.6 to 1.8 times higher under the chelated- and nano Fe fertilization and the increase in yield was significantly higher under the chelated Fe fertilization, when compared to the control. In contrast, the tomato harvest index was highest under 10 and 20 mg/L of nano Fe than under other Fe treatments. While the chelated Fe fertilized tomatoes had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin C (34%), ß-carotene (6%), total carotene (25%), flavonoid (17%), and polyphenol (66%), the nano Fe, in contrast, increased ß-carotene, total carotene, and polyphenol concentrations by 25, 33, 51, and 7%, respectively, compared to the control. The 20 mg/L chelated Fe significantly increased the vitamin C, total carotene, flavonoid, polyphenol concentration, and antioxidant capacity more than any other Fe treatments. Based on the principal components analyses, vitamin C, lycopene, and anthocyanin were identified as the core indicators of the tomato nutrition quality index (NQIndex). The NQIndex ranged from 47 to 54, falling within the medium level of nutritional quality (40 to <70). In conclusion, the chelated Fe, when applied at 20 mg/L, was the most appropriate rate based on highly correlated connectivity for the phytochemicals syntheses associated with the improved tomato antioxidant capacity.

Evaluation of nano-nitrogen fertilizers and other nitrogen sources on the performance of Guinea grass plants grown in newly reclaimed soil under water deficiency

Water deficiency and chemical fertilizers' pollution are two of many factors causing imbalance in the ecosystem rhythm, which reflects on farm livestock quality and quantity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Limited research is available on the use of different sources of nitrogen fertilizers on pasture crops; hence, an open field research experiment was carried out in newly reclaimed soil to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizers on maximizing protein level and production of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) plant under water deficiency. Present data from two successive seasons revealed that: plants received nitrogen in the form of nano particles recorded significant increases in yield, morphological parameters, leaf anatomy, and chemical composition (macro and micro nutrients, total carbohydrates, plant pigments and crude protein) over control (plants that received the recommended dose of NPK fertilizers) in both growing seasons. In addition, endogenous hormones; gibberellins (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) beside enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) had been affected by different treatments. The lowest amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were resulted from nitrogen nano particles treatment, while the rates of leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and water use efficiency were enhanced also by nitrogen nano particles treatment application. The present findings suggested that increasing crude protein level of Guinea grass plant grown in newly reclaimed soil by addition of the mentioned nanoparticles could be a promising approach to improve crop productivity under water deficiency and reduce environmental pollution.

PSVI-30 Effects of Different Cobalt Sources on Ruminal Fermentation of Lactating Dairy Cow Diets in a Dual-Flow Continuous Culture System

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sources of cobalt in a lactating dairy cow diet on in vitro ruminal fermentation. All diets provided the same amount of supplemental Co (1 mg per kg of diet DM) included in a premix with a targeted inclusion level of 2.5% of diet DM. Treatments were cobalt carbonate (CON), and three alternative Co sources; alternative source 1 (AS1), alternative source 2 (AS2), and alternative source 3 (AS3). Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Experimental periods were 10 d (7 d adaptation and 3 d sample collection). Composite samples of daily effluents were collected and analyzed for NH3-N, lactate, and VFA concentration as well as for nutrient digestibility. Samples of ruminal content were collected from each fermenter at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding to determine lactate, NH3-N, and pH kinetics. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and the repeated variable of time was included for pH, lactate, and NH3-N. There were neither treatment effects nor interactions between treatment and time for pH, NH3-N, and lactate concentrations, indicating a similar Co kinetics across treatments. With regards to lactate pool, we did not observe treatment effects for L-lactate; however, we observed treatment effects for D-lactate and total-lactate as seen in Table 1. Analyses of total and individual VFA, N utilization, and nutrient degradation are still undergoing, hence, it is possible that Co sources have effects on ruminal fermentation.

Supplementation of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) diet with different zinc sources: effects on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity, hemato-biochemical parameters, antioxidant response and liver histology.

