Measure Of Effectiveness Research Articles

Information Retrieval Evaluation Measures Defined on Some Axiomatic Models of Preferences

Information retrieval (IR) evaluation measures are essential for capturing the relevance of documents to topics and determining the task performance efficiency of retrieval systems. The study of IR evaluation measures through their formal properties enables a better understanding of their suitability for a specific task. Some works have modeled the effectiveness of retrieval measures with axioms, heuristics, or desirable properties, leading to order relationships on the set where they are defined. Each of these ordering structures constitutes an axiomatic model of preferences (AMP), which can be considered as an “ideal” scenario of retrieval. Based on lattice theory and on the representational theory of measurement, this work formally explores numeric, metric, and scale properties of some effectiveness measures defined on AMPs. In some of these scenarios, retrieval measures are completely determined from the scores of a subset of document rankings: join-irreducible elements. All the possible metrics and pseudometrics, defined on these structures are expressed in terms of the join-irreducible elements. The deduced scale properties of the precision, recall, F -measure, RBP , DCG , and AP confirm some recent results in the IR field.

Long-term cenobamate retention, efficacy, and safety: outcomes from Expanded Access Programme.

To evaluate the long-term retention rate, efficacy, and tolerability of adjunctive cenobamate (CNB) in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy within the Polish Expanded Access Programme (EAP). Long-term retention rate is a useful measure of effectiveness including efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antiseizure medications. We conducted a multicentre retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with focal epilepsy treated with CNB in the EAP between January 2020 and May 2023. All patients who completed the open-label extension phases of the YKP3089C013 and YKP3089C017 trials were offered the opportunity to continue CNB treatment within the EAP. We analysed cenobamate retention, seizure outcomes, and adverse events. 38 patients (18 females; 47.3%) continued CNB treatment within the Expanded Access Programme for 41 months. The mean baseline age of patients was 39.3 years (range: 18-57). All patients were on polytherapy, with the most commonly used antiseizure medications being valproate, levetiracetam, and carbamazepine. Adjunctive CNB treatment resulted in a reduced mean seizure frequency from 8.1 seizures (range: 4-20) per month to 3 seizures (range: 0-8) per month. At the final follow-up, the median CNB dose was 200 mg/day (range: 50-350). Among the patients, 24 (63.1%) achieved ≥ 50% seizure reduction, and eight (21%) remained seizure-free for at least 12 months. One in three patients experienced adverse events, which resolved in half of the subjects. The most frequent adverse events were dizziness, somnolence, and headache. The retention rate after completing the open-label extension phase was 100%. Long-term effectiveness, including ≥ 50% seizure reduction and a 100% retention rate, was sustained over 41 months of CNB treatment within the Expanded Access Programme. No new safety issues were identified. These results provide support for the potential long-term clinical benefits of cenobamate.

Load transfer of small-diameter GFRP and stainless steel doweled-joints in slabs-on-ground

Large diameter steel and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) dowel bars are commonly used in rigid concrete pavements in highways for load transfer across joints to combat the concrete deterioration due to corrosion of steel dowels. Small-diameter GFRP dowel bars can be used at the expansion joints in slabs-on-ground, walkways, industrial floors and concrete-lined channels, which are not subjected to heavy traffic loads. This study investigated the performance and behavior of small-diameter GFRP dowels. GFRP dowels with three diameters (14 mm, 16 mm, and 38 mm) and stainless steel dowels (12 mm dia.) were embedded across a 25 mm-wide joint in a test slab with overall dimensions of 1500 × 750 × 200 mm3. The variables of the study were the type of dowel material (GFRP and stainless steel), the diameter of GFRP dowels, the spacing of the dowels (200 mm and 250 mm c/c), and the type of loading (monotonic and cyclic). The slabs were loaded up to the failure of the joints under a concentrated load applied at the edge of the joint. The performance of the dowel-jointed slab specimens was investigated based on the cracking and ultimate loads, modes of failure, and load-displacement response. The ability of the small-diameter dowel bars to transfer displacements across the joint was quantified using the quantitative measures of joint effectiveness (E), load transfer efficiency (LTE), and relative deflections (Δ). Failure of the specimens with 14 mm and 16 mm diameter dowels occurred predominantly due to shear failure of the dowels before the cracking of concrete. However, for the specimens with large-diameter GFRP dowels and the stainless steel dowels, failure was associated with cracking of the concrete. A smaller spacing of the GFRP dowels and a longer embedment length gave a stiffer load-displacement response. Reducing the spacing from 250 mm to 200 mm resulted in a 4.1-fold reduction in relative deflection under the AASHTO H10 design wheel load (∼35.6 kN). Increasing the dowel length had no significant effect on the load-carrying capacity of the dowel-jointed slabs. Cyclic load tests on the specimens revealed that the joint effectiveness (E) and the load transfer efficiency (LTE) of GFRP dowels were within the AASHTO and ACPA limits up to a concentrated load higher than the AASHTO HL93 dual tandem-axle wheel load (∼55.6 kN).

