Effect Of Different Insecticides Research Articles

Bio-Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Soybean Leaf Folder, Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

A study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station (UAS, Dharwad), Sankeshwar, Karnataka during Kharif 2022-23 to assess the effectiveness of different insecticides against soybean leaf folder, Omiodes indicata. Among five treatments, lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % ZC @ 0.4 ml l-1 exhibited the lowest mean population of soybean leaf folder, Omiodes indicata on 5th and 10th day after spray with 2.12 and 0.98 larval population per meter row length, respectively which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 0.3 g l-1 (3.03 and 1.83 larvae per meter row length). Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % ZC was found to be the best effective treatment with 81.97 % reduction over control followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG (71.61 %). Similar results were obtained with per cent defoliation.

Efficacy assessment of different insecticides for control of whitefly against tomato leaf curl disease

AbstractThe impact of eight pesticides on the transmission of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius to tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Miller), was studied in the field using a randomized block design. Differences in performance were anticipated because these eight insecticides comprise distinct mechanism of action including both contact and systemic. Increased insecticide efficacy is necessary, particularly in regions with conducive weather conditions that support a healthy whitefly population, to effectively manage the population. There is a need to vary the insecticides used in order to reduce the emergence of resistance in the whitefly population due to the extensive usage of a single mechanism of action for whitefly control. The foliar spray of insecticides was done when first incidence of whitefly was noticed in the field with 15 days of interval. The studies on effect of different insecticides in the management of ToLCV disease through the controlling whitefly population, we evaluated that Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% + Thiomethaxam 17.5% SC was effective in sustaining the yield by reducing the incidence of disease and whitefly population during both the years followed by Spirotetramat 11.01% + Imidacloprid 11.01% SC, Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD, respectively.

The Management Strategies against Maize Stem Borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on Maize (Zea mays L.): A Review

The research provides updated information on the effect of different insecticides and biopesticides against maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe) were carried out at different areas by different scientists. Combining Imidacloprid and Trichogramma chilonis resulted in significantly decreased leaf injury m-2 (1.32) and dead hearts (4.16%) in several trials done in different agroclimatic zones. With maximum grain yield (39.5 q/ha), imidacloprid + Karanj oil significantly reduced dead heart (2.8%), plant infestation (14.1%), stem tunneling (2.7%), and number of exit holes per plant (0.6). Results of the field bio-efficacy study showed that at, Chloropyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% @2500 g.a.i./ha recorded significantly lower larval populations (1.18 larvae per plant) and a lower percentage of plant damage (9.00%). As per the findings this study suggests the percentage infestation and larval population of Chilo partellus can be minimized by the application of combinations of insecticides and biopesticides.

Efficacy of Entomopathogens, Botanical and New Generation Insecticides Against Papaya Mealybug

The papaya mealybug is an invasive polyphagus pest species causing several economic damages to a wide range of agricultural crop. Five new generation insecticides of different groups, one botanical and one entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana) were evaluated in laboratory for their effectiveness in reducing mealybug incidence on papaya. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of different insecticides at different concentration against P.marginatus. Among the 7 insecticides, Imixam 70 WDG (Imidacloprid+Thiamethoxam) was the most effective insecticide followed by Ravjum 14.5 SC (Indoxacarb), Saka 25 SC (Abamectin 5% +Spirodiclofen 20%), Imixan and Biotrin 0.5% (Matrin), Tundra 20 SP (Acetameprid), Antario (Bacillus thuringiensis+Abamectin) and Beauveria bassiana, respectively.All the selected insecticides provided their highest efficacy at their maximum doses as well as within 7-9 DAT, among them two new generation insecticides e.g. Saka 25 SC (Abamectin 5% +Spirodiclofen 20%) @ 1.0 ml/L, Ravjum 14.5 SC (Indoxacarb) @ 1.0 ml/L and the botanical insecticide Biotrin 0.5% upto 7 DAT would be effective in controlling papaya mealybug considering the efficacy. To confirmation of the results, need to be tested under field condition. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 81-88, 2023

Evaluation of Toxicity Effect of different Insecticides against Camponotus Compressus.