An 8-week feeding trial was carried out to examine the effect of different sources of dietary Zn on some physiological responses (performance, digestive enzymes activity, hemato-biochemical parameters, antioxidant status and liver histology) of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. For this purpose, fish with an average weight of 100g ± 5 were randomly allocated into four groups including control, inorganic zinc (Zn-sulfate), organic zinc (Zn-gluconate), and zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) at 50mg Zn kg- 1 feed. Improved growth indices, namely weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed Zn-gluconate supplemented diet (P < 0.0.5). The highest digestive enzymes activity was recorded in fish fed Zn-gluconate supplementation (P < 0.0.5). Hematological indices significantly increased in fish fed diet containing ZnO-NPs (P < 0.0.5). Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of fish fed ZnO-NPs contained diet were the highest (P < 0.0.5). The highest serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes activity were observed in fish fed ZnO-NPs and inorganic/organic Zn contained diets, respectively. While liver tissue SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes activity Zn were significantly increased in fish fed inorganic/organic Zn supplemented diet (P < 0.0.5). Based on liver histological results, a severe tissue changes such as necrosis and pyknosis were observed in fish fed with Zn-sulfate in comparison to other forms. In conclusion, the data of the present study confirmed that organic Zn (mainly) and nano-Zn (to some extent) could be more efficient Zn sources in Siberian sturgeon.

The effect of organic manure on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Field experiments to investigate the effect of different sources of organic manure (poultry manure (3 kg), Cattle manure (3 kg), Swine manure (3 kg), Rabbit urine (1lit)) on growth and yield of okra were carried out. The soil pH was checked and analyzed for pH 6.8 and the soil fertility is 6. The experimental site was cleared and cultivated (tilled and fertilized). Treatments were laid out before planting at once, there was no re-application of treatment. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters (plant height, foliage and fruit weight). There was a significant difference in the height of okra plant treated with poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, rabbit urine when compared with the control group. Poultry manure and Cattle manure significantly increase the foliage of okra plant when compared with Swine manure, Rabbit urine and the control. There was significant difference in the fruit weight of okra fertilized with Poultry manure and Rabbit urine when compared with the control but there was no significant difference in swine and cattle manure when compared with the control. From this experimental study, poultry manure and rabbit urine increased the growth and yield of okra and it is recommended for both subsistence farming and commercial production of okra.

301 Effects of Different Sources and Particle Sizes of Field Peas on Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids and Starch by Growing Pigs

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that particle size and origin influence the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in field peas. Three sources of field peas were procured. One source was from the U.S. and 2 sources were from Canada. The U.S. source and 1 of the sources from Canada (i.e., Canada 1) were each divided into 2 batches and ground at 200 or 400 µm, whereas the other source from Canada (i.e., Canada 2) was only ground at 200 µm. Each source of field peas was included in one diet as the only source of AA. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA. Barrows (n = 6; initial body weight: 50.5 kg; SD = 3.7) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and six 7-d periods. Ileal digesta from pigs were collected for 2 days after 5 days of adaptation. The statistical model included source as the fixed effect and animal and period as the random effects. Contrast statements were used to analyze effects of particle size, origin, and the interaction between particle size and origin. Results indicated that the AID of starch was increased by reducing the particle size of the U.S. source, but that was not the case for the Canada 1 source (interaction; P &amp;lt; 0.001; Table 1). No interactions were observed for the SID of CP or AA. The SID of CP and AA was not affected by particle size of field peas. The SID of CP and Trp was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and the SID of His, Ile, and Thr tended to be greater in the Canada 2 source (P &amp;lt; 0.10) than in the U.S. source. In conclusion, a few differences in the SID of AA in field peas produced in the U.S. or Canada were observed, but there was no effect on SID of AA of reducing the particle size of field peas from 400 to 200 µm. However, the effect of particle size on the AID of starch was greater in field peas from the U.S. compared with field peas from Canada.

Effect of different sources, levels and methods of zinc application with bio inoculant on zinc transformation and soil chemical properties of maize in Alfisols

Effect of different sources, levels and methods of zinc application with bio inoculant on zinc transformation and soil chemical properties of maize in Alfisols

Correlation between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and Parkinson's disease

BackgroundPrevious cross-sectional studies have shown that Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients have lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations than controls. Other studies have not yet tested whether research findings from other regions are generalizable to Chinese populations. In this case-control study, we examined the correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Parkinson's disease. MethodsWe established an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and PD in a case-control study of 100 PD patients and 100 control subjects free of neurological disease at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. ResultsTotal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were deficient in 21 % of patients with PD compared with 4 % of controls. In univariate analyses, plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were associated with PD (p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was significantly associated with PD (p = 0.008, Odds Ratio =17.13, 95 % CI= 2.082–141.075). Individuals with 25(OH)D levels in the lowest quartile had the highest prevalence of PD (p = 0.026, OR=11.786, 95 % CI =1.342–103.51 compared to individuals with values in the highest quartile). ConclusionsOur study reveals an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and PD. Patients with incident PD had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations than age-matched controls. High-risk PD patients with vitamin D deficiency who have not yet developed exercise impairment should undergo vitamin D measurement and any necessary treatment as soon as possible. Limitations of the study: the study needs further assessment of populations with low vitamin D levels in other regions of China; further assessment of the effect of different sources of vitamin D on PD; further study of longitudinal cohorts at different time points.