Review on Biological Indicator

Biological indicators (BIs) serve as crucial tools in assessing the efficacy of sterilization and disinfection processes across diverse industries, including healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and food. This review examines key features and the significance of BIs, emphasizing their microbial sensitivity, reproducibility, resistance to specific sterilization methods, and distinctive cultural characteristics. The ability of BIs to withstand stringent conditions ensures they accurately reflect the most resistant microorganisms, providing a reliable measure of sterilization effectiveness. In applications, BIs play a pivotal role in ensuring sterilization assurance in medical settings, contributing to quality control in pharmaceutical manufacturing, and safeguarding food safety in the food industry. Their importance in preventing healthcare-associated infections and maintaining product quality underscores their indispensable role in various sectors.[1] The review also highlights emerging trends in BI technology, including integration with sensors for real-time monitoring, the adoption of single-use BIs for convenience and reduced cross-contamination risks, and the customization of BIs for specific sterilization processes. These trends indicate a continual evolution in BI capabilities, enhancing their precision and utility in assessing and validating sterilization procedures. In conclusion, biological indicators are fundamental components of quality assurance programs, offering a reliable means to validate sterilization processes. As technology advances, the integration of BIs with monitoring tools is expected to further refine their accuracy and broaden their applicability across industries.[2].

Cost-effectiveness analysis of adding tuberculosis household contact investigation on passive case-finding strategy in Southwestern Uganda.

The standard passive case-finding strategy implemented by most developing countries is inadequate to detect new cases of Tuberculosis. A household contact investigation is an alternative approach. However, there is limited cost-effectiveness data to support planning and implementation in low and middle-income countries. The study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding household contact investigation (HCI) to the passive case-finding (PCF) strategy in the Tuberculosis control program in Southwestern Uganda. We conducted an economic evaluation using a retrospective study approach and bottom-up costing (ingredients) techniques. It was a synthesis-based evaluation of existing data extracted from the District Health Information System (DHIS 2), TB registers, and a primary cost survey. The study compared two methods of Tuberculosis (TB) case finding (PCF and HCI) strategies. Regarding PCF, patients either self-reported their signs and symptoms or were prompted by healthcare workers. At the same time, HCI was done by home visiting and screening contacts of TB patients. Patients and household contacts presumed to have Tuberculosis were requested to produce samples for analysis. We applied a static decision-analytic modeling framework to examine both strategies' costs and effectiveness. The study relied on cost and probability estimates from National Tuberculosis (TB) program data, activity costs, and published literature. It was performed from the societal and provider perspectives over 1.5 years across 12 facilities in Ntungamo, Sheema, and Rwampara Districts. The primary effectiveness measure was the number of TB cases detected (yield) and the number needed to screen (NNS). The TB yield was calculated from the number of patients screened during the period under study. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was expressed as cost in 2021 US$ per additional TB case detected. We did not apply a discount rate because of the short analytic time horizon. The unit costs of detecting a Tuberculosis case were US$ (United States dollar) 204.22 for PCF and US$ 315.07 for HCI. Patient and caregiver costs are five times more in PCF than in HCI [US$26.37 Vs. US$ 5.42]. The ICER was US$ 3,596.94 per additional TB case detected. The TB screening yields were 0.52% (1496/289140) for passive case finding and 5.8% (197/3414) for household contact investigation. Household contact investigation yield among children 0-14 Vs. 15+ years [6.2% Vs.5.4%] P = 0.04. The Yield among People living with HIV (PLHIV) Vs. HIV-negative [15.8% Vs.5.3%] P = 0.03 in HHCI. The PCF yield in men Vs. Women [1.12% Vs.0.28%] P<0.01. The NNS in PCF was 193 [95% CI: 186-294] and 17 [95% CI: 14-22] in HCI. Our baseline assumptions and the specific implementations of adding HCI to existing PCF programs in the context of rural African settings prove to be not cost-effective, rather than HCI as a strategy. HCI effectively identifies children and PLHIV with TB and should be prioritized. Meanwhile, the Passive case-finding strategy effectively finds men with TB and costs lower than household contact investigation.