Carpenter ant species play a significant ecological role and are widely prevalent. Ants contribute to safeguarding plants from sap-sucking pest insects through natural biological control mechanisms. The current study was conducted to collect ants from Block B farms at Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan (MNSUAM), Pakistan. In current study, various insecticides (such as Imidacloprid, Fipronil, Methoxyfenozide, Emamectin benzoate, and Flubendiamide) were formulated at different concentrations (including 160, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, and 0 ppm) for evaluation against carpenter ants. Notably, Fipronil and emamectin benzoate exhibited heightened toxicity, even at lower doses of 5 ppm and 10 ppm, resulting in the mortality of nearly all worker ants within 24 hours. In contrast, Imidacloprid displayed no distinct preference, as most worker ants remained alive even after 72 hours. These findings indicate that Fipronil and emamectin benzoate may serve as effective active ingredients for controlling carpenter ants. The data was meticulously recorded and subjected to rigorous statistical analysis using specialized software.

Field Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) in Spring Maize (Zea mays L.)

An experiment was conducted from February to June 2022 to determine the effectiveness of different insecticides in controlling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda: FA) under field conditions. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Insecticides were applied three times at 7-day intervals. The treatments included: T1 - untreated or control (water spray), T2 - Cypermethrin 5% + Chlorpyriphos 50% EC, T3 - Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, T4 - Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, and T5 - Spinetoram 11.7% SC. Data were collected for the number of live larvae, damage to the top four leaves and whorls, and yield attributes. The results showed that the lowest FA infestation was observed in the plots treated with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, while the highest infestation was observed in the control group. The highest yield (7.52 t/ha) was obtained from the Emamectin Benzoate treatment, while the lowest yield (5.74 t/ha) was recorded in the control group. Among the different control measures, spraying Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC at 7-day intervals was found to be the most effective method to control FA in spring maize variety TX-369, achieving 100% efficacy. These results provide valuable guidance to growers in selecting effective insecticides for FA control. This study addresses the challenge of FA management in maize crops while aligning with multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Effects of different insecticides on transcripts of key genes in CncC pathway and detoxification genes in Helicoverpa armigera

The CncC pathway regulates the expression of multiple detoxification genes and contributes to the detoxification and antioxidation in insects. Many studies have focused on the impacts of plant allelochemicals on the CncC pathway, whereas studies on the effects of pesticides on key genes involved in this pathway are very limited. In this study, the effects of different types of commonly used insecticides on the transcripts of CncC, Keap1, and Maf and multiple detoxification genes of Helicoverpa armigera were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that 8 insecticides (bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, spinosad, indoxacarb, chlorfenapyr, tolfenpyrad, and thiacloprid) significantly induced the expression of CncC and 4 insecticides (cypermethrin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, and indoxacarb) suppressed the expression of Keap1 both at 24 h and 48 h; meanwhile, the expression levels of Maf were induced by 5 insecticides (fenvalerate, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, lufenuron, and tolfenpyrad) at 24 h or 48 h. Multiple detoxification genes, especially cytochrome P450s genes, showed different up-regulation after bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, indoxacarb, and spinosad treatment for 48 h. Our results suggest that the CncC pathway and detoxification genes can be activated by different insecticides in H. armigera. These results establish a foundation for further studies on the relationship between the CncC pathway and the detoxification genes in H. armigera.

Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in and surrounding areas of Lake Tana, northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundVector control is the most effective malaria control and prevention measure. Among these, IRS and LLINs are the most important chemical insecticide interventions used in malaria prevention and control strategies in Ethiopia. However, the long-term effectiveness of these strategies is under threat due to the emergency and spread of insecticide resistance in the principal malaria vector. Therefore, this study was carried out, under standardized laboratory conditions to assess the killing effect of some insecticides against An. gambiae s.l.MethodsMosquitoes in late instar larvae and pupae stages were collected from different breeding habitats of the study sites using a soup ladle (350 ml capacity). The immature was reared to adults at optimum temperature and humidity in a field insectary using the WHO protocol. Four insecticides representing three chemical classes were used against adult mosquitoes. These were permethrin, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and bendiocarb. Susceptibility tests were carried out from September to December 2021 using the WHO standard procedures. Mortality rate, variation, interaction effect and knockdown times (KDT50 and KDT95%) were computed using descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of variance and log-probit regression model using SPSS version 20 software.ResultsTotally, 1300 Anopheles gambiae s.l. were tested to determine the susceptibility status to the four insecticides. Among these, 90.7% of them were susceptible to insecticides, whereas the remaining 9.3% of specimens were resistant to the insecticides. The results of the analysis of variance showed that mortality significantly varied between insecticides (F = 26.06, DF = 3, P < .0001), but not between study locations (F = 1.56, DF = 3, P = 0.212). On the other hand, the mean comparison of dead mosquitoes showed some signs of interaction between bendiocarb and locations, but not other insecticides and locations.ConclusionsThis study revealed that the knockdown times and effectiveness of different insecticides varied in different study sites. Therefore, insecticide resistance information is very essential for concerned bodies to make informed and evidence-based decisions on vector control.

Komparativni učinak različitih insekticida i kaolina na smanjenu brojnost populacije Cacopsylla pyri L.

Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is one of the most serious economic pear pests in Eastern Croatia. Previous methods of pear control in the Republic of Croatia have led to the development of an insect population resistan to certain active ingredients. The objectives of this two-year study were to determine the optimal number of treatments for psylla control based on the monitoring of pest life cycle and to determine the effectiveness of processed kaolin in controlling the pear psylla in comparison with other chemical insecticides in four different treatments (T1. IPM-integrated protection program – diflubenzuron, spirotetramat, abamectin, acetamprid; T2. acrinatrin + abamectin, T3. kaolin clay, T4. control treatment). The research was conducted in 2017 and 2018 in a six-year-old experimental pear orchard on three varieties (Williams, Conference, and Abate Fetel). Monitoring of the pest population and its development was performed by visual inspection on two one-year shoots per tree of each variety in all replicates. The T1 treatment demonstrated the highest efficiency, between 84-95%, depending on the year, while the kaolin treatment had the lowest one, but it varied greatly from one year to the other (37-71%).

Effect of Different Insecticides against Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. M. Smith) in Maize at Belaka Municipality, Udayapur, Nepal

This research was conducted to evaluate the five selected commercial formulation of insecticides against newly introduced Fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda in the farmer's field at Belaka Municipality of Udayapur district, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in Randomized completely blocked design (RCBD) from 23rd Feb 2021. The prepared field was divided into six treatments and four replications (Imidacloprid 70 % WDG@0.3ml/ltr water, Spinetoram 11.7% SC@0.3ml/ltr water, Chlorantraniliprol 18.5% W/W@0.4ml/ltr water, Emamectin Benzoate 5% WDG@0.4ml/ltr, Azadirachtin 0.03% EC @5ml/ltr and control). Total three spray of the insecticides were done at the interval of 7 days after the initial damage symptoms starts to appear. The field experiment showed that all the insecticides were significantly effective in reducing the number of live larvae per plant after 3rd spray whereas fast and foremost reduction in live larvae was seen in the plot sprayed with spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole. There was 89% reduction of live larvae after 1st spray in the plot sprayed with spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole followed by emamectin benzoate, 66%. Similarly, no damage symptoms were seen in the plot sprayed with spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole after 3rd spray. The highest grain yield per plot was also gained from chlorantraniliprole (8.8 ton/ha) and spinetoram (8.5 ton/ha).