Effect of Different Sources of n-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acids on the Fatty Acid Profile and Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Qezel Ram Sperm

Effect of Different Sources of n-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acids on the Fatty Acid Profile and Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Qezel Ram Sperm

Implementation of different relationship estimate methodologies in breeding value prediction in kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta)

In dioecious crops such as Actinidia arguta (kiwiberries), some of the main challenges when breeding for fruit characteristics are the selection of potential male parents and the long juvenile period. Currently, breeding values of male parents are estimated through progeny tests, which makes the breeding of new kiwiberry cultivars time-consuming and costly. The application of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) would allow direct estimation of sex-related traits and speed up kiwiberry breeding. In this study, we used a linear mixed model approach to estimate narrow sense heritability for one vine-related trait and five fruit-related traits for two incomplete factorial crossing designs. We obtained BLUPs for all genotypes, taking into consideration whether the relationship was pedigree-based or marker-based. Owing to the high cost of genome sequencing, it is important to understand the effects of different sources of relationship matrices on estimating breeding values across a breeding population. Because of the increasing implementation of genomic selection in crop breeding, we compared the effects of incorporating different sources of information in building relationship matrices and ploidy levels on the accuracy of BLUPs’ heritability and predictive ability. As kiwiberries are autotetraploids, multivalent chromosome formation and occasionally double reduction can occur during meiosis, and this can affect the accuracy of prediction. This study innovates the breeding programme of autotetraploid kiwiberries. We demonstrate that the accuracy of BLUPs of male siblings, without phenotypic observations, strongly improved when a tetraploid marker-based relationship matrix was used rather than parental BLUPs and female siblings with phenotypic observations.

Effects of Different Sources of Culture Substrate on the Growth and Immune Performance of the Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

The substrate in the aquatic environment plays a crucial role in nutrient deposition and recovery for the growth of aquatic organisms. In order to optimize the culture medium of Procambarus Clarkii, culture media from different sources were selected in this study to explore their effects on the growth and immune performance of red swamp crayfish. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR), body length growth rate (BLGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) in group I2 were the highest, followed by group I1 and group I3. The WGR and SGR of crayfish in the I1 and I2 groups were significantly higher than those in the I3 group (p < 0.05). The activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were the highest in group I2, followed by group I3, and the lowest in group I1. The expression trends in growth-related genes, nuclear hormone receptor (E75), molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and chitinase genes were similar, and the expression levels in the I2 group were higher than those in the I1 and I3 groups. It was noted that the expression levels of E75 and MIH genes in the I2 group were significantly higher than those in the I3 group (p < 0.05). α diversity analysis of 16S rRNA data showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the abundance of intestinal flora among the three culture substrate groups. The β diversity in the Xitangni group, crayfish Tangni group and Shuitangni group was significantly different. These changes in microbiota suggest that using different substrates to culture crayfish leads to differences in gut microbiota diversity. To sum up, the growth in crayfish and immune performance influenced by the culture substrate condition and aquatic breeding sediment substrates, rather than crab pool and paddy field pond sediment substrates, showed a better effect.

Effects of different sources of proteins on the formation of starch-lipid-protein complexes

In the present study, the influence of different sources of proteins on the formation of complexes with starch and lipid were investigated. A model system containing wheat starch (WS), palmitic acid (PA) and four proteins (whey protein isolate, egg white protein, soy protein isolate and pea protein isolate) was used to prepare the complexes by Rapid Visco Analyzer. The addition of PA in the pasted WS-protein systems resulted in higher cooling viscosity compared to the pasted WS-PA systems, which was interpreted as being due to the formation of WS-PA-protein complexes. Analyses from differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy showed that more complexes were formed in WS-PA-protein systems than in WS-PA systems, especially in the WS-PA-whey protein isolate. The better emulsifying action of whey protein isolate was proposed to be accountable for the greater amounts of complexes formed compared to other three proteins. This study provides important information about the formation of starch-lipid-protein complexes in regard to the selection of proteins for food processing.