Research on action recognition for college dance teaching based on deep learning

Abstract In this paper, Gaussian modeling is established to perform background subtraction of action feature images of dancers and combined with median filtering to denoise the background of feature images. The cumulative edge feature algorithm extracts relevant features from the dance dataset using the dance itself. Based on this, the directional gradient is introduced to output the extracted dance histogram features and cascade the optical flow histogram feature vectors in all blocks to form the HOF features of the image. The deep learning model is used to design the dance teaching model, and the teaching objectives are determined. The effect of dance teaching is tested through the method of simulation experiments and empirical analysis. The loss value of the model without deep learning is very high, reaching 1.25, and the loss values after convergence of the parametric model using deep learning are 0.85 and 0.95, and the deep learning algorithm has a better optimization effect on the model. The scores of the seven measures of teaching effectiveness are all above 12, and the significance p-value of each indicator is &lt;0.05. The dance teaching effect is significant.

Cost-effectiveness of a second opinion program on spine surgeries: an economic analysis

BackgroundIn this study we proposed a new strategy to measure cost-effectiveness of second opinion program on spine surgery, using as measure of effectiveness the minimal important change (MIC) in the quality of life reported by patients, including the satisfaction questionnaire regarding the treatment and direct medical costs.MethodsRetrospective analysis of patients with prior indication for spine surgery included in a second opinion program during May 2011 to May 2019. Treatment costs and outcomes were compared considering each patients’ recommended treatment before and after the second opinion. Costs were measured under the perspective of the hospital, including hospital stay, surgical room, physician and staff fees and other costs related to hospitalization when surgery was performed and physiotherapy or injection costs when a conservative treatment was recommended. Reoperation costs were also included. For comparison analysis, we used data based on our clinical practice, using data from patients who underwent the same type of surgical procedure as recommended by the first referral. The measure of effectiveness was the percentage of patients who achieved the MIC in quality of life measured by the EQ-5D-3 L 2 years after starting treatment. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated.ResultsBased upon the assessment of 1,088 patients that completed the entire second opinion process, conservative management was recommended for 662 (60.8%) patients; 49 (4.5%) were recommended to injection and 377 (34.7%) to surgery. Complex spine surgery, as arthrodesis, was recommended by second opinion in only 3.7% of cases. The program resulted in financial savings of -$6,705 per patient associated with appropriate treatment indication, with an incremental effectiveness of 0.077 patients achieving MIC when compared to the first referral, resulting in an ICER of $-87,066 per additional patient achieving the MIC, ranging between $-273,016 and $-41,832.ConclusionAfter 2 years of treatment, the second opinion program demonstrated the potential for cost-offsets associated with improved quality of life.

Born to Hit and Run? Rugged Individualism, justice quality and non-stopping after traffic collisions in the U.S.

Judicial effectiveness influence on premediated violent crimes is widely acknowledged, however little is known on its effect on Hit&Run (H&R) accidents, which are involuntary crimes in the first stage (the “Hit”) while becoming voluntary in the second stage (the “Run”). This paper provides a quantitative estimation of the effect of judicial effectiveness on H&R accidents in the U.S, where they generate high socioeconomic and emotional cost. We exploit a unique micro-regional database for U.S. counties for 2010–2018 and an instrumental variable model which draws on the Durkheimian role of individualism in shaping the evolution of institutions. We find that higher judicial effectiveness, induced by historical and persistent individualism, has a substantial signaling effect capable of deterring H&R. Results are supported by several robustness checks, including testing alternative measures for judicial effectiveness to account for its composite dimensions.

Examining the impact of a health promotion peer education programme on adolescents’ self-esteem, peer relationship culture and motivation

Fostering positive self-esteem is key to promoting healthy behaviour in adolescents. Adolescents need to be taught to recognise negative inner voices, challenge them and replace them with positive reinforcements. Providing opportunities for peer and emotional support is also key to promoting positive self-esteem. We plan to develop a peer educator health promotion programme to create a viable peer educator model, supported by measures of effectiveness. The proposed peer educator health promotion model programme is called 'The Way to Go' and will target a group of high school youth. The peer educators are health science students currently studying for a degree in health visitors. The programme is based on three interrelated themes: self-awareness, peer relationships and motivating life goals. Our study presents the literature that supports the rationale for the proposed programme.