Effect of insecticides on food consumption and utilization behaviour of different populations of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is an economically important pest causing damage to wide range of agricultural crops worldwide. The effect of different insecticides viz. emamectin benzoate 5 SG, spinosad 45 SC, indoxacarb 14.5 SC, cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD and fenvalerate 20 EC on food consumption and utilization in S. litura larval populations of Punjab were studied in the laboratory. Among all insecticides, emamectin benzoate has the most potent effect on the feeding of S. litura larvae recording the lowest relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI), the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance (ECD) while highest approximate digestibility (AD). The value of all nutritional indices, except approximate digestibility (AD) was higher for larvae of S. litura fed on untreated food followed by treated food with fenvalerate, spinosad, indoxacarb, cyantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate. The RCR, RGR, ECI and ECD were higher for Amritsar larval populations followed by Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Ludhiana and susceptible populations. On the other hand, approximate digestibility (AD) was recorded higher for larvae of susceptible population followed by Ludhiana, Malerkotla, Kapurthala and Amritsar populations of S. litura.

Evaluation of comparative effectiveness of different insecticides on pediculosis in Wistar rat colony naturally infested by Polyplax spinulosa - A spined rat louse

Evaluation of comparative effectiveness of different insecticides on pediculosis in Wistar rat colony naturally infested by Polyplax spinulosa - A spined rat louse

Anti-pest protection of two-year old alfalfa grown for seeds

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of different insecticides against pests on two-year old alfalfa grown for seeds.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS in 2017–2019. The filed experiments were laid out in split plots. The main plots (factor A) were for water supply conditions (no irrigation vs. irrigation); sub-plots (factors B and C) were for application of insecticides. Seeds were sown in wide rows with interrows of 70 cm.&#x0D; Results and discussion. When the two-year old alfalfa canopy (budding onset) was inspected before insecticide treatment, the average numbers of pests were as follows: alfalfa plant bug – 3.0 specimens/10 sweeps, alfalfa aphid – 20.0 specimens/10 sweeps, beet webworm – 3.0 specimens/10 sweeps, alfalfa weevil (imagoes/grubs) – 1.0/3.0 specimens/10 sweeps, and alfalfa seed weevil – 1.0 specimens/10 sweeps. Treatment 1 reduced the pest numbers in the canopy: alfalfa plant bug – by 70.0–93.3%, alfalfa aphid – by 93.0–97.5%, beet webworm – by 80.0–96.7, alfalfa weevil (imagoes/grubs) – by 60.0–90.0%/73.3–93.3%, and alfalfa seed weevil – by 76.0–94.0%, depending on the insecticide. Treatment 2 helped to reduce the pest numbers in the canopy. Insecticide containing active substances chlorpyrifos 500 g/L and cypermethrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 1.00 L/ha was the most effective. The highest seed yield was achieved after treatment 1 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorpyrifos 500 g/L and cypermethrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 1.00 L/ha and treatment 2 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorantraniliprole 200 g/L and lambda-cyhalothrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 0.17 L/ha and 0.15 L/ha, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusions. The highest seed yield was achieved after treatment 1 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorpyrifos 500 g/L and cypermethrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 1.00 L/ha and treatment 2 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorantraniliprole 200 g/L and lambda-cyhalothrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 0.17 L/ha and 0.15 L/ha, respectively

Analysis of food resources, host availability and insecticidal impacts on the fecundity, longevity and parasitism efficiency of Diaertiella rapae (M’intosh)

The use of pesticides may pose a serious threat to soil and water quality, human health, food safety, aquatic species and beneficial insects. Biological control is an effective component of integrated pest management comprising importation, augmentation and conservation. Conservation of natural enemies could enhance or limit the efficiency of herbivorous insect pests. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficiency of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) and other food resources impacts on parasitoid’s fecundity, survival and efficiency. The effect of different insecticides [Carbosulfan, Imidacloprid, Diafenthiuron and Lufenuron] was also evaluated in a laboratory controlled experiment. The results revealed that females fed on aphid honeydew proved to be of poor quality as compared to other sugar sources, including honey and sugar solution and has a positive impact of mating on monogenesis. The negative impact was observed on oviposition activity by female reared in the laboratory having less number of mature eggs than females collected in the field. All insecticides demonstrated dose-dependent mortality of D. rapae. In conclusion, food and host availability and insecticides affect the efficiency of D. rapae. These results could lead to the hypothesis that D. rapae females have a high mortality rate in the field due to lower aphid hosts.