The Associations Between Sources of Vaccine News and the Intention to Change Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Health Measures

Background: Although the scientific literature has extensively discussed the impact of the media on people’s health-related behaviors, there is little evidence of the effect of different sources of COVID-19 vaccine news on changing the intention to adhere to health protocols. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the sources of news on the COVID-19 vaccine and the association of each of these sources with the intention of changing adherence to COVID-19 preventive health measures (ICA-COVID-19-PHM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1000 public population (67.4% female and 32.6% male) of Mazandaran province (age range: 18 to 60 years). The data were collected between January and April 2021 by completing an unidentified online “Google form” questionnaire via social media platforms, such as Telegram, WhatsApp, Soroush, ETA, and Instagram. The two-level linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between the sources of news on the COVID-19 vaccine and the ICA-COVID-19-PHM (social and personal aspects). Results: The most common sources of receiving news were mass media (radio and television with 54%) and virtual networks with 49%. The results showed the ICA-COVID-19-PHM for the news source via virtual workgroups was positive (B=1.36; 95% CI, 0.31%, 2.41%; P=0.01) and for the news sources via virtual networks (B=-0.83; 95% CI, -1.62%, -0.05%; P=0.04) and satellites and foreign news agencies (B=-1.50; 95% CI, -2.64%, -0.36%; P=0.01) was negative. While, the ICA-COVID-19-PHM was not significant (P&gt;0.05) for other sources, such as groups of friends and neighbors, newspapers and magazines, radio and television, and news websites. Conclusion: The management of news sources in epidemics is important because they have associations with adherence to preventive health measures. Policymakers should consider the distribution of vaccine news sources on the ICA-COVID-19-PHM.

Contrasting Population Projections to Induce Divergent Estimates of Landslides Exposure Under Climate Change

AbstractAt first glance, assessing future landslide‐exposed population appears to be a straightforward task if landslide hazard estimates, climate change, and population projections are available. However, the intersection of landslide hazard with socioeconomic elements may result in significant variation of estimated landslide exposure due to considerable variations in population projections. This study aims to investigate the effects of different sources of population data on the evaluation of landslide‐exposed population in China under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios. We utilize multiple global climate models (GCMs) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and six high‐resolution spatially explicit static and dynamic population data sets to drive available landslide models. The results indicate an overall rise in landslide hazard projections, with an increase in the potential impact area of 0.4%–2.7% and an increase in the landslide frequency of 4.7%–20.1%, depending on the SSPs scenarios and future periods. However, the likely changes in future landslide exposed population, as modeled by incorporating population data from different sources with landslide hazard, yield divergent outcomes depending on the population data source. Thus, some of the projections depict an increase in future landslide exposure, while others show a clear decrease. The nationwide divergence ranged from −64% to +48%. These divergent findings were mainly attributed to differences in population data and a lesser extent to variations in GCMs. The present findings highlight the need to pay closer attention to the dynamic evolution of the elements at risk and the associated data uncertainties.

Effect of Different Sources of Nutrients on Growth, Yield and Quality of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

A pot experiment was conducted in the experimental research farm of Department of Soil Science, SAS, Nagaland University, and Medziphema campus, Nagaland in the period of June to September 2022 to make a study on “Effect of different sources of nutrients on growth, yield and quality of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The study revealed that the incorporation of different sources of nutrients significantly influenced that the plant growth, yield attributes and quality parameters i.e., NPK and protein content, Nutrient uptake, and availability of nutrients in soil after harvest of green gram. The crop growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves plant-1 and number of branches plant-1 were significantly influenced by its application. The highest seed yield of 11.67 g pot-1and stover yield of 37.88 g pot-1 recorded with the treatment of 100% RDF+PSB+FYM was significantly superior over all treatments. The quality of green gram was improved by 100% RDF+PSB+FYM in the presence of different sources of nutrients. The highest nutrient content and highest nutrient uptake by green gram was also recorded highest with the treatment 100% RDF+PSB+FYM. The available nutrients (NPK), cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon in soil was also found to be more due to the treatment of 100% RDF+PSB+FYM.

The effect of different sources of mesenchymal stem cells on microglia states.