Efficacy of the ExVent Accessory for the O2Vent Optima Oral Appliance in the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study Objectives: An optional accessory for the O2Vent Optima mandibular advancement device, the ExVent, provides oral expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). Similar to nasal EPAP, oral EPAP results in passive airway dilatation, reducing flow limitation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the ExVent accessory for the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: This prospective, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study enrolled participants diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA (defined as apnea–hypopnea index [AHI] 5–29). During the Home Use Phase, study participants logged their hours of O2Vent Optima + ExVent usage at home over 3 months. Participants were then evaluated by in-laboratory polysomnogram while using the O2Vent Optima + ExVent. The primary effectiveness measure was a change in AHI relative to baseline while using the O2Vent Optima + ExVent. Results: Treatment with the O2Vent Optima + ExVent improved AHI by 62% on average, from 15.3 (interquartile range [IQR]: 11.5–19.5) to 5.8 (IQR: 3.9–6.8; p&lt;0.001). Mean oxygen saturation improved from 93.5%±1.2% to 94.6%±1.34% (p=0.006). The lowest oxygen saturation increased from 85% (IQR: 83%–87%) to 90% (IQR: 89%–95; p&lt;0.001). The overall treatment success rate (AHI&lt;5) was 66%, and the treatment response rate (&gt;50% reduction in AHI) was 77%. No excessive adverse events or device malfunction events were reported. Conclusions: Use of the O2Vent Optima with the ExVent oral EPAP accessory successfully reduced AHI in mild to moderate OSA with no significant adverse effects.

Safety-oriented dynamic speed harmonization of mixed traffic flow in nonrecurrent congestion

Freeway nonrecurrent congestion adversely affects collision risks, travel time, emissions, and fuel consumption. Optimizing mixed flow involving Human-Driven Vehicles (HDVs) and Connected Automated vehicles (CAVs) is expected to exist as a challenging issue for a long time prior to full adoption of CAVs. To address this, a safety-oriented Dynamic Speed Harmonization (DSH) strategy for mixed traffic flow in nonrecurrent congestion is proposed in this study. This research utilizes a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework to investigate the effects of DSH on the measures of effectiveness in microscopic simulation. A holistic evaluation of HDVs and CAVs integrated with DSH highlights the synergies and trade-offs across different metrics. The results reveal that the implementation of DSH can further improve safety and enhance mobility with increasing CAV penetration rates. While special events may exacerbate congestion, their impact can be mitigated to some extent through speed controls. Spatiotemporal patterns of speed variations at the bottleneck demonstrate that the DRL controller has the capability to dampen oscillations and smoothen traffic flow. A series of sensitivity analyses also indicate the adaptability of the agent under adverse weather scenarios, and the differences of surrogate safety measurements in response to various parametric thresholds.

Absolute survival as a measure of effectiveness of screening programs

Absolute survival as a measure of effectiveness of screening programs

The association of age at psoriasis onset and HLA-C*06:02 with biologic survival in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a cohort study from the British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register (BADBIR).