Effects of three insecticides on the expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 in Helicoverpa armigera

AbstractCytochrome P450 genes can be induced by xenobiotics, which may contribute to insect's adaptability to the environments and resistance to insecticides. Previous studies indicated that cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 played a vital role in the resistance of Helicoverpa armigera to fenvalerate. However, effects of different insecticides on the expression of CYP6B7 in H. armigera are still unclear. In this study, resistance level of H. armigera to six insecticides was determined by topical application method, and effects of fenvalerate, phoxim and indoxacarb on the expression of CYP6B7 in susceptible (HDS) and fenvalerate‐resistant (BJR) strains of H. armigera were evaluated by RT‐qPCR. The results showed that BJR strain had an extremely high level of resistance to fenvalerate (1990.57‐fold), and the induction of CYP6B7 in different tissues of BJR strain was significantly higher than that of HDS strain after exposure to fenvalerate for 24 and 48 hr. The highest induction level by fenvalerate was observed in the midgut, which were 13.7‐fold in HDS strain and 127.9‐fold in BJR strain at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. After exposure to phoxim, the expression level of CYP6B7 in HDS and BJR strains was induced by 2.3‐ and 316.8‐fold at 24 hr, respectively. It is worth to note that CYP6B7 could be induced by phoxim at different time points in BJR strain, but only induced at 24 and 72 hr in HDS strain. After indoxacarb exposure, the expression of CYP6B7 was induced by 1.6‐fold at 72 hr in BJR strain, whereas it was induced at 24 and 48 hr in HDS strain. These results demonstrated that the expression level of CYP6B7 could be induced by fenvalerate, phoxim and indoxacarb, but the induction time and levels varied; moreover, the induction in BJR strain was markedly higher than that in HDS strain after exposure to fenvalerate and phoxim.

Comparison of the Effects of Different Insecticides on a Flower Thrips, Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Collected from Strawberries in Greenhouses of Gunma Prefecture

Comparison of the Effects of Different Insecticides on a Flower Thrips, <i>Frankliniella intonsa</i> (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Collected from Strawberries in Greenhouses of Gunma Prefecture

Effect of different insecticides on natural enemies spider in brinjal ecosystem

Effect of different insecticides on natural enemies spider in brinjal ecosystem

Developmental changes in larvae of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala, exposed to deltamethrin.

The Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has a worldwide distribution and is considered of medical and veterinary importance. Its synanthropic behavior combined with the visitation of decaying organic matter allows it to mechanically transmit pathogens to human and animals. Pyrethroids are widely used pesticides, effective in low doses against a broad spectrum of insects. Our objective was to evaluate the action of K-Othrine® on the post-embryonic development of C. megacephala. First instar larvae were exposed to different concentrations of K-Othrine® (3.75 × 10-5 g a.i/mL (low), 7.5 × 10-5 g a.i/mL (intermediate low), 1.125 × 10-4 g a.i/mL (intermediate), 1.5 × 10-4 g a.i/mL (intermediate high), and 2.5 × 10-4 g a.i/mL (high)) mixed into artificial diets and a control with no pesticide. We measured weight, time of development, sex ratio, larval and pupal mortality, and esterase patterns. The mean weight values at intermediate low and intermediate concentrations were significantly lower compared with the control; additionally, the development time was delayed compared with the control. The larval and pupal mortality differed among the treatments. The larvae had six esterase regions, which altered its relative activity at 48 h and 72 h after insecticide ingestion. Further studies must investigate the effects of different insecticides on the post-embryonic development of C. megacephala.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF SOME INSECTICIDES AGAINST MAIZE APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) AND ITS INFLUENCE ON NATURAL ENEMIES IN MAIZE ECOSYSTEM

The maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis is one of the most serious pests of maize crop in Bangladesh. Nowadays, it becomes a major barrier for production of maize due to create hamper of pollination. In the present research investigation, the field efficacy of some insecticides was evaluated against maize aphid infestation and their toxic effects were also studied on some natural enemies in the maize ecosystem. To achieve the research goal, a field experiment was conducted on maize at the Entomology Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensigh during Rabi season of 2017-18. The experiment was set up in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments (Imidagold 20SL@ 0.1, 0.3 &amp; 0.5ml/L; Ambush 1.8EC@ 1.5, 2.5 &amp; 3.0ml/L; Hadhak 45WP@ 0.2, 0.4 &amp; 0.6g/L; Suspend 5SG@ 0.5, 1.0 &amp; 1.5 g/L and Heron 5EC @ 0.5, 1.0 &amp; 1.5ml/L) and three replications for each treatment. Maize viz. BARI Hybrid Butta-09 was used as experimental crop. Data were collected on percent reduction of plant infestation &amp; population of natural enemies, yield attributes and benefit cost ratio (BCR). Result clearly indicated that these mentioned parameters were highly significant with the application of insecticides. However, Imidagold 20SL@ 0.5ml/L resulted in the greatest (77.27%) percent reduction of maize plant infestation, the highest (623.51) number of grain per cob, the maximum (39.74g) 100 grain weight, the highest (10.02 t/ha) grain yield, the highest (63.27%) percent grain yield over control and maximum (1.56) benefit cost ratio compared to others tested insecticides which was statistically similar with the dose of 0.3ml/L of Imidagold 20SL. And then, this result was followed by Ambush 1.8EC, Hadhak 45WP, Suspend 5SG and Heron 5EC, respectively. Besides, the highest (93.67%) percent cumulative mean of maize plant infestation, the lowest (330.45) number of grain per cob, minimum (13.43g) 100 grain weight, the lowest grain yield (3.68 t/ha) and the lowest benefit cost ratio (0.95) were obtained from untreated control. With a view to know the toxic effect of different insecticides, the percent reduction of population of natural enemies was counted at 2 days, 5 days and 7 days after spraying. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order (least harmful to most harmful): Imidagold 20SL

Effect of Different Insecticides on Yield, Yield Attributes and Pollinator Behaviour of Different Pigeon Pea Varieties

Background: Yield of pigeon pea, besides other management practices, highly relies on variety and pollinators. Again, different insecticides are also known to immensely influence the abundance of these pollinators. Hence, the current study was conducted with objectives to record diversity of flower visitors and abundance of insect pollinators, to work out pollination efficiency of major pollinators and to evaluate the effect of different varieties and insecticidal treatments on the pollinator behaviour, yield and yield attributes of pigeon pea in order to reduce the ecological impact of chemicals as well as to increase the productivity of pigeon pea. Methods: The experiment was designed in a Split plot arrangement replicated thrice. The varieties were assigned in main plots and had four levels such as UPAS-120, PA-406, PA-421 and PA-441. Types of insecticides applied were taken in the sub plots and it also had four levels viz. Quinalphos 25 EC (325 g a.i./ha), Lufenuron 5.4 EC (30 g a.i./ha), Deltamethrin 2.8 EC (12.5 g a.i./ha) and Indoxacarb 15.8 EC (50 g a.i./ha). Result: Outcomes emanated from the study revealed that Megachile disjuncta, Xylocopa latipes and Megachile bicolor were the three most important pollinator bee species on kharif pigeon pea in the tarai region of Uttarakhand. Among the varieties, UPAS-120 and PA-441 had better cross pollination potential over the PA-406 and PA-421. Insecticides had overall negative impact on the insect pollinators. However, Deltamethrin 2.8 EC at recommended dose was found to have least impact on the insect pollinators. Quinalphos 25 EC and Lufenuron 5.4 EC were observed to be more deleterious on pollinators. The ultimate impact on the pollinator insects were profound on the yield and yield attributes of pigeon pea.