Microglial reaction plays a key role in the prognosis of traumatic CNS injuries (TBI and SCI). A growing number of studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an important role in regulating microglial states. This review summarizes the effects and mechanisms of different sources of MSCs on microglial states in the last 5 years. In general, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are the most accessible and widely used, and can produce immunosuppressive effects on a variety of brain injuries including TBI through tissue engineering in situ implantation; MSCs mainly regulate inflammatory pathways and promote the states of microglia in the anti-inflammatory direction, which also secrete certain cytokines or extracellular vesicles to affect apoptotic pathways, such as the extracellular vesicles miR-21-5p, acting as a neuronal protector.

Diet source-dependent functional response of key parasitoids of &lt;i&gt;Spodoptera frugiperda&lt;/i&gt; (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Foods derived from plants are important sources of food for natural enemies and influence several functions of their existence, including reproduction. The objective of the current study was to assess the effect of different sources of food and host densities on the oviposition efficiency of key parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda. The experiment was set up under laboratory conditions in a completely randomized block design with three factors namely parasitoids (four), feeding (groundnut pollen, soybean nectar, honey, starved as control) and host densities (five), a total of 80 treatments. There were five replications for the experimental design while the experiment was repeated four times, a total of 20 replications for each treatment. Results showed that the functional response of adult parasitoids was influenced both by food sources and host densities. Soybean nectar worked the best like honey, followed by groundnut pollen. Soybeans and groundnut may therefore have agroecological interests beneficial for mass rearing to promote key parasitoids as biological agents to control S. frugiperda. As for the host densities, the minimum and maximum of the parasitized host were obtained respectively with the densities of 20 and 100 eggs per female for T. remus, 20 and 80 eggs for Trichogramma sp. and C. insularis and 5 to 50 larvae for C. marginiventris. Taking into account the interesting results obtained which would be favourable to the rapid multiplication of parasitoids, tests in real environments are necessary to test the influence of the main environmental factors on the performance of said parasitoids.

Effect of Different Sources of Organic Fertilizers and Foliar Application of some Amino Acids on Wheat Productivity and some Soil Properties

Effect of Different Sources of Organic Fertilizers and Foliar Application of some Amino Acids on Wheat Productivity and some Soil Properties

Dietary methionine sources and levels modulate the intestinal health status of broiler chickens

Given the key role of methionine in biological processes, adequate methionine should be provided to meet the nutritional requirements. DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA) has been considered as an important source of methionine. However, the effects of different sources and levels of methionine on the intestinal health status have not been clarified yet. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different dietary sources and levels of methionine on the intestinal epithelial barrier, inflammatory cytokines expression, ileal morphology, microbiota composition, and cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) profiles. For this purpose, 720 male Arbor Acre broiler chicks at 1 d old were randomly assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 methionine sources (DL-methionine and DL-HMTBA) and 3 total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) levels (80%, 100%, and 120% of Arbor Acre recommendation). The results showed that DL-HMTBA supplementation promoted intestinal physical barrier at both gene expression level of claudin-1 and serum diamine oxidase level (P < 0.05), and the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 mRNA expression was down-regulated by dietary DL-HMTBA supplementation compared with the DL-methionine group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, an upregulated gene expression of claudin-1 and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) were observed in the low-TSAA treatment on d 14 (P < 0.05), whereas this treatment increased the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 (P < 0.05). Villus height to crypt depth ratio was high (P < 0.05) in the middle-level TSAA group. Furthermore, DL-HMTBA supplementation optimized the microbiota of the ileum especially the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, where the digestion and absorption were completed, and elevated the concentrations of SCFA (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) in the cecal content on d 21 (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary DL-HMTBA supplementation improved the intestinal barrier function, immune homeostasis and optimized the microbiota to promote intestinal health status in broiler chickens.

The Effects of Different Sources of Protein on the Growth Performance and Digestibility Protein of Local Chickens Crossbreed: A Meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of different sources of energy on the growth performance and digestibility protein of local chickens crossbreed. A dataset was constructed based on relevant published papers. An algorithm was constructed from 2015 to 2023, with a search in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline using the MESH terms “chicken”, “digestibility”, “local chicken”, “performance”, and “nutrient digestibility”. After careful evaluation, the final dataset consisted of 8 in-vivo studies comprising 31 treatment units. The data analysis and coding were performed using software R version 4.2.1 “Funny-looking kid” computing with library mode (cowplot); (tidyverse); and (viridis); and (nlme). Our meta-analysis with regard to growth performance, the different sources of protein did not affect the body weight, FCR, body weight gain (BWG), final body weight (FBW), and feed intake (FI) (p &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, the different source of protein negatively affects parameters for growth performance and nutrient digestibility in local chicken crossbreeds.