Few studies have used real-world data to investigate the association between biologic therapy survival and age at psoriasis onset or HLA-C*06:02 status in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The robustness of these studies is limited by small sample size, short follow-up and diverse safety and effectiveness measures. To describe biologic survival and explore whether the response to biologics is modified by age at psoriasis onset or HLA-C*06:02 status in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Data from patients in the UK and the Republic of Ireland registered in the British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register (BADBIR) from 2007 to 2022 on a first course of adalimumab, etanercept, secukinumab or ustekinumab with at least 6 months' follow-up and a subset of BADBIR patients with available HLA-C*06:02 information registered to Biomarkers and Stratification To Optimise outcomes in Psoriasis (BSTOP) were analysed. Patients aged ≥ 50 years at treatment initiation were classified into early-onset psoriasis (EOP) (presenting in patients ≤ 40 years of age) and late-onset psoriasis (LOP) (presenting in patients > 40 years of age). BADBIR patients with available information in BSTOP were categorized as HLA-C*06:02- or HLA-C*06:02 + . Biologic survival was defined as treatment discontinuation associated with ineffectiveness or occurrence of adverse events (AEs). Adjusted survival function and hazard ratio (aHR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using a flexible parametric model to compare discontinuing therapy between age at psoriasis onset and HLA-C*06:02 groups. Each model included exposure (biologics), effect modifier (age at onset or HLA-C*06:02 status), interaction terms and several baseline demographic, clinical and disease severity covariates. Final analytical cohorts included 4250 patients in the age at psoriasis onset group [2929 EOP (69%) vs. 1321 LOP (31%)] and 3094 patients in the HLA-C*06:02 status group [1603 HLA-C*06:02+ (52%) vs. 1491 HLA-C*06:02- (48%)]. There was no significant difference between EOP and LOP in drug survival associated with ineffectiveness or AEs for any biologics. However, compared with patients who were HLA-C*06:02-, patients who were HLA-C*06:02 + were less likely to discontinue ustekinumab for reasons associated with ineffectiveness (aHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.75). HLA-C*06:02, but not age at psoriasis onset, is a predictive biomarker for biologic survival in patients with psoriasis. Findings from this large cohort provide further, important information to aid clinicians using biologic therapies to manage patients with psoriasis.

Delay time model for determining the effectiveness of a system under adverse conditions of production and inspection

The effectiveness of production is influenced by different events that may disrupt the original production plan, such as degradation in the production process, additional demands and inspection errors. To analyze the impact of these issues on production planning, we propose a delay time model for a single-component system that can experience four different states: good, minor defective, major defective and failed. The model uses cost-rate as a measure of production effectiveness. We conducted an investigation into the consequences of the degradation process, specifically focusing on its impact on the generation of nonconforming products. Additionally, we examined the effects of additional demands on the rate of rework products and analyzed the impact of inspection errors, including both the induction and non-detection of defects. These issues represent adverse conditions that many production systems run into their operation and maintenance processes. The results of our study advise the best strategies to deal with these adverse conditions in order to minimize their impacts on effectiveness of a production system. The proposed model serves as a guide and illustrative example of how these issues can be incorporated in the process of optimizing the effectiveness of production. From this perspective, this paper’s main contribution is a series of insights that widens the manager’s view about the production process in a real system, in which perfect and suitable conditions are not commonly present.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of probiotic peanut oral immunotherapy (PPOIT) versus placebo in Australian children with peanut allergy alongside a randomised trial

ObjectiveTo compared the cost-effectiveness of coadministration of a probiotic adjuvant with peanut oral immunotherapy (PPOIT) with placebo (no treatment) in children with peanut allergy.DesignProspectively planned cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a randomised...

Cost-effectiveness of Prefusion F Protein-based Vaccines Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease for Older Adults in the United States.

Two prefusion F protein-based vaccines, Arexvy and Abrysvo, have been authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration for protecting older adults against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory tract illness. We evaluated the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of these vaccines. We developed a discrete-event simulation model, parameterized with the burden of RSV disease including outpatient care, hospitalization, and death for adults aged 60 years or older in the United States. Taking into account the costs associated with these RSV-related outcomes, we calculated the net monetary benefit using quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained as a measure of effectiveness and determined the range of price-per-dose (PPD) for Arexvy and Abrysvo vaccination programs to be cost-effective from a societal perspective. Using a willingness-to-pay of $95 000 per QALY gained, we found that vaccination programs could be cost-effective for a PPD up to $127 with Arexvy and $118 with Abrysvo over the first RSV season. Achieving an influenza-like vaccination coverage of 66% for the population of older adults in the United States, the budget impact of these programs at the maximum PPD ranged from $6.48 to $6.78 billion. If the benefits of vaccination extend to a second RSV season as reported in clinical trials, we estimated a maximum PPD of $235 for Arexvy and $245 for Abrysvo, with 2-year budget impacts of $11.78 and $12.25 billion, respectively. Vaccination of older adults would provide substantial direct health benefits by reducing outcomes associated with RSV-related illness in this population.

Adaptation Time as a Determinant of the Dosimetric Effectiveness of Online Adaptive Radiotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Interfraction anatomic deformations decrease the precision of radiotherapy, which can be improved by online adaptive radiation therapy (oART). However, oART takes time, allowing intrafractional deformations. In this study on focal radiotherapy for bladder cancer, we analyzed the time effect of oART on the equivalent uniform dose in the CTV (EUDCTV) per fraction and for the accumulated dose distribution over a treatment series as measure of effectiveness. A time-dependent digital CTV model was built from deformable image registration (DIR) between pre- and post-adaptation imaging. The model was highly dose fraction-specific. Planning target volume (PTV) margins were varied by shrinking the clinical PTV to obtain the margin-specific CTV. The EUDCTV per fraction decreased by—4.4 ± 0.9% of prescribed dose per min in treatment series with a steeper than average time dependency of EUDCTV. The EUDCTV for DIR-based accumulated dose distributions over a treatment series was significantly dependent on adaptation time and PTV margin (p &lt; 0.0001, Chi2 test for each variable). Increasing adaptation times larger than 10 min by five minutes requires a 1.9 ± 0.24 mm additional margin to maintain EUDCTV for a treatment series. Adaptation time is an important determinant of the precision of oART for one half of the bladder cancer patients, and it should be aimed at to be minimized.

Using Video Vignettes to Understand Perceptions of Leaders

Video vignettes are one form of virtualized vignettes that may build upon traditional text vignettes and enable research participants to see and experience a unique scenario that is better translated visually than through a written text. This study examined using video vignettes to study perceptions of leaders. Participants watched virtualized, video vignettes depicting a male leader expressing either a masculine, gender-conforming expression or a feminine, gender-nonconforming expression. Participants evaluated these leaders on measures of leadership likability and leadership effectiveness. Results demonstrated that the videos of the masculine male leader were perceived as more likable and more effective than the videos of the feminine male leader. This relationship was not moderated by gender-related expectations the participants had. This finding reveals that there is a prototypical expectation that male leaders who depicted masculine expressions are more likable and effective. Additionally, we also found that the participant’s individual ideologies of gender-related expectations and conformity expectations were related to the results in unique ways. When the participant believed an ideal leader should have higher versus lower feminine traits, those participants also rated both leaders more positively regardless of the type of gender expression that was depicted in the video vignettes. In contrast, participants with strong expectations that others should conform to gender norms in social situations generally rated both leaders more negatively, regardless of the gender expression in the video vignette. The results are discussed in detail and the benefits of using virtualized and video vignettes are discussed.

On the trade-off between ranking effectiveness and fairness

This paper addresses the problem of maximizing the effectiveness of the ranking produced by information retrieval or recommender systems and at the same time maximizing two fairnesses, that of the group and that of the individual. The context of this paper is therefore that of access to information carried out by users, who aim to satisfy their own information needs, to documents produced by authors and curators who aim to be exposed in a fair manner, i.e. without discriminating between groups nor individuals. The paper describes a general method based on the spectral decomposition of mixtures of symmetric matrices, each of which represents a variable to be maximized, and experiments conducted with the use of a test collection. The method described in this paper has explained if and how the trade-offs between effectiveness, group fairness and individual fairness manifest themselves. The experimental results show that maintaining an acceptable level of effectiveness and fairness at the same time is feasible and (b) the trade-offs exist but the order of magnitude of the variations depends on the measure of effectiveness used and therefore by what the user’s model of access to information is as well as on the fairness measures and therefore on how authors or editors should be exposed.

Productivity Assessment of the Yolo V5 Model in Detecting Road Surface Damages

Artificial intelligence models are currently being proposed for application in improving performance in addressing contemporary management and production issues. With the goal of automating the detection of road surface defects in transportation infrastructure management to make it more convenient, this research harnesses the advancements of the latest artificial intelligence models. Notably, new technology is used in this study to develop software that can automatically detect road surface damage, which shall lead to better results compared to previous models. This study evaluates and compares machine learning models using the same dataset for model training and performance assessment consisting of 9053 images from previous research. Furthermore, to demonstrate practicality and superior performance over previous image recognition models, mAP (mean average precision) and processing speed, which are recognized as a measure of effectiveness, are employed to assess the performance of the machine learning object recognition software models. The results of this research reveal the potential of the new technology, YOLO V5 (2023), as a high-performance model for object detection in technical transportation infrastructure images. Another significant outcome of the research is the development of an improved software named RTI-IMS, which can apply automation features and accurately detect road surface damages, thereby aiding more effective management and monitoring of sustainable road infrastructure.